\oe-Øns‚ Id

""Nºm-c≥ F∂ t]tcm B {]tZiw C¥y-bn¬ FhnsS ÿnXnsNøp-∂p-sh-t∂m, \oew-Irjn

sNøp∂ tXm´ß-sf-°p-dnt®m F\n°v bmsXmcp [mc-Wb
- p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. \oe-Øns‚ henb
Nm°psI´p-Iƒ Rm≥ I≠n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Nºm-c\
- nse km[m-cW I¿j-I¿ hf-sc-
tbsd IjvS-X-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-®mWv \oew D¬∏m-Zn-®n-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂ hkvXp-Xbpw F\n-°-
dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPvIp-am¿ ip¢ F∂ km[m-c-W°
- m-c-\mb \oewI¿j-I≥ Xm≥ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ \oew-I¿j-I-cpsS Zpcn-Xhpw IjvS-∏mSpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®-Xns‚
`mK-am-bn-´mWv 1916˛¬ eIvt\m-hn¬ h®v Fs‚ Acn-In¬ h∂-Xv. Fs‚ \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw
1916 se tIm¨{K- ns‚ emtlm¿ ktΩ-f\
- Ø
- n¬ {_nPv Intjm¿ i¿a \oew-I¿j-
I- t cmSv kl- X m]w {]I- S n- ∏ n- ® p- s Im- ≠ p≈ {]tabw Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw
sFI-IW
- vtTy\ ]mkm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im¨]q-cnepw B{i-aØ
- nepw cmPvIp-
am¿ Fs∂ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Ah-km\w Rm≥ I¬°Ø kμ¿in-°p∂ Ah-kc- Ø
- n¬
Nºm-c\
- n¬ FØmw F∂p hm°p sImSpØp''.
Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£W
- ß
- ƒ˛
alm-flm-Km‘n
_nlm-dnse Nºm-c-\n¬ 1917 ¬ \S∂ \oew-I¿j-I-cpsS ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-
°m≥ CS-bmb kml-N-cy-amWv Km‘nPn Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv.
Nºm-c\nse \oewI¿j-I-cpsS {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm-≠mWv Km‘nPn
C¥y- b n¬ s]mXp- { ]- h ¿Ø\w Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X v . hfsc s]s´- ∂ p- X s∂
C¥ybnse km[m-cW°mcpsS hnizm-khpw AwKo-Im-chpw t\Sm≥ At±-l-
Øn\v Ign-™p. AXns‚ Imc-W-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v t\m°mw.
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

Km‘n-Pnbpw Z£n-Wm-{^n-°bpw
ZmZm A_vZp√ F∂ KpP-dmØnhym]m-cn-bpsS tIkp-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂X - n-\mbmWv Km‘nPn
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°b- n¬ FØn-bX- v. Z¿_-\n¬\n∂v {]nt´m-dn-bbn-te-°p≈ s{Sbn≥ bm{X-
bn¬ C¥y-°m-c-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠v sh≈-°m¿s°m∏w H∂mw ¢mkn¬ bm{X sNøm≥
Ah-Im-ia- n√ F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v At±-lsØ Cd-°n-hn-´p. Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse C¥y-°m¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ h¿W-hn-th-N-\-Øns‚
Xo{hX At±lw a\- n-em-°n. AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ccp-]-sØm∂v h¿j-°m-ehpw
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse sh≈-°m-c-√m-Ø-h-cpsS {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv
At±lw {ian-®X - v.

$ C¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬

FØnb P\-hn-`m-Kß- f- psS {]iv\ß
- f
- n¬ CS-s]-´X
- n-eqsS Km‘nPn
C¥y-bnepw kp]-cn-N-nX-\m-bn.
$ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ Km‘nPn \S-Ønb ka-c-߃ At±-lsØ
{]i-kvX-\m-°n.
$ km[m-c-W -P-\-ßsf-t∏mse hkv{Xw [cn-°p-Ibpw `£Ww Ign-
°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv
Km‘n-Pnsb P\-Io-b-\m°n.
$ Xß-fpsS F√m {]iv\ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ c£-I-\mbn
Km‘n-Pnsb km[m-cW°m¿ hne-bn-cp-Øn.
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-߃
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬\n∂v C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb Km‘nPn BZy-ambn
CS-s]´ Nne {]mtZ-inI ka-c-ßfmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ka-c-w {]tZiw h¿jw

$ Nºm-c\nse \oewI¿j-I-cpsS kacw $ _nlm¿ $ 1917
$ Al-Ω-Zm-_mZnse XpWn-an¬ kacw $ KpP-dmØv $ 1918
$ tJUbnse I¿j-I-k-acw $ KpP-dmØv $ 1918
Cu aq∂p ka-c-ßfpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw kmº-ØnI{]iv\-ß-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈hbpambn-cp∂p.
Nºm- c - \ nse \oewI¿j- I - c psS {]iv \ - Ø n¬ CS- s ]´
Km‘nPn \nb-a-ew-L-\hpw kl-\-k-a-chpw t]me-p≈ ka-
c-co-Xn-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S¬ \oew-
I¿j-I¿°v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nbaw ]mkm-°m≥ A[n-Im-cn-
Isf \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-°n. ka-c-Øn-\ptijw Km‘nPn Nºm-
Km‘nPn P\-ßt- fmSp cs‚ ]ptcm-KX - n-°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ G¿s∏-´p. {]mY-
kwkm-cn°p∂p

92
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

anI hnZym-eb
- ß
- ƒ Bcw-`n-°pIbpw ipNo-Ic - W {]h¿Ø- tπKv t_mWkv
\- ß fpw sshZy- k - l mb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß fpw Gs‰- S p-
°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1917 ¬ Al-ΩZ- m-_m-Zn¬ s]m´n-∏p-
ds-∏´ tπKv tcmKw Ahn-SsØ P\-
tπKv t_mW-kn-s\-s®m-√n-bp≈ 1918 se Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv
kw-Jy-bpsS GXm≠v 10% t]sc
XpWn-an¬ ka-c-Ønepw Nºm-c-\nse ka-c-co-Xn-I-fmWv sIms∂m-Sp-°n. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬
At±lw kzoI-cn-®Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS D]-hm-ksØØp- sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS iº-f-
S¿∂v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ iº-f-h¿[-\-hn\v kΩ-Xn-°p-Ibpw Øns‚ 80% hsc t_mW- k mbn
kacw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \¬In- b n- c p- ∂ p. tcmK- ` oXn aqew
hcƒ®bpw Irjn- \ m- i hpwaqew Zpcn- X - Ø n- e m- b n- c p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ sXmgn-ep-t]-£n®v
tJU-bnse I¿j-I-cn¬\n∂p \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ Xocp- t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb
Cu kwhn-[m\w H∂mw t- emIbp≤w
am-\n® A[n- I m- c n- I - f psS \b- Ø n- s \- X n- s c Km‘nPn
sIm≠p-≠mb hne-°b - ‰- sØ {]Xn-
\nIpXn\ntj-[hpw kXy-{K-lhpw ka-cm-bp-[ß - f
- mbn D]-
tcm- [ n- ° m≥ sXmgn- e m- f n- I ƒ°v
tbm-Kn-®p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn k¿°m¿ \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp- klm-bI - a- m-bn. tcmK-`oXn Hgn-™-
Iƒ \¬Im≥ Xbm-dm-bn. kXy-{K-l-Ønepw Alnw-k- tXm-Sp-IqSn Cu B\p-Iqeyw \n¿Ø-
bnepw A[n-jvTn-Xa- mb BZy-Ime ka-cß - ƒ Km‘n-Pnsb em-°n-bX - mWv sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ka-
P\- kaq-l-Øns‚ t\-Xm-hm°nØo¿Øp. c-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-®X - v.

C¥y-≥ P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmbn Km‘nPn amdn-b-

sX-ßs\?

Km‘nPn C¥y-bn¬ \SØnb BZy-Ime ka-c-

ß- f psS ^eßsf- s ¥- √ m- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v Km‘nPn Ne-®n-{X-Øn¬
t\m°mw.
dn®m¿Uv A‰≥_tdm kwhn-[m\w
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ka-c-co-Xnbpw Bi-b-ßfpw
sNbvXv F´v HmkvIm¿ Ahm¿Up-
km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥
Iƒ t\Snb "Km‘n' F∂ Ne-®n-
Ah-kcw e`n-®p. {Xw C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-ka - c- N
- c
- n-
$ hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ am{X-ambn {X- Ø nse Km‘n- b ≥ Ime- L - ´ -
HXpßn \n∂n-cp∂ tZiob{]ÿm-\Ønte°v Øns‚ Zriym-hn-jvIm-ca - mWv. iymw
km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ßfpw BI¿jn-°-s∏-´p. s_\- K - e ns‚ "ta°nMv Hm^v
$ ]´- W - ß - f n¬ am{Xw HXp- ß n- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂ almflm' Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Z£n-Wm-
tZiob{]ÿm- \ - Ø n\v {Kma{]tZ- i - ß - f nepw {^n-°b- nse Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - ß
- f - mWv
thtcm´ap≠m-bn. Nn{Xo-Ic- n-°p-∂X
- v. Ch IqSmsX \nc-
h[n Ne-®n-{X-ßfpw tUmIyp-sa‚-
$ F√m- h n`m- K w P\߃°pw kzoIm- c y- \ mb
dn-Ifpw Km‘n-Pn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
tZiobt\Xmhmbn Km‘nPn amdn.
D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
Km‘nPn \bn® C¥y-bnse BZy-Ime ka-c-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v At±-l-
Øns‚ ka-cc
- o-Xn-Is
- f°pdn®v N¿®sNøp-I.

93
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

tZiobka-c-Øn-te°v
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ {]mtZ-inI ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-SpØv t\Snb Adnhpw
A\p-`-hhpambn Km‘n-Pn C¥y≥ tZiob ka-c-Øn-te°v IS-∂p. {_n´ojv
k¿°m¿ ]mkm-°nb due‰v \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]Xn-tj-[-amWv
CXn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. `oI-c-hm-Z-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ XS-bm-s\∂ t]cn¬
]ucm-h-Im-i-߃°v \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v 1919 ¬ {_n´ojv -
]m¿e- s a‚ v ]mkm- ° nb \nbaamWnXv . CXv ]mkm- ° m≥ \n¿tZiw
\¬Inb IΩn-‰n-bpsS A[y-£≥ k¿ knUv\n due‰v Bbn-cp∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv Cu Icn-\n-baw "due‰v \nbaw' F∂dnb-s∏´Xv. Cu \nb-a-{]-
Imcw GsXm-cm-sfbpw AdÃv sNbvXv hnNm-c-W-Iq-SmsX XS-¶e - n¬ hbv°m-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
CXn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ {]Xn-tj-[-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ kXy-{Klw Bcw-
`n-°m-\p≈ \n¿tZiw Km‘nPn apt∂m-´p-h-®p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Blzm-\-
tØmSv Bth-i-tØmsS {]Xn-I-cn® P\-߃ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-
fn¬ ]WnapS-°p-Ifpw {]I-S-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. due‰v hncp≤ {]t£m-
`-tØmSv k¿°m¿ i‡-amb ASn-®a - ¿Ø¬ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-®X- v. CXns‚
G‰hpw {Iqc-amb apJ-amWv 1919 se Pmen-b≥hmem-_mKv Iq´-s°m-e.
Pme-nb≥ hmem-_mKv Iq´-s°me
due‰v \ nbahncp≤ kac- ß ƒ°v ]©m- _ n¬
t\XrXzw \¬Inb skbv^p±o≥ In®vep, kXy-]m¬
F∂n-hsc AdÃv sNbvX-Xn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n-°m-\mbn
1919 G{]n¬ 13 \v P\-߃ Aar-Xk - d- nse Pmen-b≥
hmem-_m-Kn¬ HØp-Iq-Sn. Aar-Xk¿ ]´-W-Øns‚
\nb-{¥Ww Cu kabw ]´mfw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]´m-
f-ta-[m-hn-bmb P\-d¬ Ub¿ Xs‚ DØ-chp ewLn®p
F∂v hymJym-\n-®p-sIm≠v bmsXmcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-an-
√msX aq∂p-hi - hpw sI´n-Sß - f
- m¬ Np‰-s∏´ ssaXm-
\-Øns‚ {]th-i\ - I
- h
- m-SØ
- n¬ ]´m-f° - msc \ncØn
\ncm-bp-[-cmb P\-߃°p t\sc shSn-h-bv°m≥
DØ-ch - n-´p. ]Øp an\n‰v \o≠p \n∂ shSn-hb - v]n¬
379 t]¿ acn-®p F∂m-bn-cp∂p HutZym-KnI IW-s°-
¶nepw ac-Wk - wJy CXns‚ Cc-´n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
C¥y-bn-se-ºmSpw i‡-amb {]Xn-tj[w cq]-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xn\v Pmen-b≥hmem_mKv kw`hw Imc-W-am-
bn. ""πmkn-bp-≤w {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-
bn-s´-¶n¬ Pmen-b≥hm-em-_mKv kw`hw {_n´ojv
`c-W-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-f-°n'' F∂mWv Pmen-
Pmen-b≥hmem-_mKv Iq´- b≥hmem-_mKv kw`-h-sØ-°p-dn®v Km‘n-Pn- {]Xn-
s°me Nn{X-Im-cs‚ Icn®Xv.
`mh-\b
- n¬

94
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

Pmen-b≥hmem-_mKv kw`hw C¥ybpsS tZiob{]ÿm-\sØ kzm[o-\n-

®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v N¿®sNøp-I.

\n -l-I-cWka-chpw Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm-\hpw

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥y≥
\mj- W ¬ tIm¨{Kkv \S- Ø nb
BZysØ tZiob{]t£m`amWv \n -
l-I-cWka-c-w. due‰v hncp≤ kacw
\¬Inb Bfl-hn-izmkw {_n´ojv `c-
W-tØmSv \n -lI- c
- Ww {]Jym-]n-°m≥
Km‘n-Pnsb t{]cn-∏n®p. \n -l-I-c-W-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cp-
∂psh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°q.
C¥y- b nse P\- ß ƒ Km‘n- P n- b psS
Blzm-\w kzoI-cn-®Xn\v Nne DZm-l-c-
W-߃:
$ Ah- [ n- s e I¿j- I ¿ \nIpXn
\¬Im≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.
$ hS-°≥ B{‘-bnse Kncn-h¿K-
°m¿ h\-\n-baw ewLn-®v h\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw DXv]-
∂-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
$ DØ¿{]-tZinse I¿j-I¿ tImf\n DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Npa-Sp-Iƒ
FSp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.
$ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wn-ap-S-°n.
$ h°o-e-∑m¿ tImSXnbn¬ t]mIm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ {_n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw
Dt]-£n-®p.
$ kv { XoIfS- ° - a p≈ P\- ß ƒ hntZ- i - h - k v { X- ß ƒ
s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬ Iq´n-bn´v IØn-®p.
_ln- j v I - c - W - t Øm- s Sm∏w \n¿amW{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°pw
(Constructive Programme)Km‘nPn Blzm\w \¬In. CXn-s\-
Øp-S¿∂v P\-߃ Xt±-io-ba - mb D¬∏-∂ß
- ƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw
N¿°-bn¬ \q¬ \q‰v JmZnhkv{X߃ s\øp-Ibpw tZiob-
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS N¿° ˛ k_¿aXn
hnZym-e-b-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw lnμn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw B{i-a-Ønse tiJ-c-Øn¬ \n∂v
sNbv X p. Abn- t Øm- ® m- S \{]h¿Ø- \ - ß fpw CXns‚
`mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv ÿm]n-°-s∏´ tZiobhnZym-e-b-߃°v

95
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv Imin hnZym-]o-Tw, KpP-dmØv hnZym-]o-Tw, Pmanb

an√nb XpS-ßn-b-h. Cw•ojv hnZym-e-b-߃ _ln-jvI-cn-®n-d-
ßnb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-°-
s∏-´p.
\n -lI - c
- Wkacw \S-°p∂ AtX Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ C¥y-bnse
Jnem-^Øv t\Xm-°f - mb auem\m apl-ΩZ- e
- n, auem\m ju°-
Øen F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w i‡n-
Aen ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ˛ {]m]n-®p. Jnem^Øv {]ÿm-\sØ C¥y≥ tZiob{]ÿm-\-
apl-ΩZen,
tØm- S p tN¿Øp\n¿ØnbXn- e qsS kzmX- { ¥y- k - a - c - Ø n¬
ju°Øen
apkvenwIfpsS kPohkm∂n[yw Dd-∏m-°m≥ Km‘n-Pn°v
Ign-™p. Km‘nPn Jnem-^Øv t\Xm-°t- fm-sSm∏w C¥y-
Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w
bn-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn®v Xs‚ Bi-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-®p.
H∂mw- temIbp≤- Ø n- \ p- t ijw X¬^-e-ambn:
Xp¿°n- b nse `c- W m- [ n- I m- c nbpw $ {_n´ojv hncp≤ hnImcw C¥y-bpsS ap°nepw
temI-ap-kvenwIfpsS Bflob t\Xm- aqe-bnepw FØn-.
hp-am-bn-cp∂ Jeo-^b - psS A[n-Im-c-
$ lnμp-˛-apkvenw sFIyw i‡n-s∏-´p.
߃ ]cn- a n- X - s ∏- S p- Ø m- \ p≈
{_n´s‚ {ia-߃s°-Xnsc temI- Km‘nPn Jnem- ^ Øv {]ÿm- \ sØ ]n¥p-
Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ Db¿∂p- Wbv°m\p- ≠ mb kml- N - c y- ß ƒ hni- Z - a m-
h-∂X- mWv Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm-\w. °pI.
C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse hnZym-k-º-∂-cp-sSbpw Db¿∂ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-h-
cpsSbpan-S-bn¬ am{Xw HXpßn\n∂n-cp∂ kzmX{¥y{]t£m-`sØ C¥y-
bnse F√m-{]-tZ-iß- f
- n-te°pw P\-hn-`m-Kß
- f
- n-te°pw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ \n -
l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\p km[n-®p. F∂m¬ Zu¿`mKyIcamb Hcp kw`-h-
Øns‚ t]cn¬ Km‘nPn \n -l-I-cW kacw \n¿Øn-h-®p. DØ¿{]-tZ-
inse Nucn-Nucm F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ P\-߃°p-t\sc t]meokv shSn-h-
®-Xn¬ tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb P\-߃ t]meokv tÃj≥ B{I-an®p Xobn-´p.
Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v t]meo-kp-Im¿ sIm√s∏´ Cu kw`hw Km‘n-Pnsb thZ-
\n-∏n-®p. P\-߃°v Alnw-k-bpsS am¿Kw icn-bmbn a\- n-em-bn√
F∂Xn\m¬ \n - l - I - c W {]ÿm\w \n¿Øn- h - b v ° m≥ Km‘nPn
Blzm\w sNbvXp.
\n -l-I-cW {]ÿm\w \n¿Øn-h-bv°m-≥ Km‘nPnsb t{]cn-
∏n® kml-Ncyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

\n -lI- c
- W ka-cI
- m-eL
- ´- Ø
- n¬ \n߃ Hcp kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. \n -lI - c
- W
- k
- a- c
- t- ØmSv A\p-`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-
®p-sIm≠v GXm\pw ap{Zm-hm-Iy-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

96
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

]q¿W-kz-cmPpw knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\hpw

C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp∂p 1929 ¬ emtlm-dn¬
h®v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ \S∂ C¥y≥ \mj-
W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ ktΩ-f\w. {]kvXpX ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-
bp∂ Xocp-am-\-߃ ssIs°m-≠p.
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ A¥n-a-e£yw ]q¿W-kz-cmPv
(kºq¿W-kzm-X{¥yw) BsW∂v Cu ktΩ-f\w {]Jym-]n-®p.
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-
Xz- Ø n¬ knhn¬
\nba ewL\w Bcw-
`n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n®p.
{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS P\-hn-cp-≤a- mb
knhn¬ \nb- a - ß sf ewLn-
°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p knhn¬ Km‘nPn D∏p-\n-baw
\nbaewL\ ka-cw-sIm≠v Km‘nPn Dt±-in-®X - .v Cu ka-cØ- ns‚ `mK- ewLn-°p∂p ˛ Nn{X-Im-
cs‚ `mh-\-bn¬
ambn Km‘nPn apt∂m´psh® Bh-iy-ßf - mWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

D∏p-\n-IpXn FSpØp If-bp-I.

Km‘n-Pn- apt∂m´p h®

Irjn-°m¿°v 50% \nIpXnbnfhv \¬IpI.

Bh-iy-߃

hntZ-i-h-kv{X-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn°v Npa-Øp∂ \nIpXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-I.

cmjv{SobØS-hp-Imsc hn´-b-°p-I.

ssk\n-I-s®-ehpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS iº-fhpw sh´n-°p-d-bv°p-I.

C¥y-°msc \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ cl-kym-t\z-jW

hn`m-KsØ ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-I.

Xoc-tZi I∏¬ KXm-KXw Bcw-`n-°p-I.

kºq¿W aZy-\n-tcm-[\w \S-∏m-°pI.

C¥y-bpsS kzmX{¥yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂X - n¬ Km‘nPn apt∂m´p h® Bh-

iy-߃ F{X-am{Xw A\p-tbm-P y-am-bn-cp-∂p? N¿®sNøp-I.

Km‘nPn Xs‚ Bh-iy-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw

\¬In-bXv D∏p-\n-IpXn Ipd-bv°pI F∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. D∏v ka-cmbp-[-
ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t{]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃ F¥m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ {_n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ \nIpXnhcp-am-\-Øns‚ A©n¬ c≠p
`mKhpw D∏n-\p-ta¬ Npa-Øp∂ \nIp-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

97
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

$ Zcn-{Z¿°v Cu \nIpXn henb `mc-am-bn-cp-∂p.

h´-taiktΩ-f-\-߃ $ Xt±-io-b-cmb sNdp-InS D∏p¬∏m-Z-I¿°p-ta¬ D∏p-
C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-tØ≠ `c- ≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v \ntcm-[\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.
W-] -cn- jvIm-c-ß - s f- ° p- d n®v N¿® $ D∏ns‚ hne aq∂p aSßv h¿[n-®p.
sNøm-\mbn {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v $ km[mcW°msc DW¿Øm≥ DX-Ip∂ Hcp ap{Zm-
e≠-\nse Pbnwkv ]me-kn¬ 1930, hm-Iy-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
1931, 1932 F∂o h¿j-ßf - n¬ aq∂v D∏p\nbaw ewLn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\w
h´- t ai ktΩ- f - \ - ß ƒ hnfn- ® p- \S-Øm≥ Km‘nPn Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ ]e¿°pw AXns‚
tN¿Øp. c≠mw h´-taiktΩ-f-\- {]m[m\yw a\-   n- e m- b n- √ . \nb- a - e w- L - \ kac- Ø ns‚
Øn¬ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- i‡n hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ]d™p:
kns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v Km‘nPn
""Ggp-e- £w {Kma-ßf- nse ]Øp-t]¿ hoXw D∏p Ipdp-°m≥ XpS-
]s¶-Sp-Øp.
ßp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Cu k¿°m-cn\v F¥p sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpw?
\n߃°v Duln-°m-hp-∂X - n¬ G‰hpw \oN-\mb tkz—m-[n-]X
- n-t]mepw
kam-[m-\]
- c- a- mbn \nbaw ewLn-°p∂ P\-Xsb ]oc-¶n-sIm≠v t\cn-Sm≥
Du‰w ImWn-°b - n-√. \n߃ Hc¬∏w kzbw amdm≥ Xbm-dm-bm¬ \ap°v
Cu k¿°m-cns\ Ipd™ ka-bw-sIm≠v £oWn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-
sa∂v Rm≥ \n߃°v Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂p.''
Km‘nPn
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Blzm\w Gs‰-SpØ P\-߃ C¥y-bpsS
Km‘nPn e≠-\n¬ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ D∏p-Ip-dp°n \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-
fm-bn. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]ø-∂q¿, Xan-gv\m-´n¬ thZm-c-Wyw, alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬
t_mws_, _wKm-fn¬ \h-Jmen, hS°p]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn{]tZiw
XpS-ßnbh \nb-a-ew-L\ka-c-Øns‚ {][m\ tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-. Chn-S-
ß-fn¬ ka-c-thm-f‚n-b¿am¿ D∏p-≠m°n P\-߃°v hnX-cWw sNøp-
Ibpw tZio-b-]-XmI Db¿Øp-Ibpw {_n´ojv hncp≤ ap{Zm-hmIyw hnfn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. KpP-dm-Ønse [cm-k\ D∏p-\n¿am-W-im-e-bn-te°v
ktcm-Pn\n \mbn-Up-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]pds∏´ kXy-{Kln-Isf
hfsc \njvTp-c-amb coXn-bn¬ {_n´ojv t]meokv t\cn-´p.
D∏p-k-Xy-{K-l-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Km‘n-Pnsb AdÃv
sNøp-Ibpw kacw {Iqc-ambn ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
D∏ns\ ka-cm-bp-[-am°nbXn-eqsS Km‘nPn ˛
$ \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ P\-Iob{]iv\-ßsft∏mepw i‡-amb
ka-cm-bp-[-am-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂p sXfn-bn-®p.
ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp
$ h≥tXm-Xn¬ P\-Iob]n¥pW t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn®p.
$ {_n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ NqjWw G‰hpw efn-X-ambn P\-ßsf
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn.
"Alnw-kb- n-eq-∂nb [oc-Xbv°v G‰hpw \√ DZm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv D∏p-
k-Xy-{Klw'. ka¿Yn-°p-I.

98
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

{_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y hnSpI

""CXm Hcp a{¥w, Hcp sIm®p a{¥w Rm≥ \n߃°v Xcp-∂p. \nß-fpsS Hmtcm
izmkhpw AXn\v Bhn-jvImcw \¬I-Ww ˛ {]h¿Øn°pI, As√-¶n¬ acn-°pI.
\mw H∂p-In¬ C¥ysb kzX-{¥-am°pw. As√-¶n¬ B {i-aØ - n¬ acn-°pw. \mw
\ΩpsS ASn-aØw XpS-cp-∂-Xp I
- m-Wm≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-I-bn-√.''
Km‘nPn
1942 BKÃv 8 \v t_mws_-bn¬ tN¿∂ tIm¨{Kkv
ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Km‘nPn P\-ß-tfmSp ]d™ hm°p-
I-fmWn-Xv. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv Km‘n-Pn-
bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \SØnb Ah-km-\sØ _lp-
P-\-k-a-c-amb Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c-Øn-\p≈ Blzm-\-am-
bn-cp∂p CXv.
knhn¬ \n-b-a-ew-L\ kacw t]mseØs∂ P\-Io-
b-amb as‰mcp ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p Izn‰v C¥ym kacw. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zv, sP._n.
F√m A[n-Im-cß - fpw C¥y°p ssIamdn C¥y hnSm≥ Ir]-em\n F∂n-h¿s°m∏w Km‘nPn Izn‰v
{_n´o-jp-Imsc \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ Alnw-k-bn-eq-∂n- C¥ym ktΩ-f\thZn-bn¬
bp≈ Hcp ka-c-amWv CXn-eqsS C¥y≥ \mj-W¬
tIm¨{Kkv hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xv. Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c-Øn-\v Imc-W-amb
Nne LS-I-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ C¥y-bn¬ `c-WLS\m ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ {_n´¨
ImWn® ssha-\kyw.
$ hne-°-b-‰hpw -£m-ahpw aqe-ap≈ P\-ß-fpsS AXr-]vXn.
$ c≠mw -tem-I-bp-≤-Øn¬ {_n´≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏Spsa∂ tXm∂¬.
Cu ka-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Km‘nPn P\-߃°v \¬Inb \n¿tZ-i-ß-fm- C¥y-bn¬ Km‘nPn
bn-cp-∂p: \S-Ønb hnhn[
ka-cß
- f- psS Nn{X-߃
$ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ kz¥w P\-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw AwKo-Icn- Dƒs∏- SpØn UnPn-‰¬
°Ww. B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ I¿j-I¿ `q\n-IpXn sImSp-°m≥ Iq´m-°-cp-Xv.
$ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ cmPn-h-bv°msX tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-tØm-Sp≈
Iqdv ]c-ky-am-°-Ww.
$ ]´m-f-°m¿ ÿm\-߃ shSnbmsX kz¥w Bƒ°m¿°p-t\sc
shSn-h-bv°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°-Ww.
$ kzmX-{¥y-{]m]vXn hsc ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ hnZym¿Yn-
Iƒ ]T\w Dt]-£n-°-Ww.
Km‘nPn AS-°-ap≈ t\Xm-°sf AdÃv sNbvX {_n´ojv k¿°m¿
{]t£m-`sØ AXn-{Iq-c-ambn t\cn-´p. A{I-am-k-‡-cmb P\-߃ ]e-
bn-S-ß-fnepw Kh¨sa‚ v sI´n-S-߃, Ce-Iv{SnIv sse-\p-Iƒ, KXm-KX
am¿K߃ XpS-ßn-bh XI¿Øp. 1942 Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ C¥y-bmsI
ka-c-Øns‚ Xo®q-f-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX{¥yw t\Sm-\p≈ C¥y≥ a\-

99
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-ka- c
- Ønse kp{]-[m\ hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp∂p Izn‰v
C¥ym kacw˛N¿®sNøp-I.
$ ""Km‘n-Pnbpw C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-ka- chpw''F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]Z- -
am°n Hcp {]ivt\m-Øcn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-I.
thdn´ hgn-Iƒ
""s]mXp-P-\-hn-Imcw AXns‚ ]mc-ayØn¬ FØn\n¬°p-tºmƒ ]n≥am-‰-Øns‚
Imlfw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂Xv Hcp tZiobZpc-¥Ø - n¬ Ipd™v as‰m-∂p-a√ - . alm-fl-
bp-sS {][m\ Iq´m-fn-If- mb tZi-_‘p kn.B¿. Zmkv, tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp, emem
ePv]Xv dmbv , ]ns∂ Rm\pw Pbn-en¬ h®v s]mXp-P\
- ß
- f- psS {]Xn-tj-[t- Øm-sSm∏w
tN¿∂p. almflmKm‘n-bpsS Cu ]n≥am-‰Ø - n¬ ZpxJn-X\pw tcmjm-Ip-e\ - p-amb tZi-
_-‘p-hn-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥ Pbn-en¬ h®p I≠-Xv.''
kp`mjv N{μ-t_mkv
Nucn-Nuc kw`-h-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Km‘nPn \n -l-I-cWkacw ]n≥h-en-
®-Xn-s\-Xncmb kp`mjv N{μ-t_m-kns‚ hm°p-I-fm-Wnh. CØ-c-Øn¬
Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-co-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Bi-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb
ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]ÿm-\ß- fpw hy‡n-Ifpw C¥y-bpsS tZiobka-
N{μ-ti-J¿ BkmZv c-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶phln-®n-cp-∂p. C¥y-bp-sS kzmX{¥yw Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsSbpw e£yw.
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS _ln-jvI-cW ka-c-co-Xnsb FXn¿Ø kn.B¿. Zmkv,
tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp F∂n-h¿ 1923 ¬ kzcmPv ]m¿´n°v cq]w \¬In.
\nb-a\- n¿am-Wk - `- I
- sf \Ωƒ _ln-jvIc - n-°p- Ib√, adn®v, t]mcm-´Ø
- n\pw
_Z¬ A`n-{]m-b-Øn\pap≈ thZn-Ifm°Ww F∂v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw \nb-a-\n¿amWk`-I-fn-te°v a¬k-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {ItaW
`KXvknMv Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-co-Xn-I-tfm-Sp≈ hntbm-Pn∏v IqSp-X¬ i‡-amb coXn-
bn¬ {]I-S-am-Im≥ XpS-ßn.
]©m-_v, cmP-ÿm≥, DØ¿{]-tZiv, _nlm¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse hnπ-h-
Im-cn-Iƒ U¬ln-bn¬ h®v 1928 ¬ "lnμp-ÿm≥ tkmjy-enÃv dn∏-ªn-
°≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥' F∂ kwL-S-\bv°p cq]w \¬In. `KXvkn-Mv,
N{μ-ti-J¿ Bkm-Zv, cmPvKp-cp, kpJvtZhv XpS-ßn-b-hcmbn-cp∂p CXn\p
t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. kmbp[hnπ-h-Øn-\mbn Ch¿ Bcw-`n® tk\m-hn-
`m-K-amWv "dn∏-ªn-°≥ B¿an'. tImf\n`cWw A´n-a-dn-°pIbpw C¥y≥
-kp-JvtZhv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS s^U-d¬ dn∏-ªnIv ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v kmbp-[-hn-πhw
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpambn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS e£yw. tZiobt\Xm-°-fn¬
Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ emem-e-Pv]Xvdmbn-bpsS ac-W-Øn-te°p \bn® emØn-
®m¿Pn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bmb km≥tUgvkv F∂ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿs\ `K-
Xvkn-Mv, cmPvKp-cp, kpJvtZhv F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v emtlm-dn¬ h®v shSn-h-®p-
sIm-∂p. ]ucm-h-Im-i-߃ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Icn-\n-b-a-߃ ]mkm-
°p-∂-Xn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n-®p-sIm≠v `K-Xvknßpw _Zp-tI-iz¿ ZØpw tN¿∂v
sk≥{S¬ ePn-tÃ-‰ohv Akw-ªn-bn¬ t_mws_-dn-™p. XpS¿∂v AdÃv
cmPvKpcp
hcn-®p. 1931 am¿®v 23 \v `K-Xvkn-Mn-s\bpw kpJvtZhn-s\bpw cmPvKp-cp-hn-

100
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

`K-XvknMpw Iq´cpw h[n-°-s∏´

hm¿Ø-bS- ß
- nb ]{Xw
s\bpw {_n´ojv k¿°m¿ Xq°n-
te-‰n.
C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\mbn
cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ Nne hnπ-h-{]-
ÿm-\ß - s - fbpw Ah-bpsS t\Xm-
°- s f- b p- a mWv NphsS X∂n- ´ p-
≈Xv.

A`n-\hv `mcXv skmssk‰n

hn.Un. kh¿°¿
A\p-io-e≥ kanXn
_co-μ¿ Ipam¿ tLmjv, ]pen≥
_nlmcn Zmkv
KZ¿]m¿´n
emem l¿Z-bm¬
C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°≥ B¿an djy≥ hnπ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p {]tNm-Z\w
kqcy-sk≥ Dƒs°m≠v 1930 ItfmsS tkmjy-
enÃmi-bß - ƒ C¥y-bn¬ {]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. B Bi-bß - ƒ tIm¨{K-
 n-\p-≈nse Hcp hn`m-K-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-®p. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp, kp`m-
jvN-{μ-t_m-kv, Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-¨, AcpWm Bk^en F∂n-h¿
tN¿∂v tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿´n-°p-≈n¬ tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-enÃv hn`m-K-
Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬In.
1934 ¬ t_mws_-bn¬ tN¿∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Pb- AcpWm Bk-^ensb
{]-Imiv \mcm-b-Wns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv BZ-cn-®p-sIm≠v
tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n cq]w-sIm-≠p. Izn‰v C¥ym ka- C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v
]pd-Øn-d-°nb Ãmºv
c-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n
{]h¿Ø-I¿ hfsc kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Km‘nPn AS-
°-ap≈ tIm¨{K-kns‚ ap≥\nc t\Xm-°s - f√mw Ad-
Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ Hfn-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ka-c-Øn\v
Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b¨
- i‡-amb ]n¥pW \¬In-bXv Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b¨,
AcpWm Bk-^en XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv.

101
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

Km‘n- b ≥ ka- c - c o- X n- I - t fmSv ]e- L - ´ - ß - f nepw

hntbm-Pn∏v {]I-Sn-∏n® Bfm-bn-cp∂p kp`mjv N{μ-
t_mkv. tIm¨{Kkv hn´ At±lw "t^m¿thUv
tªm°v' F∂ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n°v cq]w \¬In.
]n∂oSv C¥y- b psS kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n- \ mbn dmjv
_nlmcn t_mkv cq]o-I-cn® "C¥y≥ \mj-W¬
B¿an' (INA) bpsS t\XrXzw At±lw Gs‰-Sp-
Øp. knwK-∏q-cn¬ h®v kzX{¥`mc-X-Øn\v Hcp
knwK-∏q¿ tI{μ-am°n kp`mjv Xm¬°m-enI Kh¨sa‚ v At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-
N{μ-t_mkpw a{¥n-k`m AwK-ßfpw Xz- Ø n¬ cq]o- I - c n®p. {_n´o- j p- I msc C¥y≥
aÆn¬\n∂v XqsØdn-bm-\p≈ kacw \S-ØpI F∂-Xm-
hm©n Aø¿ bn-cp∂p Xm¬°m-enI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {][m\ Npa-X-e.
C-¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - nse Z£n- C¥y≥ \mj- W ¬ B¿an- b psS h\nXm hn`m- K - a mbn
- Ø
tW-¥y-bnse BZysØ c‡-km- Qm≥kn dmWn sdPn-sa‚ v cq]o-I-cn-®p. CXns‚ Npa-Xe
£nbmWv hm©n Aø¿. P\-Iob ae-bm-fn-bmb Iym]v‰≥ e£van-°m-bn-cp-∂p. P∏ms‚ klm-
{]t£m-`ß - ƒ \njvTp-ca - mbn ASn-®- b-tØmsS kp`mjv N{μ-t_m-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈
a¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Xncp-s\¬then Pn√m- C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ B¿an C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-Ing-°≥
- vS¿ Bbn-cp∂ tdm_¿´v hneyw AXn¿Øn hsc FØp-Ibpw Cw^m-en¬ tZiob]XmI
I-fI
sUkvtIm¿´v Btjsb 1911 Pqsse Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
17 \v Xan- g v - \ m- ´ nse a\nbm®n C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\mbn Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-
(Maniachi) sdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬ co-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn cq]w-sIm≠
h®v shSnh-®p-sIm-∂p. {_n´o-jp- {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS Bi-b-ß-sf-bpw
Im¿°v ]nSn- s Im- S p- ° msX B Ipdn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
^vfm‰vt^m-an¬Øs∂ At±-lhpw
Bfl-mlpXn sNbvXp. hm©n Aø-
-sXm-gn-emfn ˛ I¿j-I{]ÿm-\-߃
cpsS {]hrØn-sb-∏‰n amUw Ima djy≥ hnπ-hsØ XpS¿∂v tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-ßfpsS
Xs‚ htμ-am-Xcw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W- kzm[o\w C¥y-bn¬ sXmgn-emfn{]ÿm-\-߃ cq]o-I-
Øn¬ Cßs\ Fgp- X n: ""hm©n cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n. BZy-Im-eØv C¥ybn¬ cq]o-I-cn-
DXn¿Ø shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ \q‰m-≠p- °-s∏´ sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-Iƒ NphsS ]d-bp-∂-XmWv:
I-fmbn ASn-aØ - Ø - n-em-bn-cp∂ Hcp $ Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv sSIvssì Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
cmPysØ KmV-\n{Z-bn¬ \n∂pw $ a{Zmkv te_¿ bqWn-b≥
DW¿Øn.'' 1920 ¬ F≥.-Fw. tPmjn, emem- e-Pv]Xv dmbn F∂n-h¿
ap≥ssI FSpØv AJn- t e¥y t{SUv bqWn- b ≥
tIm¨{Kkv (AITUC) cq]o-I-cn-®p.
Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS aq∂p {][m\ e£y-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p:
$ sXmgn-emfnh¿Ksa∂ \ne-bn¬ kwL-Sn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-
Ibpw sNøpI.
$ C¥y≥ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw cmPy-Øn\p ]pd-Øp≈ sXmgn-emfnh¿K-
hp-ambn tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-°p-I.
$ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´Ø - n¬ kPoh ]¶phln-°pI.

102
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS \nIpXn\b-ßfpw skao-μm¿am-cpsS Nqj-Whpw Im¿jnI

D¬∏-∂-߃°p-≠mb hne-bn-Snhpw I¿j-IcpsS CS-bn¬ Iq´m-bva-bpsS
Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv I¿jI{]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-
Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. F≥.-Pn. cwK AS-°-ap≈ I¿jIt\Xm-°-fpsS {ia-
^-e-ambn emtlm-dn¬ h®v AJn-te¥ym Inkm≥ tIm¨{Kkv ÿm]n-X-
am-bn. ]n¬°m-eØv CXv AJn-te¥y Inkm≥k` F∂ t]cp kzoI-cn-
®p. t_mws_-bnse AJn-te¥ym Inkm≥ kanXn ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬h®v
I¿j-I-cpsS Bh-iy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp Inkm≥ am\n-
s^tÃmbv°v cq]w -\¬In. CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ Nne Bh-iy-
߃.
$ `q\n-Ip-Xnbpw ]m´hpw 50% Ipd-bv°p-I.
$ IS-߃ ac-hn-∏n-°pI.
$ ^yqU¬ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ d±m-°p-I.
$ I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v an\naw -th-X\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.
$ I¿jI bqWn-b-\p-Isf AwKo-I-cn-°p-I.
I¿j-Ic - p-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-If
- p-sSbpw HØp-tN-cepw {]Xn-tj-[hpw C¥y≥
tZiob{]ÿm-\-Øn\v DW¿th-In. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS km{amPyXz\b-ß-
sfbpw C¥y- b n¬ \ne- \ n∂ ^yqU¬ hyh- ÿ - s bbpw Hcp- t ]mse
FXn¿Ø sXmgn-em-fn-If - p-sSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS
hnhn[ ÿeß-fn¬ Iem-]-߃°pw ka-c-߃°pw hgn-sX-fn-®p.

ka-c-߃ \S∂ ÿe-߃

$ tX`m-K-k-acw $_wKmƒ
$ sXe¶m\-k-acw $B{‘-{]-tZiv
$ \mhn-I-I-em]w $t_mws_

C¥y- b psS tZio- b - k - a - c - Ø n¬ sXmgn- e m- f n- I fpw I¿j- I cpw

hln® ]¶v hni-Za - m-°p-I.

kzmX-{¥y-Øn-te°v
c≠mw- tem-I-bp≤w temI-Øm-I-am\w km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°v
Imc-W-am-bn. {_n´≥ kmº-ØnIambn Zp¿_-e-am-hp-Ibpw AXp-hgn
tImf\nIƒ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ tijn \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Gjy-
bnepw B{^n-°-bnepw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-߃ i‡n-s∏-´Xpw temIsØ
h≥i‡n-I-fmbn hf¿∂p h∂ Ata-cn-°bpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw
tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bvs°-Xn-cmbn \ne-]m-sS-Sp-ØXpw C¥y°p kzmX-{¥yw
\¬Im≥ {_n´s\ \n¿_-‘n-Xam-°n. C¥y-tbmSv A\p-`mhw ]pe¿Øn-
bn-cp∂ ¢a‚ v B‰ven-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ te_¿]m¿´n {_n´-\n¬ A[n-
Im-c-Øn¬ h∂Xpw kzmX{¥yk-ºm-Z\w Ffp-∏-am-°n. F∂m¬ apl-Ω-
Zen Pn∂-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ k¿th¥ym eoKv, ]mIn-ÿm≥ F∂

103
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

bn-cp∂ ¢a‚ v B‰ven-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ te_¿]m¿´n

AXn¿ØnKm‘n {_n´-\n¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂Xpw kzmX{¥yk-ºm-
Zzncmjv{ShmZ-sØbpw Z\w Ffp-∏-am-°n. F∂m¬ apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂-bpsS t\Xr-
C¥y-bpsS hn`-P-\- Xz-Øn¬ k¿th¥ym eoKv, ]mIn-ÿm≥ F∂ {]tXyI
sØbpw i‡-ambn cmPyw thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v Cu {]iv\w
FXn¿Øn-cp∂ t\Xm- ]cn-l-cn®v C¥y°v kzmX{¥yw \¬Im\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
hm-Wv Jm≥ A_vZp¬ \-߃°mbn au≠v _m‰¨ {]`p-hns\ C¥y-bpsS
Km^¿ Jm≥. C¥y- ssht{km-bn-bmbn \nb-an-®p. C¥ysb hn`-Pn-°msX
bpsS. hS-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn A[n-Im-c-ss°-am‰w km[y-a-s√∂p hmZn-® au≠v_m-
{]tZ-iß - f - n¬ \nc-h[n ka-cß- ƒ°p ‰¨ AXn-\p-th≠n Xbm-dm-°nbXm-Wv. "au≠v _m‰≥
t\XrXzw \¬Inb At±- l sØ ]≤Xn'. AX-\p-k-cn-®v,
C¥y-bpsS hn`-P\w ZpxJn-∏n-®p. $ apkvenwIƒ°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ {]tZ-iØv Ah¿
lnμp-˛a - pkvenw sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n B{K-ln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp {]tXy-I-cmPyw
\ne-sIm≠ At±lw "AXn¿Øn A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Km‘n' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥ym
$ ]©m_pw _wKmfpw c≠mbn hn`- P n- t °- ≠ -
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]c-tam-∂X _lp-
a- X n- b mb "`mc- X - c Xv \ ' \¬In XmWv.
cmjv{Sw At±-lsØ BZ-cn-®p. $ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Ønkwÿm\w ]mIn-
ÿm-\n¬ tN¿°-Wtam th≠tbm F∂p Xocp-
am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp lnX]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
$ _wKm-fn-sebpw ]©m-_n-sebpw lnμp-˛-
apkvenw kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿W-bn-
°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp AXn¿Øn\n¿Wb IΩo-js\
\n-ban-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
tIm¨{Kkpw k¿th¥ym eoKpw Cu ]≤Xn
AwKo- I - c n- ® p. F∂m¬ Jm≥ A_v Z p¬
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
Km^¿Jms\t∏mep≈ tZio-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ CXns\
sNt¶m-´b
- n¬ FXn¿Øp. 1947 Pqsse-bn¬ {_n´ojv ]m¿e-
{]kw-Kn-°p∂p.
sa‚ v C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y\nbaw (Indian Independence Act) ]mkm-
C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y- °n. C¥y,- ]mIn-ÿm≥ F∂o c≠p kzX-{¥-cm-Py-߃ \ne-
Øn\v th≠n t]mcm-Snb hn¬ h∂p. kzX{¥ C¥y-bpsS BZysØ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn Ph-l¿em¬
t\Xm-°f - psSbpw
{]ÿm-\ß - f - psSbpw s\lvdp kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXv A[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.
hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn
t{]mPIvSv Xbm-dm-°p-I. C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-acw Hcp _lp-P\ tZiobka-c-ambn amdn-bsX-
ß-s\-sb-∂mWv \Ωƒ N¿®sNbvX-Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-ßfpw ka-
c-co-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ {][m\ ]¶p hln-®Xv. Km‘n-b≥ coXn-bn¬
\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb ka-c-am¿K-߃°pw Cu Ime-L´w km£yw hln-
®p. CØ-c-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-[m-c-I-fn-eqsS i‡n-{]m-]n® tZiob{]ÿm-\-
Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-cp∂p 1947 BKÃv 15 \v C¥y°v e`n® kzmX-{¥yw.

104
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X

ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

{]mtZ-inI tZiob thdn´

ka-c-߃ ka-c-߃ hgn-Iƒ

Nºm-
c\nse Al-Ω-Zm- tJU \n -l- knhn¬ tkmjy- sXmgn-
\oew _mZv I¿jI I-cW \n-ba Izn‰n¥ym kzcmPv enÃv hnπh emfn˛
I¿j-I XpWn-an¬ kacw kacw -ew-L\w kacw ]m¿´n {]ÿm\w {]ÿm I¿jI
kacw kacw \߃ {]ÿm-\-
߃

D∏p- [cm-k\
k-Xy-{Klw kacw

$ Km‘nPn C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw {]mtZ-inI{]iv\-

ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´ kml-Ncyw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Km‘nPn C¥y≥ tZiobka-c-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ FØn-
t®¿∂ ]›m-Øew hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
$ Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv kw`hw C¥y≥ tZiob{]ÿm-\sØ
kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
$ \n - l - I - c W{]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ khn- t i- j - X - I fpw ^e- ß fpw
hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\-Øns‚ `mK-amb D∏p-k-Xy-{K-l-Øns‚
{]k‡n hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ sF.F≥.FbpsSbpw kp`mjv N{μ-
t_m-kns‚bpw ]¶p hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øp- cq]w-sIm≠ hnπh{]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ sXmgn-emfn˛I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\-ß-
fpsS ]¶v hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

105
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I ka-chpw kzmX-{¥yhpw

$ C¥y-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Km‘nPn ]s¶-SpØ {]mtZ-

inIka-c-߃ GsX√mw?
$ tJU I¿jIka-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® ka-cm-bp-[-߃ Fs¥-√m-
am-bn-cp∂p?
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-ß-fpsS ^e-߃ hni-I-e\w
sNøpI.
$ `oI- c - h mZ{]h¿Ø\w XS- b m- s \∂ t]cn¬ {_n´o- j p- I m¿
\S-∏n-em-°nb \nbaw GXm-bn-cp∂p?
$ Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv kw`-h-sØ-∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ \n -l-I-cW{]ÿm-\-Øns‚
^e-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ \n -l-I-cW{]ÿm\w \n¿Øn-h-bv°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t{]cn-∏n®
kw`hw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ A¥n-a-e£yw ]q¿W-kz-cmPv
BsW∂v {]Jym-]n® tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f\w GXm-bn-cp∂p?
$ C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øns‚ {]k-
‡n-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp N¿®-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v eLp-N-cn{Xw

Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kvac-W-bv°mbn C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v ]pd-Øn-d-°nb
hnhn[ Ãmºp-Iƒ, hntZ-i-cm-Py-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb Ãmºp-Iƒ,
Ah-bpsS Nn{X-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-SpØn sF.kn.Sn. km[yX
D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp UnPn-‰¬ B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

106