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Communication
Principle
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Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN
equipments.
This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital
microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to
understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the
course.
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1
Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references first:
SDH Principle
Electromagnetism Basics
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave
communication
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Fiber
MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.
Satellite
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Fiber and Microwave transmission
Microwave (MW) Optical Fiber
Easy to cross the space, few land Optical cable construction,
needed, avoid the private land large land used.
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Digital MW communication concepts
The communication that use microwave as carrier is
microwave communication.
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Developing of MW communication
Capacity(/ch)
SDH Digital
155M
MW system
PDH Digital
34/140M
MW System
Medium, low
2/4/6/8M capacity Digital 1990’s to now
MW System
Analog MW
480 tone System 1980’s
channels
1970’s
1950’s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from
10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large
capacity.
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Frequency Band and Radio
Channel
The common frequency bands :
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
1. 2.5GHz
5 region
networks
2
8 3.3 11 GHz
long-distance
34 Mbit/s area and local network,
backbone
boundary network
34 network
2
140 8
155 34
Mbit/ 140
s 155
Mbit/ GHz
s
1 2 3 4 5 8 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0
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Channe
Channe Adjacen l
l t T/R spacin
f1 spacing f2 fn spacing f1’ g f2’ fn’
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Frequency Band and Radio
Channel (cont.)
Frequency scope(7425-7725MHz)
f0(7575M)
T/R spacing: 154M
28M
Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz) channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site
7425--7725 7575 154 28 Fn , Fn’
7575 161 7
7110--7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250--7550 7400 161 3.5
……. …… …… …… ……
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Service
signal
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Modulation modes for Digital MW
(cont.)
The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
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MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):
171.072Mb/s
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MW Frame Structure (cont.)
RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there are
six rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multi-frame
consists of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one row in a sub-
frame. The other 12 bits are used as FS.
Multi-frame 3564bit
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I b I I C2 I I I I I a I I b I I C2
I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1
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Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication?
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Trunk MW
Structure split-mount MW
All-outdoor MW
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Trunk MW Equipment
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All-outdoor MW Equipment
IF cable
All-outdoor MW
equipment
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Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable
RF unit or Outdoor
unit
(ODU)
Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
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Split-mount MW Equipment -
Installation
Separate installation Direct installation
Antenna
Antenna
ODU
Soft
waveguide
中频
口 IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
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Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter
into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid
antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used.
The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4,
and 3.0m, etc.
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Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can share
one antenna.
Channel Channel
1 1
Tx
1 1
Rx
n n
Tx
n n
Rx
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Antenna Aligning
Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
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Antenna Aligning
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Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain
The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to
surface antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field
intensity at the same point.
D
2
P
It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB)
G : io
Pi
Half power angle (3 dB beam width)
From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points
where the power decrease half are half power point.
The angle between the two half power points is half
power angle.
Approximate calculation formula
is: 0.5 (65 0 ~ 70 0 ) Half power angle
D
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Antenna Specifications (cont.)
Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
The suppressive intensity of power received from expected
polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more
than 30db. Formula is:
XdB=10lgPo/Px
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Outdoor Unit
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter.
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Outdoor Unit (cont.)
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Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to
5dB.
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Outdoor Unit (cont.)
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Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1 or STM-1
Processing RFCOH
Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service
IF unit
channel
Multiplex of
microwave modulatio Tx IF
Cable interface
n
frame
Service From/t
accessing Demultiplex of Rx IF o ODU
demodulatio
microwave n
frame
Interface Service
of OM Monitor and channel
control unit
DC/DC convert
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Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment?
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Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment
Parameters of antenna
Parameters of ODU
Function of IDU
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Add / drop
link
Tree
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Types of Digital MW Stations
The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay
station and pivotal station
Relay Pivotal
statio station
Terminal n
station
Pivota Terminal
l station
statio
n
Terminal
station
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• Plane reflector
Relay
station
• Regenerative relay
Active
• IF relay
• RF relay
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Active Relay Stations
RF direct station:
Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without
frequency shift.
Regenerative relay station:
It extends the MW propagation distance and change
direction to round the obstacles.
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Passive Relay (actual picture)
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Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network (the Special
Backhaul last mile transmission
transmission access) situation (river,
for mobile lake, island)
BTS Microwave
application
Emergency
Critical link communication
backup (large activity,
crisis)
VIP
customer
access
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Questions
Which network application are commonly used by digital
MW?
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
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Direct
Direct
Reflection Reflection
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Factors Affect MW Propagation (cont.)
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Flat fading
K facter fading Fast Fading
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Free Space Fading
Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz
d
PTX = Output power
GTX GRX PRX = Receiving
power
Power G = Antenna gain
f
Level A = Free space loss
G M = Fading Margin
A
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
distance
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Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
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Rain & Fog Fading
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K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of
earth).
the value of K is depend on the local meteorological
phenomena
Re R
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Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other
area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
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Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
Multi-path fading is
caused by the signals Ground
interference from
different propagation
paths
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Flat Fading
Upward
fading
Receive
level in
free space
Threshold
(-30dB )
Fast 1h Signal
fading Slow interruption
fading
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Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band
distortion and decrease system original fading margin.
Receiving power (dBm)
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
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Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
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Antifading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Adaptive Equalization Wave shape distortion
Antifading Wave shape distortion
Cross Polarization Interference
technologies
Counteract
related with
device Automatic Transmit Power
Power reduction
Control
Forward Error Correct Power reduction
Antifading
technologies Wave shape distortion
Diversity receive technologies
related with and Power reduction
system
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Slope
Signal frequency Spectrum
Multi-path fading after
spectrum domain
equalization equalization
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Adaptive Time Equalization
T … T … T
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XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
680MH
30M 340MHz
80MHz z
Hz
60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’
8 8’
Horizontal V (H)
Direction polarization
of electric
H (V)
field
680MHz
Vertical
340M
polarization 30MH 80MHz Hz
z 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 1X’
7X 2X’ 3X' 4X’ 5X’ 6X’ 7X’
8X 8X’
Frequency configuration in U6GHz band(ITU-R F.384-5)
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Diversity Reception
Polarization diversity
Angle diversity
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Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna,
but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is
low.
f1
f2
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Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is
system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder
and antenna.
f1
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Other Antifading Methods
blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or
obstacles.
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Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave
propagation?
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Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions.
Antifading technologies
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Thank you
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