Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Table of Contents
• Conservation of AC power
1
• Power Triangle
1
2
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Conservation of AC Power
The complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective sums
of the complex, real, and reactive powers of the individual loads.
AC parallel circuit
Where S1 and S2 denote the complex powers delivered to loads Z1 and Z2.
3
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Conservation of AC Power
AC series circuit
Where S1 and S2 denote the complex powers delivered to loads Z1 and Z2.
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that whether the loads are
connected in series or in parallel (or in general), the total power supplied by the
source equals the total power delivered to the load. Thus, in general, for a source
connected to N loads,
4
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
The three quantities average power, apparent power, and reactive power can be
related in the vector domain by
(a)
PT = 700 + 800 + 80 + 120 = 1700 W
Q T = 1300 − 600 − 100 − 1200
Q T = −600 VAR
ST = PT +jQ T =1700-j600=1803∠-19.4o
𝑆 1803 VA
(b) 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 15 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 120 V
6
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
Example: The circuit shows a load being fed by a voltage source through a
transmission line. The impedance of the line is represented by (4+j2)Ω the impedance
and a return path. Find the real power and reactive power absorbed by: (a) the source,
(b) the line, and (c) the load.
The real power is 2163.5 W and the reactive power is 910.8 VAR (leading).
(b) For the line
7
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 = 𝐕𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 ∗
𝐒𝐋 = 𝐕𝐋𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 ∗
(b)
9
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
(c)
The apparent power is 3081VA
11
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
12
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
Example: For the circuit, calculate the complex power for each load then draw the
power triangle.
13
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
Example: for the circuit find (the values are given in rms)
a. Find the average power, apparent power, reactive power, and pf for each branch.
b. Find the total number of watts, volt-amperes reactive, volt-amperes, and the power
factor of the system. Sketch the power triangle.
14
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle
► The motor
𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜 5 × 746 W
η= → 𝑃𝑖 = = = 4548.78 W
𝑃𝑖 η 0.82
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑖 = 4548.78W
𝑃4 1731.39 W
𝑝𝑓4 = = = 0.6 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆4 2885.65 VA
𝑃𝑇 = 13400.17 W
𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃𝑇 2 + 𝑄𝑇 2 = 13400.172 + 2076.192
𝑆𝑇 = 13560.06 VA
𝑃𝑇 13400.17 W
𝑝𝑓𝑇 = = = 0.988 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑇 13560.06 VA
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.988 = 8.89𝑜
16
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle for Transformers
A transformer is a magnetically coupled circuit,
that is, a circuit in which the magnetic field
produced by time-varying current in one circuit
induces voltage in another.
Where
n : is the turns ratio or transformer ratio.
V1: is the voltage across the primary winding.
V2: is the voltage across the secondary winding.
N1: is the number of turns in the primary.
N2: is the number of turns in the secondary.
(2.a) If a unity pf load is added to the transformer means that the load is resistive load, so.
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 = 0 Pf2 =cos𝜃2 =1
18
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Triangle for Transformers
Total load complex power is
Before the transformer becomes fully loaded means that total load complex power equal
to transformer complex power
0
𝐒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠. = 𝐒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑1 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 ) + 𝑗(𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑1 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 )
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the power factor without
altering the voltage or current to the original load.
Most loads are inductive loads as shown in fig(a). A load’s Power factor is
improved or corrected by installing a capacitor in parallel with the load, as
shown in fig(b).
21
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Factor Correction
Perspective (A)
Perspective (B)
22
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Factor Correction
The new reactive power is
But
If the load is capacitive, an inductor should be connected across the load for
power factor correction. The required shunt inductance L can be calculated
from
23
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Factor Correction
Example: When connected to a 120 Vrms, 60-Hz power line, a load absorbs 4kW at a
lagging power factor of 0.8. Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf to
0.95.
24
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Factor Correction
Example: Suppose an industrial client is charged a penalty if the plant power factor
drops below 0.85. The equivalent plant loads are as in the figure. The frequency is 60
Hz.
a. Determine PT and QT.
b. Determine what value of capacitance is required to bring the power factor up to
0.85.
c. Determine generator current before and after correction.
a.
𝑄1 = 𝑄𝑇 = 132 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑅
25
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Power Factor Correction
b.
𝜃2 =cos-1(0.85)=31.8o
𝑄2 =PT tan𝜃2 =146tan31.8o=90.5 KVAR
𝑄𝐶 =Q1-Q2=132-90.5=41.5 KVAR
QC 41.5×103
C= = = 306 μF
𝛚Vrms2 2π×60×6002
c.
ST =196.8 KVA
ST 196.8 𝐾𝑉𝐴
I= = = 328 A
𝑽 600 V
S2 =171.8 KVA
ST 171.8 𝐾𝑉𝐴
I= 𝑽
= 600 V = 286 A
26
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
27