(Evulotion of mobile phone and Android phone)

Communication 1 Lecture
ECEM411Lec

Submitted by:
Robeto R. Belza

Submitted to:

ENGR. Marvin Jude Gorospe

October 19, 2009

1st Generation
First-generation (1G) mobile phones had only voice facility. These were replaced
by second-generation (2G) digital phones with added fax, data, and messaging services.
The third-generation (3G) technology has added multimedia facilities to 2G phones. And
now talks are on for the next-generation mobile technology with more advanced features,
i.e.
4G, which is expected to be available in the market by 2010.Though 3G has still not been
implemented fully, the attention has already turned to the next generation of mobile
communications, i.e. 4G. Presently, NTT DoCoMo and Hewlett-Packard are on their
agenda to make it available by the year 2006. 4G is being developed to provide data
transfer speeds up to 50 times more than of 3G The theory of electromagnetic radiation
was propounded by Clark Maxwell in 1857 and explained mathematically the behaviour
of electromagnetic waves. Then G. Marconi invented trans-atlantic radio transmission
using electromagnetic waves in 1901. However, as the bandwidth of these transmission
systems was very small, the transmission of information was very slow.
Though the electromagnetic waves were first discovered as a communications
medium at the end
of the 19th century, theses were put in use for the masses very late. The first systems
offering mobile telephone service (car phone) were introduced in the late 1940s in the US
and in the early 1950s in Europe. These single cell systems were severely constrained
by restricted mobility, low capacity, limited service, and poor speech quality. Also the
equipment was heavy, bulky, expensive, and susceptible to interference.

The first generation 1G mobile phones were based on the analogue system. The
introduction of cellularsystems in the late 1970s was a quantum
leap in mobile communication, especially in terms of capacity and mobility.
Semiconductor technology and microprocessors made smaller, lighter, and more
sophisticated mobile systems a reality. However, these 1G cellular systems still
transmitted only analoguevoice information.
The prominent ones among 1G systems were advanced mobile phone system
(AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system
(TACS). With the introduction of 1G phones, the mobile market showed annual growth
rate of 30 to 50 per cent, rising to nearly 20 million subscribers by 1990.

First Generation mobile phone

First Generation mobile phone networks were the earliest cellular systems to develop,
and they relied on a network of distributed transceivers to communicate with the mobile
phones. First Generation phones were also analogue, used for voice calls only, and their
signals were transmitted by the method of frequency modulation. These systems typically
allocated one 25 MHz frequency band for the signals to be sent from the cell base station
to the handset, and a second different 25 MHz band for signals being returned from the
handset to the base station. These bands were then split into a number of communications
channels, each of which would be used by a particular caller.
In the case of AMPS, the first 1G system to start operating in the USA (in July 1978),
each channel was separated from the adjacent channels by a spacing of 30 kHz, which
was not particularly efficient in terms of the available radio spectrum, and this placed a
limitation on the number of calls that could be made at any one time. However, the
system was a multiple access one, because a second caller could use the same channel,
once the first caller had hung up. Such a system is called "frequency division multiple
access" (FDMA).

In addition, because the cell transmitter's power output is restricted and designed to cover
a specific area, it is possible to use the same frequencies in other cells that are far enough
away for there to be no interference - this system is called frequency re-use, and enables
the network capacity to be increased. The cellular structure of the network is also
responsible for another feature of cell phone communications, i.e. that it is necessary for
some sort of handover to take place when the mobile phone passes from one cell area to
another, and this requires that the pair of frequencies used by the phone are changed at
the time of handover.

NMT 450, the Nordic Mobile Telephone System using the 450 MHz band, was the first
cell phone network to start operating in Europe (i.e. Scandinavia) in 1981. Later, in 1985,
the United Kingdom began operations with its TACS (Total Access Communications
System). With the introduction of 2G networks, the 1G phones were destined to become
obsolete, as they were not adaptable to the new 2G standards and also had other
drawbacks, such as their poor security due to the lack of encryption, and the fact that
anyone with a receiver tuned to the right frequency could overhear the conversation.

2nd Generation
2G phones using global system for mobilecommunications (GSM) were first used
in the early 1990s in Europe. GSM provides voice and limited data services, and uses
digital modulation for improved audio quality. Multiple digital systems. The development
of 2G cellular systems was driven by the need to improve transmission quality, system
capacity, and coverage. Further advances in semiconductor technology and microwave
devices brought digital transmission to mobile communications.Speech transmission still
dominates the airways, but the demand for fax, short message, and data transmission is
growing rapidly. Supplementary services such as fraud prevention and encryption
of user data have become standard features, comparable to those in fixed networks.
2G cellular systems include GSM, digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code-division multiple
access (CDMA), and personal digital communication (PDC).

Today, multiple IG and 2G standards are used in worldwide mobile

communications. Different standards serve different applications (paging, cordless
telephony, wireless local loop, private mobile radio, cellular telephony, and mobile
satellite communication) with different levels of mobility, capability, and service area.
Many standards are used only in one country or region, and are incompatible.
 GSM is the most successful family of cellular standards. It includes
GSM900,GSM-railway (GSM-R), GSM1800, GSM1900, and GSM400. GSM supports
around 250 million of the world’s 450 million cellular subscribers, with international
roaming in approximately 140 countries and 400 networks.

The core network

This network links together all the cells into a single network, coordinates
resources to hand over your call from one cell to another as you move, discovers where
you are so that you can receive incoming calls, links to the fixed network so that you can
reach fixed-line phones, and communicates with roaming partners. You can use your
phone on other network links to the Internet, so you can reach Web servers and corporate
systems worldwide to control and deliver services depending on your subscription
profile.

The 2G architecture

The existing mobile network consists of the radio access network (comprising cells and
backhaul communications) and the core network
(comprising trunks, switches, and servers). Mobile switching centres (MSCs) are
intelligent servers and the whole network is data-driven, using subscription and authen
tication information held in the home location register (HLR) and authentication centre
(AuC).

The standard services include circuit-switched voice, fax, and data, as well as voicemail
and voicemail notification. Additional services include wireless application protocol
(WAP), high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD), mobile location services (MLS), and
cell broadcast. You can change to a new operator keeping your old phone number.

3RD Generation
What is 3G? It's an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard for
third generation mobile telephone systems under the International Mobile
Telecommunications programme, IMT-2000. Analog cellular was the first generation,
digital PCS was the second. Along with W-CDMA, 3G was the big rage in the late 90's,
with proponents announcing that it was the Killer Wireless Application because of its
ability to simultaneously transfer voice data (the phone call) and other non-voice data
such as music, photographs, video, email, instant messaging, and information downloads.
3G networks use a variety of wireless network technologies, including GSM, CDMA,
TDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE, and this leads to some confusion as
well as a great deal of flexibility.

3G implementation was slower than initially anticipated, however, because of the

cost of upgrading equipment and licensing fees for additional spectrum. The earlier, 2G
networks didn't typically use the same frequencies as 3G, and licensing fees, particularly
in Europe, were extremely expensive. Only Japan and South Korea were able to
implement this technology quickly, largely because of the high level of government
support for new infrastructure advances. In Japan, by the end of 2006 the majority of
customers were on 3G and upgrades to the next stage, 3.5G (with 3 Mbit/s data rates),
were underway. Implementation in the rest of the world is coming along, but at a slightly
slower pace. In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries, with
200 million subscribers -- but that's still only around 7% of the 3 billion mobile phone
subscriptions worldwide.

The mobile communications industry has evolved in three stages:

Three generations of mobile phones have emerged so far, each successive generation
more reliable and flexible than the last:

i. Analog: You could only easily use analogue cellular to make voice calls, and
typically only in any one country.
ii. Digital mobile phone systems added fax, data and messaging capabilities as well
as voice telephone service in many countries.
iii. Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new
video, audio and other applications through mobile phones- allowing music and
television and the Internet to be accessed through a mobile terminal.

With each new generation of technology, the services which can de deployed on them
becomes more and more wide ranging and truly limited only by imagination. We are
reaching that stage with 3G.

During the first and second generations different regions of the world pursued
different mobile phone standards, but are converging to a common standard for mobile
multimedia called Third Generation (3G) that is based on CDMA technology. Europe
pursued NMT and TACS for analog and GSM for digital, North America pursued AMPS
for analog and a mix of TDMA, CDMA and GSM for digital. 3G will bring these
incompatible standards together, and the aim of this paper is to discuss the optimal
migration path for mobile network operators to get from their existing 2G digital systems
to the 3G world.

The Third Generation of mobile communications systems will soon by

implemented. Following on the heals of analog and digital technology, the Third
Generation will be digital mobile multimedia offering broadband mobile communications
with voice, video, graphics, audio and other information. This transition is shown in
Table 1 below:
Generation Type Time Description

Voice centric, multiple standards

First Analog 1980s
(NMT, TACS etc.)

Voice centric, multiple standards

Second Digital 1990s
(GSM, CDMA, TDMA)

Introduction of new higher speed

data services to bridge the gap
between the second and Third
Late Generation, including services
2.5 Higher Rate Data
1990s such as General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) and Enhanced
Data Rates for Global Evolution
(EDGE)

Voice and data centric, single

Third Digital Multimedia 2010s
standard with multiple modes
3G FEATURES

Packet everywhere

With Third Generation (3G), the information is split into separate but related
“packets” before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. Packet
switching is similar to a jigsaw puzzle- the image that the puzzle represents is divided
into pieces at the manufacturing factory and put into a plastic bag. During transportation
of the now boxed jigsaw from the factory to the end user, the pieces get jumbled up.
When the recipient empties the bag with all the pieces, they are reassembled to form the
original image. All the pieces are all related and fit together, but the way they are
transported and assembled varies.

Packet switched data formats are much more common than their circuit switched
counterparts. Other examples of packet-based data standards include TCP/IP, X.25,
Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). As such, whilst packet switching
is new to the GSM world, it is well established elsewhere. In the mobile world, CDPD
(Cellular Digital Packet Data), PDCP (Personal Digital Cellular Packet), General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) and wireless X.25 technologies have been in operation for several
years. X.25 is the international public access packet radio data network standard.

Internet everywhere

The World Wide Web is becoming the primary communications interface- people
access the Internet for entertainment and information collection, the intranet for accessing
company information and connecting with colleagues and the extranet for accessing
customers and suppliers. These are all derivatives of the World Wide Web aimed at
connecting different communities of interest. There is a trend away from storing
information locally in specific software packages on PCs to remotely on the Internet.
When you want to check your schedule or contacts, instead of using a software package
such as “Act!”, you go onto the Internet site such as a portal. Hence, web browsing is a
very important application for packet data.

High speed

Speeds of up to 2 Megabits per second (Mbps) are achievable with Third

Generation (3G). The data transmission rates will depend upon the environment the call
is being made in- it is only indoors and in stationary environments that these types of data
rates will be available. For high mobility, data rates of 144 kbps are expected to be
available- this is only about three times the speed of today’s fixed telecoms modems.

New applications, better application

Third Generation (3G) facilitates several new applications that have not
previously been readily available over mobile networks due to the limitations in data
transmission speeds. These applications range from Web Browsing to file transfer to
Home Automation- the ability to remotely access and control in-house appliances and
machines. Because of the bandwidth increase, these applications will be even more easily
available with 3G than they were previously with interim technologies such as GPRS.

Service access

To use Third Generation (3G), users specifically need:

• A mobile phone or terminal that supports Third Generation (3G)

• A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports Third Generation
(3G)
• Use of Third Generation (3G) must be enabled for that user.Automatic access to
the 3G may be allowed by some mobile network operators, others will charge a
monthly subscription and require a specific opt-in to use the service as they do
with other nonvoice mobile services
• Knowledge of how to send and/ or receive Third Generation (3G) information
using their specific model of mobile phone, including software and hardware
configuration (this creates a customer service requirement)
• A destination to send or receive information through Third Generation (3G). From
day one, Third Generation (3G) users can access any web page or other Internet
applications- providing an immediate critical mass of users.

These user requirements are not expected to change much for the meaningful use of 3G.
4th Generation
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are
talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will
replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative
by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is
having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput.
In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point
to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with
wire line backbone network seamlessly. 4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a
group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo
and other infrastructure vendors who must respond to the needs of MMS, multimedia and
video applications if 3G never materializes in its full glory.

The 4G plans are still years away, but transitioning from 3G to 4G should be
seamless for customers because 4G will have evolved from 3G. Users won't even have to
get new phones. Digital applications are getting more common lately and are creating an
increasing demand for broadband communication systems. The technical requirements
for related products are very high but solutions must be cheap to implement since we are
essentially talking about consumer products. For Satellite and for Cable; such cost-
efficient solutions are already about for the terrestrial link (i.e. original TV broadcasting)
the requirements are so high that the 'standard' solutions are no longer an option.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technology that allows
transmitting very high data rates over channels at a comparable low complexity.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is the choice of the transmission method for
the European digital radio (DAB) and Digital TV (DVB-T) standard. Owing to its great
benefit’s OFDM is being considered for future broadband application such as wireless
ATM as well.

Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?

 1. 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance
applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We
need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
2. There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate
across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
3. 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that
utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area
network design.
4. We need wider bandwidth
5. Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that
can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
6. We need all digital packet network that utilizes IP in its fullest form with
converged voice and data capability.

What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?

A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions,

spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal
processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place
before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad,
technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. We are
bringing to the attention of professionals in telecommunications industry following issues
and problems that must be analyzed and resolved:

1. Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The business
visionaries should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the
same lines as 3G hype. They should understand that 4G data applications like
streaming video must compete with very low cost wireline applications. The users
would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) for most wireless applications.
2. More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World -
Spectrum regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers by
indicating which frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA must
cooperate more actively with International bodies like ITU and perhaps modify its
hands-off policy in guiding the industry. When public interest, national security
interest and economic interest (inter-industry a la TV versus
Telecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come from regulators. At
appropriate time, industry builds its own self-regulation mechanisms.
3. More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solving
fundamental problems in radio communications (especially multiband and
wideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing.
4. Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques,
switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G.
5. A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business development
and technology executives should not bias their business models by using voice
channels as economic determinant for data applications. Voice has a built-in
demand limit - data applications do not.
 6. Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects must
base their architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wireless wide
area networks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g,
IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth with fiber-based Internet backbone.
Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this integrated network
architecture.
7. Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.

Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G

3G (including 2.5G,
4G
sub3G)

Major Predominantly voice

Converged data and
Requirement driven - data was
voice over IP
Driving always add on
Architecture
Hybrid - Integration of
Network Wireless LAN (WiFi,
Wide area cell-based
Architecture Bluetooth) and wide
area
20 to 100 Mbps in
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps
mobile mode
Dependent on country
Higher frequency
Frequency Band or continent (1800-
bands (2-8 GHz)
2400 MHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design All digital with
Circuit and Packet
Basis packetized voice
Access W-CDMA, 1xRTT, OFDM and MC-CDMA
Technologies Edge (Multi Carrier CDMA)
Forward Error Convolutional rate 1/2, Concatenated coding
Correction 1/3 scheme
Optimized antenna Smarter Antennas,
Component
design, multi-band software multiband and
Design
adapters wideband radios
A number of air link
IP protocols, including IP All IP (IP6.0)
5.0

Android phone (operating system)

 Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It was
initially developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers
to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed
Java libraries.

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with
the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 48 hardware, software, and
telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google
released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open
source license.

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base
Operating System typically fix bugs and add new features.

On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released. There are
several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:

• Ability to record and watch videos with the camcorder mode

• Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone
• A new soft keyboard with an "Autocomplete" feature
• Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distance
• New widgets and folders that can populate the desktop
• Animations between screens
• Expanded ability of Copy and paste to include web pages

On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released. Included in the update are:

• An improved Android Market experience.

• An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface.
• Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion.
• Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native
applications, including the ability to dial contacts.
• Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and
the web from the home screen.
• Updated Technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x VPN, Gestures, and a
Text-to-speech engine
• Speed improvements for searching, the camera.[40]

Subsequent versions of the software stack are to be named Eclair (2.0), and Flan.

Future of Android
Analysts suggest that by 2012, Android could be the second largest mobile phone OS
with 14% of the market, behind Symbian (with 36%) and in front of iPhone OS (with
13%). Gartner suggests "Android is simply licensed to more manufacturers with strong
companies like HTC, LG, and Dell behind it".

Features
Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D
graphics library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, and
traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including
GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging
including threaded text messaging.
Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source
WebKit application framework.
Java support Software written in Java can be compiled to be executed in the
Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation
designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard
Java Virtual Machine.
Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats:
H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR,
AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP
container), MP3, MIDI, OGG Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF,
BMP.
Additional hardware Android can utilize video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS,
support accelerometers, magnetometers, accelerated 2D bitblits (with
hardware orientation,scaling,pixel format conversion) and
accelerated 3D graphics.
Development environment Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and
performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE.
Market Similar to the App Store on the iPhone OS, the Android Market is
a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to
target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Originally
only freeware applications were supported. Paid-for apps have
been available on the Android Market in the United States since 19
February 2009.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch but the feature is
disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple
patents on touch-screen technology). An unofficial mod has been
developed that enables multi-touch, but requires superuser access
to the device to flash an unsigned kernel.