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A. Functions
2. Air Filtration
3. Regulates blood pH
4. Olfaction
5. Production of Sound
6. Excretion
B. Functional Anatomy
1. Nose
- the external organ of the respiratory system that allows entry & exit of gases
b) Nasal Cavity
- where air is filtered, moistened & warmed before going into the lungs
c) Nasal Septum
d) Mucosal Lining
- made up of mucus glands that mucuos to moisture & trap foreign objects
- made up of ciliated cells that creates a slow current that causes infected mucuos to be delivered to the pharynx
i. Olfactory Cells
- lines the mucosa of the superior parts of the nasal cavity just below the ethmoid bone
- rich with networks of thin-walled veins that warms the air that enters the nasal cavity
Epistasis - nose-bleeding
e) Conchae
- also lined with mucosa to trap foreign debris (dust, microbes, etc.)
i. Superior Concha
f) Palate
Cleft Palate (Hare lip) - a condition wherein the bones forming the palate did not fuse medially
g) Paranasal Sinuses
i. Frontal Sinus
Sinus headache - when the sinuses are blocked & the air inside them is absorbed, this creates a vacuum force that cause
the headache
2. Pharynx (Throat)
a) Divisions of Pharynx
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx
Nasal Cavity --> Nasopharynx --> Oropharynx --> Laryngopharynx --> Lungs
b) Tonsils
- clusters of lingual tissue that serves as the bodies of line of defense against pathogens in the oral & nasal cavity
3. Larynx (Voicebox)
a) Functions
- air passageway
- production of sound
b) Location
i. Thyroid Cartilage
- “Adam’s Apple”
- ring-like cartilage
- where muscles, other cartilages & ligaments that plays important role in the generation of speech are attached
iii. Epiglottis
- folds in the mucus membrane of the larynx that vibrates with expelled air
v. Glottis
4. Trachea (Windpipe)
* Carina
5. Primary Bronchi
6. Lungs - a sac like organ that functions for gas exchange & partial storage of gases
iii. Pleural Fluid - lubricates the space in between the 2 pleural membrane
b) Bronchi
d) Alveolar Sac - aggregates of the alveoli at the tip of the terminal bronchiole
*Tracheostomy - an operation to cut a hole in the trachea to ensure the airway is unblocked
C. Physiology of Respiration
- air moves into & out of the lungs to continously change & refreshed air in the alveoli
b) External Respiration
- air (gases) are transported from the lungs to the different parts of the body
d) Internal Respiration
D. Mechanism of Breathing
a) Inspiration
- inhalation
i. Diaphragm
- lung volume
- ↑IPV, ↓IPP,
b) Expiration
- exhalation
* ↓IPV, ↑IPP
Except:
a) Coughing d) Laughing
b) Sneezing e) Hiccup
c) Crying
- remaining volume of air in the lungs after forceful exhalation (1,200 mL)
- TV + IRV + ERV
- VC + RV (6,000 mL)
G. Respiratory Sounds
a) Bronchial Sounds
- produced as air rushes through the large air passageways (trachea & bronchi)
b) Vesicular Sounds
H. Control of Respiration
a) Neural Regulation
↑ CO2, ↓ O2 (stimuli)
Inhalation occurs
Medulla & pons are signalled by the stretch receptors to end inspiration
Exhalation / Expiration
b) Factors affecting Respiration
i. Physical Factors
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- general term for respiratory diseases
Digestion (breakdown)
2. Pharynx
- mechanical (physical)
- passageway of the food from the mouth to the
- chemical
esophagus
a) Oropharynx
Absorption (uptake)
b) Laryngopharynx
A. Alimentary Canal / Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) - first line of defense against microbes from food
c) Tongue
3. Esophagus
- mixing the propulsion
- for deglutition (swallow)
-gustation
- for peristalsis, involuntary muscular contractions that
i. Papillae
propels food downwards, less than 1 second
- contains the tastebuds
4. Stomach
a) Cecum
- temporary storage of chyme
- receives undigested food from ileum
- partial digestion of food (proteins)
* Appendix
f) Rectum
g) Anus
a) Molar - grinding
5. Small Intestines
b) Canine - tearing
- digestion (final)
c) Incisor - cutting
- absortion of nutrients
2. Salivary Gland
a) Duodenum
- saliva (salivary amylase) production
- receives secretions from the bile & pancreas through
the common bile duct - lubrication
- where final digestion takes place - partial digestion of starch
b) Jejunum a) Parotid Gland
- absorption of nutrients b) Submaxillary / Submandibular
- longest region of small intestine c) Sublingual
c) Ileum 3. Liver - bile production w/c emulsify fats
- absorbs the remaining nutrients not absorbed by 4. Gallbladder - storage of bile
jejunum
5. Pancreas
Ileoceccal Value
- production of pancreatic enzymes
- prevents backflow of undigested food materials from
cecum back to the ileum
MAJOR ENZYMES of the D.S.
3. Lipase - lipids
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Breakdown of Food
4. Absorption
5. Excretion