Ground Rules

PC1221 Fundamentals of
Physics I „ Switch off your handphone and pager
„ Switch off your laptop computer and keep it
„ No talking while lecture is going on
Lectures 5 and 6 „ No gossiping while the lecture is going on
Vectors „ Raise your hand if you have question to ask
„ Be on time for lecture
„ Be on time to come back from the recess break to
Dr Tay Seng Chuan continue the lecture
„ Bring your lecturenotes to lecture
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Coordinate Systems Cartesian Coordinate System

„ Used to describe the position of a point „ Also called
in space rectangular
coordinate system
„ Coordinate system consists of
„ x-axis and y-axis
„ a fixed reference point called the origin, intersect at the
(0, 0) for 2-directional frame, and (0, 0, 0) origin
for 3-directional frame
„ Points are labeled
„ specific axes with scales and labels (x,y)

3 4
Polar Coordinate System Polar to Cartesian Coordinates
„ Origin and reference „ Based on a right
line are noted triangle formed by
„ Point is distance r from r and θ
the origin in the „ x = r cos θ
direction of angle θ,
counter-clock-wise „ y = r sin θ
(ccw) from reference
line
„ Points are labeled (r,θ)

5 6

Cartesian to Polar Coordinates Example

„ r is the hypotenuse and „ The Cartesian coordinates
θ an angle of a point in the xy plane
are (x,y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m,
as shown in the figure. Find
se

y
tan θ =
nu

the polar coordinates of this

opposite
te

x
point.
po

r = x2 + y2
hy

„ θ must be ccw from Solution:

positive x axis for these r = x 2 + y 2 = ( −3.50 m) 2 + ( −2.50 m) 2 = 4.30 m
equations to be valid y −2.50 m
tan θ = = = 0.714
adjacent x −3.50 m
7
θ = 216° 8
Vectors and Scalars
„ A scalar quantity is completely
specified by a single value with an
appropriate unit and has no direction.
„ A vector quantity is completely
described by a number with appropriate
units plus a direction.
Vector Notation
r
„ When handwritten, use an arrow: A
„ When printed, will be in bold print: A
„ When dealing with just the magnitude of a
vector in print, an italic letter will be used: A
or |A|
„ The magnitude of the vector has physical
units
„ The magnitude of a vector is always a
positive number

9 10

Vector Example Equality of Two Vectors

„ A particle travels from A „ Two vectors are
to B along the path equal if they have
shown by the dotted
red line
the same magnitude
„ This is the distance
and the same
traveled and is a scalar direction
„ The displacement is „ A = B if A = B and
the solid line from A to they point along
B
„ The displacement is
parallel lines
independent of the path „ All of the vectors
taken between the two
points
shown are equal
„ Displacement is a vector
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Adding Vectors Adding Vectors Graphically
„ When adding vectors, their directions „ Continue drawing the
vectors “tip-to-tail”
must be taken into account „ The resultant is drawn
„ Units must be the same from the origin of A to
the end of the last
„ Graphical Methods vector
Measure the length of R
Use scale drawings
„
„
and its angle
„ Algebraic Methods „ Use the scale factor to
convert length to actual
„ More convenient magnitude

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Adding Vectors Graphically,

cont Adding Vectors, Rules
„ When you have „ When two vectors
many vectors, just are added, the sum
keep repeating the is independent of
process until all are the order of the
included
addition.
„ The resultant is still
This is the
drawn from the
„

commutative law
origin of the first of addition
vector to the end of
A+B=B+A
the last vector
„

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Adding Vectors, Rules cont. Adding Vectors, Rules final
„ When adding three or more vectors, their sum is „ When adding vectors, all of the vectors
independent of the way in which the individual
vectors are grouped must have the same units
„ This is called the Associative Property of Addition „ All of the vectors must be of the same
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
„
type of quantity
„ For example, you cannot add a
displacement to a velocity

17 18

Negative of a Vector Subtracting Vectors

„ The negative of a vector is defined as „ Special case of
the vector that, when added to the vector addition
original vector, gives a resultant of zero „ If A – B, then use
„ Represented as –A A+(-B)
„ A + (-A) = 0 „ Continue with
„ The negative of the vector will have the standard vector
same magnitude, but point in the addition procedure
opposite direction

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 Multiplying or Dividing a
Vector by a Scalar Components of a Vector
„ A component is a
„ The result of the multiplication or part
division is a vector
„ It is useful to use
„ The magnitude of the vector is
rectangular
multiplied or divided by the scalar
components
„ If the scalar is positive, the direction of
These are the
the result is the same as of the original „

projections of the
vector vector along the
„ If the scalar is negative, the direction of x-axis and y-axis
the result is opposite that of the original
vector
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Vector Component
Terminology Components of a Vector, 2
„ Ax and Ay are the component vectors „ The x-component of a vector is its
of A projection along the x-axis
„ They are vectors and follow all the rules for Ax = A cos Ө
vectors „ The y-component of a vector is its
„ Ax and Ay are scalars, and will be projection along the y-axis
referred to as the components of A Ay = A sin Ө

„ Then, A = Ax + Ay

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Components of a Vector, 3
„ The y-component is
moved to the end of
the x-component
„ This is due to the
fact that any vector
can be moved
parallel to itself
without being
affected
„ This completes the
triangle
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Components of a Vector, final
„ The components can
be positive or
negative and will
have the same units
as the original
vector
„ The signs of the
components will
depend on the angle
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Components of a Vector, 4
„ The previous equations are valid
only if θ is measured with
respect to the x-axis
„ The components are the legs of
the right triangle whose
hypotenuse is A
A
A = Ax2 + Ay2 and θ = tan −1 y
Ax
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Unit Vectors
„ A unit vector is a dimensionless vector
with a magnitude of exactly 1.
„ Unit vectors are used to specify a
direction and have no other physical
significance
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 Unit Vectors in Vector
Unit Vectors, cont. Notation
„ The symbols „ Ax is the same as Ax î
î , ĵ, and k̂ and Ay is the same
represent unit vectors as Ay ĵ etc.
„ They form a set of „ The complete vector
mutually perpendicular can be expressed as
vectors
„ If A is 3-directional,
it is expressed as
A = Ax ˆi + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ
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Adding Vectors Using Unit Adding Vectors with Unit

Vectors Vectors
„ Using R = A + B
„
( x y) ( x y)
Then R = A ˆi + A ˆj + B ˆi + B ˆj

R = ( Ax + Bx ) ˆi + ( Ay + B y ) ˆj
R=
R = Rx +
+ Ryy

„ and so Rx = Ax + Bx and Ry = Ay + By
Ry
R = Rx2 + R y2 θ = tan −1
Rx
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 Adding Vectors Using Unit
Vectors – Three Directions Angle of Vector in 3-D
y
„ Using R = A + B
( ) (
R = Ax ˆi + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ + Bx ˆi + B y ˆj + Bz kˆ )
R = ( Ax + Bx ) ˆi + ( Ay + B y ) ˆj + ( Az + Bz ) kˆ Ry
R Өx = cos -1
Rx
Өy R
R == RRxx++RR
R ++RzRz
y y
Өx Ry
x Өy = cos -1
„ Rx = Ax + Bx , Ry = Ay + By and Rz = Az + Bz Өz Rx R
Rz
Rx z Rz
R = Rx2 + R y2 + Rz2 θ x = tan
?
−1 Өz = cos -1
etc. Rx R
R R = Rx2 + R y2 + Rz2 θ x = tan −1
R
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Example. The helicopter view in Figure

shows two men pulling on a stubborn Example: A hiker begins a trip by first walking
donkey. Find (a) the single force that is
equivalent to the two forces shown, and (b) 25.0 km southeast from her car. She stops and
the counter force that the donkey would sets up her tent for the night. On the second
have to apply in order to naturalize the two day, she walks 40.0 km in a direction 60.0°
men. The forces are measured in units of
north of east, at which point she discovers a
newtons (abbreviated N).
forest ranger’s tower.
Answer:
(a)
F = F1 + F2 (A) Determine the components
of the hiker’s displacement for
F = 120cos( 60.0°) i
ˆ+ 120sin ( 60.0°) ˆ
j− 80.0cos( 75.0°) i
ˆ+ 80.0sin ( 75.0°) ˆ
j
each day.
F = 60.0i
ˆ+ 104ˆ
j− 20.7i
ˆ+ 77.3ˆ
j= 39.3i (
ˆ+ 181ˆ
j N ) 40 km
Solution: We can categorize this
F = 39.32 + 1812 = 185 N 25 km
(b) Let F3 be the counter problem as an addition of two
force from the donkey vectors.
⎛ 181 ⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜
⎝ 39.3⎟⎠
= 77.8°
F3 = − F = ( −39.3iˆ− 181ˆj) N
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 Next, we analyze this problem by The second displacement B 40 km
using our new knowledge of vector
components. Displacement A has a has a magnitude of 40.0 km
magnitude of 25.0 km and is and is 60.0° north of east.
25 km
directed 45.0° below the positive x
axis. Its components are:
The components are: Bx = B cos 60.0° = (40.0 km)(0.500) = 20.0 km
Ax = A cos( −45.0°) = (25.0 km)(0.707) = 17.7 km
B y = B sin 60.0° = (40.0 km)(0.866) = 34.6 km
Ay = A sin( −45.0°) = (25.0 km)( −0.707) = −17.7 km
The negative value of Ay indicates that the hiker walks in the
negative y direction on the first day. The signs of Ax and Ay
also are evident from the figure above. 37 38

(B) Determine the components of

37.7
the hiker’s resultant displacement R Using Equations for
16.9
for the trip. Find an expression for R and Θ, we find
R in terms of unit vectors.
that the vector R
Solution: The resultant displacement for the trip R = A + B has a magnitude of
has components given by Equation 3.15: 41.3 km and is
Rx = Ax + Bx = 17.7 km + 20.0 km = 37.7 km directed 24.1°
north of east. Ry
Ry = Ay + By = -17.7 km + 34.6 km = 16.9 km R = Rx2 + R y2 θ = tan −1
In unit-vector form, we can write the total displacement as Rx
R = (37.7 î + 16.9 ĵ) km 39 40
Example. A ferry boat transports tourists among three islands. It sails from the first Example. A ferry boat transports tourists among three islands. It sails from the first
island to the second island, 4.76 km away, in a direction 37.0° north of east. It then island to the second island, 4.76 km away, in a direction 37.0° north of east. It then
sails from the second island to the third island in a direction 69.0° west of north. sails from the second island to the third island in a direction 69.0° west of north.
Finally it returns to the first island, sailing in a direction 28.0° east of south. Calculate Finally it returns to the first island, sailing in a direction 28.0° east of south. Calculate
the distance between (a) the second and third islands (b) the first and third islands. the distance between (a) the second and third islands (b) the first and third islands.
Answer: Answer:
Let A be the distance between islands (2) and (3). 3
Let B be the distance between islands (1) and (3). This can also be solved by using sine rule:
A
For the x components, we have: 69°
4.76 cos 37° – A sin 69 ° + B sin 28 ° = 0 28° B b C a
2
i.e., 3.80 – 0.934A + 0.469B = 0 km
0.469B = -3.80 + 0.934A 76 C A B
4. N
Î B = -8.10 + 1.99 A --- (i) 37° and/or cosine rule learnt in Mathematics: c
For the y components, we have: 1 E
4.76 sin 37° + A cos 69 ° - B cos 28 ° = 0
i.e., 2.86 + 0.358A - 0.883B = 0 --- (ii)
By substituting (i) into (ii), we have
By substituting the value of A
2.86 + 0.358 A – 0.883 (- 8.10 + 1.99A) = 0
into (i), we have But I will be happier if you will use the concepts of
2.86 + 0.358A + 7.15 - 1.76A = 0 vector components to solve this problem as I am
B = -8.10 + 1.99 (7.14)
1.40A = 10
A = 7.14 km
= 6.11 km
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teaching you physics. 42