SUBJECT: Intellectual Property Rights

Project topic:
Role of wipo in development of
intellectual property

Submitted By
Syed Fazl Askari
Roll no. 1444
4 Year, 7 Semester, B.B.A.LLB(Hons.)
TH th

Submitted to
DR. Subhash Chandra Roy
Faculty of Intellectual Property Rights

Chanakya national Law University, Patna

September 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and therefore I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all
of them.

First of all, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Dr. Subhash
Chandra Roy who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Role
of WIPO in development of Intellectual Property, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

I acknowledge my friends who gave their valuable and meticulous advice which was very useful
and could not be ignored in writing the project.

I would also like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which always help me in becoming productive.

Thank You All!

Syed Fazl Askari

R. No. 1444, Sem VII

B.B.A. LL.B. (H)
 INTRODUCTION

T he World Intellectual Property Right Organization (WIPO) is one of such

most important international organization in the field of promotion and protection of

intellectual property and Right therein. This organization was established in 1969,
signed at Stockholm on 14th July 1967.1

WIPO has succeeded to the United International Bureau for the Protection of
Intellectual Property. United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual
Property that preceded WIPO was set up in 1893 to administer the “Berne
Convention” for the protection of literary and artistic works, 1886 and “Paris
Convention for the protection of industrial property, 1883”. At present WIPO
administers 24 international treaties relating to intellectual property.2 WIPO’s
predecessors were the International Bureaus of the Berne and Paris Unions,
supervised by the Swiss Federal Council and united in an Organisation called Bureau
Internationaux Reunis pour la protection de la Propriete Intellectuelle, known as
BIRPI.3 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 17
specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 “to encourage
creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the
world.4 WIPO currently has 185-member states,5 administers 24 international

1 Meenu Paul, Intellectual Property Laws, (1st Edition, Allahabad Law Agency, Delhi, 2009), p.6.
2 Jayantha Lahiri, Lecturers on Intellectual Property Laws, (1st Edition, R.Chambray and Co Private Limited,
Kolkata, 2009), p.1.
3 Mashal. A. Leafter (Ed); International Treaties on Intellectual Propert y, (2nd Edition, Washington D.C,

1997), p.561.
4 Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization,

(http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/convention/trtdocs_wo029.html) signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967, Preamble,

Second Paragraph.
5 List of Members States of WIPO (http://www.wipo.int/members/en/). Consulted on February 2, 2012.
treaties,6 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The current Director General
of WIPO is Francis Gurry, who took office on October 1, 2008,7 184 of the UN
members as well as the Holy See are Members of WIPO. Non-members are the states
of Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru,
Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, and the states limited
recognition. Palestine has observer status. The predecessor to WIPO was the BIRPI
(Bureaux Internationaux Reunis pour la Protection de la Propriete Intellectuelle,
French acronym for United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual
Property), which had been established in 1893 to administer the Berne Convention
for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property.

WIPO was formally created by the Convention Establishing the World

Intellectual Property Organization, which entered into force on April 26, 1970.
Under Article 3 of this Convention, WIPO seeks to “promote the protection of
intellectual property throughout the world,” WIPO became a specialized agency of
the UN in 1974. The Agreement between the United Nations and the World
Intellectual Property Organization notes in Article 1 that WIPO is responsible.8

For promoting creative intellectual activity and for facilitating the transfer of
technology related to industrial property to the developing countries in order to
accelerate economic, social and cultural development, subject to the competence and
responsibilities of the United Nations and its organs, particularly the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Development

6 Treaties Administered by WIPO (http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/). Consulted on September 11, 2008.

7 WIPO web site, Francis Gurry is Appointed Director General of WIPO
(http://www.wipo.int/portal/en/news/2008/article_0034.ht ml), New Archive 2008. Consulted on September 27,
2008.
8 Agreement between the United Nations and the World Intellectual Property Organization, available at

(http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/agreement/index.html), last visited on 20.09.2014, p.12.

Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, as well as
of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and of other
agencies within the United Nations system.

The WIPO Convention marked a transition for WIPO from the mandate it inherited
in 1967 from BIRPI, to promote the protection of intellectual property, to one that
involved the more complex task of promoting technology transfer and economic
development.9 Unlike other branches of the United Nations, WIPO has significant
financial resources independent of the contributions from its Member States.

In October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a proposal offered by Argentina and Brazil,
the “Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO” from the
Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization. 10
This proposal was well supported by developing countries. A number of civil society
bodies have been working on a draft access to knowledge (A2K)11 Treaty which they
would like to see introduced.

9 Shabalala et al. “A Citizen’s Guide to WIPO” CIEL 2007, available at http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Citizen s

Guide_WIPO_Oct07.pdf, last visited on 02.09.2018.
10 Consumer Project on Technology web site, Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property

Organization, available at (http://www.cptech.org/ip/wipo/genevadeclaration.html), last visited on 28.08.2018.

11 Patrick Ventrell (July 5, 2012), Daily Press Briefing, (Washington, DC)
(http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/07/194614.ht m#UNITEDNATIONS). U.S. Department of State.
Retrieved July 15, 2012.
 HISTORY

The predecessor to WIPO was the BIRPI (Bureaux Internationaux Reunis pour la
Protection de la Propriete Intellectuelle, French acronym for United International
Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property), which had been established in
1893 to administer the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. WIPO was
formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property
Organization, which entered into force on April 26, 1970. Under Article 3 of this
Convention, WIPO seeks to “promote the protection of intellectual property
throughout the world,” WIPO became a specialized agency of the UN in 1974. The
Agreement between the United Nations and the World Intellectual Property
Organization notes in Article 1 that WIPO is responsible. 12 For promoting creative
intellectual activity and for facilitating the transfer of technology related to industrial
property to the developing countries in order to accelerate economic, social and
cultural development, subject to the competence and responsibilities of the United
Nations and its organs, particularly the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development, the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization, as well as of the United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization and of other agencies within the United Nations
system.

The WIPO Convention marked a transition for WIPO from the mandate it inherited
in 1967 from BIRPI, to promote the protection of intellectual property, to one that
involved the more complex task of promoting technology transfer and economic

12 Supra Note 8.
development.13 Unlike other branches of the United Nations, WIPO has significant
financial resources independent of the contributions from its Member States.

In October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a proposal offered by Argentina and Brazil,
the “Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO” from the
Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property
Organization10. This proposal was well supported by developing countries. A
number of civil society bodies have been working on a draft access to knowledge
(A2K)14 Treaty which they would like to see introduced.

Aims and Objectives of WIPO:

This present period, WIPO is very important one because one of the greatest
challenges that WIPO faces today is the tale of making the promise of intellectual
property as a tool for economic development a reality remarked by Director general
of WIPO Dr. Kamilidris. In this 21st century, intellectual property is a powerful
driver of economic growth. Intellectual property is a product of the human intellect
that has commercial value. The scope of protection and the requirements for
obtaining protection varies from country to country. The WIPO have assumed great
significance in the coming millennium on account of global economy faster travel
by supersonic airplanes and rapid means of satellite communications. WIPO has led
to the awareness of the world with regard to intellectual property and its protection.
These activities supervised by WIPO committee. That’s why intellectual property
value increased.15 The intellectual property system of developing countries,
promoting new norms for protection of intellectual property at national, regional and
multilateral levels and facilitating registration through international system. Both
intellectual property and copyright are WIPO’s development. WIPO also maintain

13 Supra Note 5.
14 Supra Note 11.
15 United Nations Year Book, World Intellectual Property Organization, Chapter XV, (1996), p.1433.
the WIPO arbitration centre to facilitate the settlement of intellectual property
dispute between private parties. WIPO’s work complements the International Legal
and Policy Framework defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity, and its
Nagoya Protocol on the International Treaty of Genetic Resources.
 STRUCTURE OF WIPO

The Office of WIPO consists of following organs:

General Assembly
It consists of the state party to the convention establishing WIPO which are the
members of the Unions; WIPO performs its functions and programs through
following four organs.

Conference
It consists of the state party to the Convention, whether or not they are members of
any of the union.

Coordination Committee
It consists of the state party to the Convention which are members of Executive
Committee of the Paris Union, or of the both;16 and

International Bureau
The International Bureau is a WIPO’s third governing body. The international
Bureau, as WIPO’s “Secretariat”. It as prepares the meetings of the various bodies
of WIPO and the Unions mainly through the provision of reports and working
documents. It organizes the meetings and sees that the decisions are communicated
to all concerned and, as far as possible, that they are carried out.17 A special unit
looks after the concerns of the least-developed countries, which require special
attention and assistance to that they too can reap the benefits of intellectual property.
It is the Secretariat of the Organization. It shall be directed by the Director General,
assisted by two or more Deputy Director General. The Director General is the Chief
Executive of the WIPO and he is appointed for a fixed term which is not less than

16 Sharma S.S, “Role of WIPO in Protecting Interest of Developing Countries”, IJLS, Vol. XX, p.185.
17 G. B. Reddy, Intellectual Property Right and the Law, (1st Edition, Gogia Law Publication, 2000), p.51.
six years. The DG represents the organization, reports to and conforms to the
instructions of the General Assembly as to the internal and external affairs of
Organization. Apart from these four organs the WIPO has established recently a
World-Wide Academy for dissemination Of IPR related information and knowledge
throughout the world.18

There are two advisory committees:

a. The Policy Advisory Commission.

b. The Industry Advisory Commission.

One of the WIPO’s major activities is the progressive development and

application of international norms and standard. It offers assistance to increase the
capabilities of developing countries to benefit from the international intellectual. 19
In the context, intellectual property laws, particularly the copyright law catering to
the needs of the authors and performers were found inadequate to address new
challenges. Because of the trans-border natures of the new technology, the new
norms developed by the individual nations are found inadequate and inconvenient
to safeguard their Right. In order to formulate new norms recently the WIPO took
the initiative to have discussions and negotiations at the international level.20 The
power to establish specialized agencies being intergovernmental in their origin and
each having own constitution, Structure and Functions is basically found under in
“United Nations Charter”.21

18 Feffrey E.Garten, “Intellectual Property New Answer to New Problem”, Business Week, April 12, (1998), pp 28-
29, at 4.
19 Europa World Year Book, (43rd Edition, Vol 1, Part International Organization, Europa Publication,

2000).
20 K. Parameswaran (Eds.,), A Half Yearly Review, The Academy Law Review, The Kerala Law Academy,

Vol XXI, Numbers 142, (1997), p.537.

21 Art 57, “International Economic and Social Co-operation of the Charter of the UN”, Chapter IX, p.38.
In September 1999, WIPO adopted the Digital agenda work programme for the
Organization over the coming-years in response to the confluence of the internet
digital technologies and the intellectual property system. The organization is
formulating appropriate responses that will encourage dissemination and use of
intellectual property such as music, films, trade identifiers and knowledge on the
internet as well as ensure protection of the Right of their creators and owners.22

22 Available at www.WIPO.int last visited 27.08.2018.

 WIPO WORLDWIDE ACADEMY

WIPO believes that the human capital of developing countries is key to their
realizing the full benefits of the national and international intellectual property
system. The WIPO Worldwide Academy helps to develop those human resources,
setting tip modem and tailor-made training programmes for policy advisors,
development manages and other target groups. Its activities include:

1. Programmes Evolution of new training and teaching techniques.

2. Distance Learning Centre using Internet Facilities.
3. Client specific learning modules and materials.
4. Use of modern public-access media to disseminate knowledge of intellectual
property.

International Organizations such as International Trademark Association (INTA)

and World Intellectual Property Organizations (WIPO) are actively promoting the
use and protection of intellectual property Right. WIPO has its headquarters at over
the year, various intellectual property Right. Majority of such Treaties, Agreements
and Conventions are administered by WIPO.23 In September 1999, WIPO organized
the first international conference on electronic commerce and Intellectual Property.
The second international conference on Electronic Commerce and Intellectual
Property was held in September 2001.24

The decisions of the seventh special session of the General Assembly

concerning development and international economic co-operation set forth in
resolution 3362 (S-VII) (Adopted on 16 September 1975) were brought to the

23 N. R. Subbaram, Hand Book of Indian Patent Law and Practice, (N. R. Subbaram & S.Viswanathan Printers
and Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1998), p.251.
24 The Europa World Year Report, UN Specialized of WIPO, Vol 1, (2002), p.116.
attention of the administrative bodies of WIPO at their sixth series of meetings in
September 1975. The Assembly dealt, in part, with areas concern of direst interest
to WIPO, including international trade, industrialization, science, and technology,
and co-operation among developing countries.25 In January 2001, WIPO launched
WIPONET, a global digital network of intellectual property information capable of
transmitting confidential data. The organization is also implementing the Intellectual
Property Digital Libraries Database project and maintains the WIPO Collection of
Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA) Multi-lingual database.

In 2001, 1,506 cases concerning disputes over generic top-level domains are field
with the centre. WIPO’s first internet Domain Name Process, a Series of
international consultations, undertaken in 1999, issued several recommendations for
controlling the abuse of trademarks on the internet. Traditional knowledge (TK)
refers to the body of knowledge that is the result of intellectual activity and insight
in a traditional context. This includes the know-how, skills, innovations, practices
and learning that form part of traditional knowledge systems, and knowledge that is
embodied in the traditional lifestyle of a community or people or is contained in
codified knowledge systems passed between generations. It is not limited to any
specific technical field, and may include agricultural, environmental and medicinal
knowledge, and knowledge associated with Genetic Resources.

25 United Nations Year Book, WIPO, 1975, Chapter XV, p.1082.

 OBJECTIVES OF WIPO

The above agreements, both for the protection of industrial property and copyright,
fall under the jurisdiction of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).26
In other words, WIPO facilitates international agreements regulating intellectual
property.27 WIPO was created in 1967, came into force in 1970, and was made a
specialized agency of the United Nations in December 1974. WIPO pursues the
following objectives:

1. Promote the protection of Intellectual Property Right by encouraging new

treaties;
2. Assist in the modernization of domestic laws;28
3. Collect and provide information and technical assistance; and
4. Ensure cooperation among member countries through centralizing
administration of the agreements.29

WIPO is a policymaking body only, with no delegated authority to make binding

decisions or to impose sanctions. Its membership consists of most European
Countries, the United States, Japan, and other major countries, overall 101 countries
hold membership in WIPO. There are a number of conventions relative to industrial
property and copyright that do not fall under the jurisdiction of WIPO. Important
among them are the European Patent Convention (1973) for the protection of
industrial property, and the Universal Copyright Convention (1952) for copyright.

26 Benko, Robert. P “Protecting Intellectual Property Right” Washington, D.C: American Enterprise Institute for
Public Policy Research, (1987), p.40.
27 Berenbeim, Ronald. E “Safeguarding Intellectual Property” New York, Conference Board, (1989).
28 Richard. K "Protection of Intellectual Property Right, In Intellectual Property Right in Science, Technology, and

Economic Performance”, Edited by F.W. Rushing.

29 Mansfield, Edwin. "Intellectual Property, Technology and Economic Growth." In Intellectual Property Right in

Science, Technology, and Economic Performance”, Edited by F.W. Rush ing and CG. Brown, Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, (1990), pp 17-30.
The former is administered by the European Union Offices in Brussels, and the latter
by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). The developing countries would like WIPO to continue playing the key
role. According to them, WIPO should be equipped with enforcement powers and
thus made more effective.30

30Subramanian, Arvind. "The International Economics of Intellectual Property Right Protection: A Welfare -Theoretic
Trade Policy Analysis." World Development 19, No. 8 (1991), pp 945-956.
 PROTECTING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN DEVELOPING AREA OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

Protection and recognition of the traditional knowledge is a recent phenomenon in

the international community. The CBD seeks to promote the conservation of
biodiversity and the equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of
generic resources.31 WIPO developed (jointly with UNESCO) Model Provisions for
National Laws for the Protection of Expressions of Folklore against Illicit
Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions. In 1998, WIPO created a Global
Intellectual Property Issues Division, which undertook several studies on TK and, in
particular, organized fact-finding missions in different parts of the world to identify
the issues at stake and the concerns of TK holders. The WIPO Intergovernmental
Committee on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources,
and Folklore, was established in 2000 and met for the first time on 30 April - 2 May
2001. After a shaky start, when proceedings were delayed by a dispute over the
selection of a chair, many delegations present at the WIPO Committee reported on
the steps taken at the national level for the protection of TK. They were generally
sympathetic with the idea of addressing the legal protection of TK under IPRs. The
USA, however, questioned the desirability of establishing international rules on
genetic resources, TK and Folklore, while other delegations indicated the need for
further analysis on the matter.32 The last thirty years has seen lively commentary and
active negotiation about the extent that intellectual property law33 could (or even

31 G. Dutfield, “Intellectual Property Right, Trade and Biodiversity”, (Earth Scan Publications Ltd); M. Khor,
“Intellectual Property, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development”, Third World Network, (2002).
32 Jane Anderson, “Indigenous Traditional knowledge Intellectual Property”, Duke University School of Law, Center

for the Study of the Public Domain, Issues Paper.

33 History of emergence in Jane E. Anderson, “Law, Knowledge, Culture, The Production of Indigenous Knowledge

in Intellectual Property Law “, (2009).

should) be utilized to protect indigenous peoples knowledge.34 In national, regional
and international contexts, attention to this issue from policy makers, legal scholars,
other academics and activists has steadily increased. 35 The World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) is the primary international body through which
discussions and debates have been filtered.36 Since 2001, it has hosted a regular
meeting, the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic
Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), to discuss these issues. 37

Despite many national efforts to protect various manifestations of indigenous

knowledge, international consensus has yet to be reached about how indigenous
peoples’ Right to the protection of cultural knowledge systems can be secured, either
within an intellectual property regime or through some other over-arching legislative
or policy framework.38 While this lack of consensus reflects diverse positions within
nation states themselves, it is significant that in the October 2009 meeting of the
WIPO General Assemblies, the IGC was given a revised mandate to undertake text-
based negotiations that will eventually become an international legal instrument (or
instruments) that will ensure the effective protection of ‘Genetic Resources,
Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions’. 39 WIPO has offered

34 Declaration of Belem, Brazil, July 1988; Kari-Oca Declaration and Indigenous People Earth Charter, Brazil, May
1992 (reaffirmed in Indonesia, June 2002).
35 Brian Noble, Justice, Transaction, Translation, Blackfoot Tipi Transfers and WIPO’s Search for the Facts of

Traditional Knowledge and Exchange, 109.

36 The Proceedings arising from the World Intellectual Property Organization’s Intergovernmental Committee on

Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledg e and Folklore Illustrate the Extent of Opinions
and Perspectives on this Issue, and also the Lack of Consensus about Direction and Remedy, Available at
http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/topic.jsp?group_id=110, last visited on 29.08.2018.
37 New Zealand, Trade Marks Act 2002; Panama, Law on the Special Intellectual Property Regime Governing the

Collective Right of Indigenous Peoples for the Protection and Defense of their Cultural Identity and their Traditional
Knowledge 2000; Philippines, Act to Recognize, Protect and Promote the Right of Indigenous Cultural
Communities/Indigenous Peoples 1997; Republic of Azerbaijan, On Legal Protection of Azerbaijani Expressions of
Folklore 2006; United States of America Database of Native American Insignia, Trademark Law Treaty
Implementation Act 1998.
38 Kaitlin Mara, “Turning Point” at WIPO Pulls Traditional Knowledge Debate out at Eleventh Hour, Intellectual

Property Watch, Oct. 3, 2009.

39 The Permanent Forum in Indigenous Issues is the Central International Coordinating body on Indigenous Peoples’

Issues available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/ last visited on 30.08.2018.

a range of characteristics that seeks to encompass much of what indigenous people
and other experts describe as indigenous/traditional/local knowledge. It is worth
being mindful that even the categories that have been developed and are now used
in international meetings (for example, Genetic Resources (GR), Traditional
Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE)/or Folklore), while
established to help describe ‘types’ of knowledge, are newly constructed and
therefore can inadvertently erase the inevitable and integral moments of overlap
between these kinds of knowledge in practice. Indigenous interests in intellectual
property law can affect around 370 million indigenous people located in over 70
countries.40

40 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/fellowship/pdf/laltaika_bio.pdf, last visited on 01.09.2018.

 CONCLUSION

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) carries out a wide variety of tasks
related to the protection of IP rights. These include assisting governments and
organizations to develop the policies, structures and skills needed to harness the
potential of IP for economic development; working with Member States to develop
international IP law; administering treaties; running global registration systems for
trademarks, industrial designs and appellations of origin and a filing system for
patents; delivering dispute resolution services; and providing a forum for informed
debate and for the exchange of expertise.

It is United Nations specialised agency that coordinates international treaties

regarding intellectual property rights. Its 184-member states comprise over 90% of
the countries of the world, who participate in WIPO to negotiate treaties and set
policy on intellectual property matters such as patents, copyrights and trademarks.

WIPO was established in 1967 by the WIPO Convention, which states that WIPO’s
objective was “to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the
world …” (WIPO, 1967, Article 3). Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO
currently administers 24 treaties and facilitates the negotiation of several proposed
treaties covering copyrights, patents and trademarks.

WIPO, in its fact-finding mission report, uses the term “traditional knowledge” to
refer to “Tradition based literary, artistic or scientific works; performances;
inventions; scientific discoveries; designs; marks, names and symbols; undisclosed
information; and all other tradition-based innovations and creations resulting from
intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.” Hence, the
role of WIPO in development of Intellectual Property has been very crucial
throughout the journey of development of concept of intellectual property rights on
a global level.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journals, Books and Research Papers:

1. Meenu Paul, Intellectual Property Laws, (1st Edition, Allahabad Law Agency, Delhi,
(2009), p.6.
2. Jayantha Lahiri, Lecturers on Intellectual Property Laws, (1st Edition, R.Chambray and Co
Private Limited, Kolkata, (2009), p.1.
3. Mashal. A. Leafter (Ed); International Treaties on Intellectual Property, (2nd Edition,
Washington D.C, (1997), p.561.
4. Shabalala et al. “A Citizen’s Guide to WIPO” CIEL 2007.
5. Sharma S.S, “Role of WIPO in Protecting Interest of Developing Countries”, IJLS, Vol.
XX, p.185.
6. G. B. Reddy, Intellectual Property Right and the Law, (1st Edition, Gogia Law Publicatio n,
(2000), p.51.
7. Feffrey E.Garten, “Intellectual Property New Answer to New Problem”, Business Week,
April 12, (1998), pp 28-29, at 4.
8. K. Parameswaran (Eds.,), A Half Yearly Review, The Academy Law Review, The Kerala
Law Academy, Vol XXI, Numbers 142, (1997), p.537.
9. N. R. Subbaram, Hand Book of Indian Patent Law and Practice, (N. R. Subbaram &
S.Viswanathan Printers and Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1998), p.251.
10. Benko, Robert. P “Protecting Intellectual Property Right” Washington, D.C: American
Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, (1987), p.40.
11. Berenbeim, Ronald. E “Safeguarding Intellectual Property” New York, Conference Board,
(1989).
12. Richard. K "Protection of Intellectual Property Right, In Intellectual Property Right in
Science, Technology, and Economic Performance”, Edited by F.W. Rushing.
13. Mansfield, Edwin. "Intellectual Property, Technology and Economic Growth." In
Intellectual Property Right in Science, Technology, and Economic Performance”, Edited
by F.W. Rushing and CG. Brown, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (1990), pp 17-30.