Shower:

The water supply for a shower arrives via two pipes: hot and cold. In construction that is less
than 30 years old, these pipes are usually copper.

The pipes connect to a shower valve that controls the temperature and flow of water to the
shower head. In a setup where the bathtub and shower are combined, this valve is called a
“diverter valve.” A diverter valve may also switch the flow of water from the tub spout to the
shower head (on some bathtubs, there is a lever on the tub spout that switches the flow).

Speakers:

A speaker's function is fairly simple. A speaker converts electrical signals into acoustical energy:
sound. By moving back and forth, the speaker increases and decreases the air pressure in front of
it thus creating sound waves. Below is a basic diagram of a speaker.

As you can see, there are not many parts. However, minimal variations in each component can
have dramatic effect on the speaker's performance.

The Essentials: Cone, Suspension, Magnet, Voice Coil, and Frame.

The cone is the main moving mass of the speaker. The larger the cone, the more mass and
surface area a speaker will have. The more surface area a speaker has, the more air it can move.
The more air it can move, the louder the speaker can get; In a nutshell.

NOTE: Accurate, High frequency replication requires smaller specialty drivers; tweeters.

The suspension and the spider keep the voice coil aligned and act like a spring when the speaker
is in motion. The suspension pulls the cone back to the center position when it moves back and
forth. If there were no suspension, there would be nothing to hold the voice coil and cone in
place. The rigidity, composition, and design of the suspension can greatly affect a speaker's
performance. Below is a diagram of how a speaker's suspension works.
The magnet structure is what creates the standing magnetic field. This standing magnetic field
gives the voice coil's generated field something to push off of. A strong standing magnetic field
allows greater cone motion potential. The stronger this field is, the further it spans thus allowing
a voice coil's field more to push off of. The entire action is similar to the idea behind a solenoid.
The below diagram demonstrates the voice coil's relationship with the standing magnet field.

The voice coil and standing magnetic field are what makes the cone move. When an
electrical current/signal from from an audio amplifier (alternating at the same frequency as the
sound that created it) is put into a speaker's voice coil, the voice coil generates an
alternating magnetic field. The alternating polarity of the voice coil causes it to be repelled-from
and attracted-to the standing magnetic field. This action of alternating attracting and repelling
causes the cone (attached to the voice coil) to move! When the cone moves between 20Hz-20
KHz, the speaker makes sound that we can hear!

All of the above components are held together by the frame. The voice coil is connected to the
cone which is connected to the frame via the suspension and spider. The magnet structure is held
in place by the frame. The frame keeps the family together and it has to be strong to keep
everyone together when things start moving. Without anyone of these crucial components, the
speaker would not exist.

LIFT:

How the original Otis elevator worked

Artwork: The Otis elevator. Thanks to the wonders of the Internet, it's really easy to look at
original patent documents and find out exactly what inventors were thinking. Here, courtesy of
the US Patent and Trademark Office, is one of the drawings Elisha Graves Otis submitted with
his "Hoisting Apparatus" patent dated January 15, 1861. I've colored it in a little bit so it's easier
to understand.

Greatly simplified, here's how it works:

1. The elevator compartment (1, green) is raised and lowered by a hoist and pulley system
(2) and a moving counterweight (not visible in this picture). You can see how the elevator
is moving smoothly between vertical guide bars: it doesn't just dangle stupidly from the
rope!
 2. The cable that does all the lifting (3, red) wraps around several pulleys and the main
winding drum. Don't forget this elevator was invented before anyone was really using
electricity: it was raised and lowered by hand!
3. At the top of the elevator car, there's a simple mechanism made up of spring-loaded arms
and pivots (4). If the main cable (3) breaks, the springs push out two sturdy bars called
"pawls" (5) so they lock into vertical racks of upward-pointing teeth (6) on either side.
This ratchet-like device clamps the elevator safely in place.

According to Otis, the key part of the invention was: "having the pawls and the teeth of the racks
hook formed, essentially as shown, so that the weight of the platform will, in case of the breaking
of the rope, cause the pawls and teeth to lock together and prevent the contingency of a
separation of the same."

If you'd like a more detailed explanation, take a look at the original Otis patent, US Patent
#31,128: Improvement in Hoisting Apparatus. It explains more fully how the winch and pulleys
work with the counterweight.

Kipas angin

An electric fan works with the help of an electric motor. A hub at the center of the fan is
connected to metallic blades. The electric motor drives the fan blades, and this circulates the air
downward from the ceiling. The blades are shaped at an angle.

he electric motor consists of a coil of wire wound around a metallic core. As electric current
passes through the coil of wires, it produces rotational motion in the hub. This rotates the blades
attached to the hub.

Cool air descends from the ceiling and circulates in the room because of the fan. This makes a
fan very useful especially in hot weather.