J.J. Coulton - Oinoanda The Doric Building MK 2

Oinoanda: The Doric Building (Mk 2)
Author(s): J. J. Coulton
Source: Anatolian Studies, Vol. 32 (1982), pp. 45-59
Published by: British Institute at Ankara
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3642672
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OINOANDA: THE DORIC BUILDING (Mk 2)
By J. J. Coulton
The investigation of the building which is the subject of this paper was undertaken
in I975, I977, and 198I in the course of the survey of Oinoanda conducted by the
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.1 I am most grateful to Mr. A. S. Hall,
director of the survey, for inviting me to participate in it and for supporting my
work on the site, to Bay Sirri Ozenir, Bay Osman Ozbek and Bay Edip Ozgiir,
successive representatives of the Turkish government, for much assistance, and to
Mr. P. Forster and students of the Department of Land Survey of the North-East
London Polytechnic for more technical aid.
Before discussing the building itself, some general remarks on the development
of the survey are required. The initial survey of the site was begun in I974 by a
group from the North-East London Polytechnic led by Mr. A. Slade. An arbitrary
bearing was defined as grid north and a datum point for levelling was arbitrarily
allotted a height of Iooo m. Extension of the survey in 1977 established that the
level of the acropolis summit in terms of this arbitrary datum is approximately
1095 m., whereas the actual height above sea level is I532 m. In any major new
investigation of the site, a more precise relation of the survey levelling to sea level
would obviously be desirable, but for the moment a correction of + 435 m. has been
made to all contours and other heights established in terms of the arbitrary datum,
so as to allow the survey plans to be more easily used in conjunction with maps giving
heights above sea level. The change is purely in the connection with sea level and
does not affect the relative heights of the points and areas covered by the survey
levelling. The revised heights are shown in the situation plan (Fig. I, based on the
survey by students of North-East London Polytechnic), and will be used in future
plans, whereas earlier plans published in connection with the Oinoanda survey have
shown heights in terms of the arbitrary datum of Iooo m. At the same time it should
be made clear that the bearing used as grid north in the initial survey is actually I9?
east of true north; again this has been shown in Fig. i, and will be shown in future
plans.2
1A report on work from 1974 to 1976 is published by A. S. Hall in AS 26 (1976) 191-7, and his
report on the 1977 season is forthcoming in TAD. For the latest finds of the Diogenes inscription see
M. F. Smith, AS 28 (1978) 39-92.
The following abbreviations are used here in addition to those specified for Anatolian Studies:
Alzinger: W. Alzinger, Augusteische Architektur in Ephesos (I974).
Assos: J. T. Clarke, F. H. Bacon, R. Koldewey, Investigations at Assos i88i-3 (1902-21).
Benndorf-Niemann: O. Benndorf, G. Niemann, Reisen in Lykien und Karien (1884).
Bernardi Ferrero: D. de Bernardi Ferrero, Teatri Classici in Asia Minore (I966-74).
Buising: H. H. Busing, Die Griechische Halbsdule (1970).
Coulton: J. J. Coulton, The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa (1976).
Ephesos: Oesterreichisches Archaologisches Institut, Forschungen in Ephesos (906- ).
Lanckoronski: K. Lanckoronski, Stddte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens (1890-2).
Myra: J. Borchhardt et al., Myra, ein Lykische Metropole (I975).
Petersen-von Luschan: E. Petersen, F. von Luschan, Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis (I889).
Priene: T. Wiegand, H. Schrader, Priene (I904).
Shoe: L. T. Shoe, The Profiles of Greek Mouldings (1936).
Stucchi: S. Stucchi, Architettura cirenaica (1975).
2R. J. Ling has asked me to mention particularly the effect of this on the bath building Mk i,
discussed by him in AS 31 (1981) 31-46. Its arched facade actually fates 34? west of the south, rather
than I5? as shown on the plan, ibid. fig. i; a south-westerly orientation is of course favourable for
afternoon bathing, and one which bath buildings frequently adopt.
M
II
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Fig. r. Plan of the Esplanade area. Walls shown by dotted lines are certainly late.
OINOANDA: THE DORIC BUILDING (Mk 2) 47
General situation
Building Mk 2 is a small temple-like building at the west end of the Esplanade.3 It
owes its comparatively good state of preservation to the fact that it was incorporate
into the Late Roman fortification system as the north-east tower. In the situation
plan, Fig. i, this Late Roman fortification wall (the "Great Wall" of Diogenes
studies) has been shown by dotted lines, as have certain other late walls whi
materially altered the aspect of the area. Without excavation it is impossible t
draw a systematic plan by periods of the area, and several of the buildings sho
undotted may be equally late.
What does seem clear, however, is that a colonnaded street ran unobstructed
from the agora into the south-west corner of the Esplanade, and that the tw
presumed bath buildings Mk I and M1 i opened more or less directly onto it. T
Esplanade itself was lined by stoas along its north and south sides, although much
what can now be seen is late modification, and their original extent is uncertain. A
considerable part of the late wall occupying the stylobate of the north stoa is built
Doric double half-column drums4 (the lower ones unfluted), and these presumably
formed the original colonnade.
/ '\ ,0_.., 9J_ ____/^ \ ___-_-_J _--\---' - -

\ ,- 1 XL 'L -
I L
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\^~ / \~~~I _/ /\ v
:' _ ,J 4r - - - -L -_ _
I 5 10m.
1 , II,1 , , , , I I I 1
Fig. 2. Plan of Building Mk 2
3Since building names are liable to

letter-number combinations have be
indicate the grid square in which the
fig. 2, facing p. 192), but within ea
Esplanade, first used for this area by
its function is uncertain. See below p
4For the type see Busing, 52-6, Co
48 ANATOLIAN STUDIES
I 0 5 IOm.
I l . . . . i ....I i 1 i i I t I i :
Fig. 3. Plan of Building
The orientation of Bui

closer to south-east tha
nevertheless be referred to as north, east, south and west. The exterior of the
building is at present almost completely buried in fallen masonry, but the inside has
been partly dug out by illegal excavators, so that it is the interior wall faces that can
be most fully planned (Fig. 2, P1. IXa, b). The middle of the south and west walls
has been dug through, but apart from that, the north, south, and west walls are
much better preserved that the east wall. The general form of the building is quite
clear; the exterior was articulated by Doric half-columns, four on the ends and six
on the long sides (the corner columns being, of course, three-quarter-columns). The
overall size of the building over the stylobate must be about 8 9 m. by 14 I m. (Fig.
3), and although no remains of the door have been found, entrance was almost
certainly through the eastern end. Within there was a squarish cella c. 7 70 x
6 90 m., preceded by a shallower anteroom c. 3 45 x 690o m. The style of the
building is broadly late Hellenistic-early Imperial; a more detailed dating is
argued below (pp. 55-7).
Material and technique

As far as can be seen, the building was built throughout of a fine, pale yellowish
limestone, which is partly recrystallized to marble. The source of this stone has not
been identified, but there were ancient quarries both on the Akropolis hill to the
north, and on the ridge to the south of the city, beyond the aqueduct.
The outer face of the wall was built of ashlar masonry with courses which seem
PLATE IX
(a) South wall from the N.E., showing the stub end of the cross wall and the rubble r
(b) North wall, showing the two recesses.
PLATE X
(a) Half-column block.
I. 1'
(b) Detail of Doric capital.
(c) Doric cornice block.
to have diminished in height from bottom to top, and which continued unbroken
through the half-columns. The vertical joints were so arranged that each half-
column block included part of the adjacent wall face to bond it into the wall
structure. The wall blocks do not all run through the thickness of the wall
(c. o - 60 m.); some do, but others occupy only the outer half of the wall, while others
again run the full thickness, but only over part of their height, the remainder being
made up of separate smaller blocks. Thus there is a horizontal joint on the inner
face corresponding to each joint on the outer face, but the inner face also has
additional irregular jointing (P1. IXb). In the south-west corner, where the inner
face is visible for the equivalent of five outer courses, the course heights implied
range from o 69 m. at the bottom of the visible section to o0 515 m. at the top.
The outer wall surface was dressed flat with a fine toothed chisel; a bevel about
oo i m. wide was then cut with a flat chisel along each side of both the horizontal
and vertical joints, except that where the horizontal joints crossed one of the half-
columns, the bevels were omitted, so that the line of the column would be unbroken
(P1. Xa, b). The inner face of the wall was finished more roughly, with a coarse
point, and tiny fragments of fine stucco can be seen, which would originally have
concealed it. At the joint faces of the blocks a contact band about o 04 m. wide was
dressed with a fine toothed chisel, behind which the surface was cut back with a fine
point (P1. Xb).
Where the unweathered surface of the decorative parts of the building can be
seen, the technique is slightly different. The main planes are again finished with a
fine toothed chisel, but each plane is then outlined by a smooth band about o oI m.
wide, cut with a flat chisel. Thus on the capital a smooth band runs at the top and
bottom of the echinus and the abacus (barely visible in P1. Xb); no architrave is
sufficiently visible and unweathered to show this detail, but on the frieze each main
surface of the triglyph is similarly outlined (see Fig. 5), and on the cornice a
A.
B. ,, 0 0
e,
S. - i 1- -- 1
lo o so l oom.
1.,-, ,
Fig. 4. Setting lin

of architrave block near south-west corner.
chiselled band runs along the bottom of the bed fascia, the bed
corona, and all round each via and each gutta.
In the lower part of the building clamps were used only at the
entablature they were used throughout. In form all were pi-clamp
long, with hooks from 00 15 x o0OI5 m. to 0 035 x 00 I5 m. Th
pryholes, but no dowels. Large "masons' marks" o o09 m. high are
the entablature blocks: AP on an architrave near the south-west corner and AA on a
frieze block near the northwest corner of the cella (Fig. 4). On top of the architrave
lines were incised parallel to the main face and set back o 035 m. and o 07 m. from
the outer face of the architrave taenia, to mark the positions of the triglyph and
metope faces; short lines at right angles to them defined the lateral position of the
triglyphs (Fig. 4B). However, similar lines on top of the frieze blocks correspond to
the triglyph and metope taenias (Fig. 4A), not to the continuous front edge of the
cornice bed. So these lines were not guide-lines for positioning the cornice blocks,
but were used in setting out the form of the frieze block itself.
The pediments at each end of the building show that it must have had a ridge
roof, and the thinness of the walls precludes a vault to support it. No cuttings are
visible in the few accessible frieze or cornice blocks, however, to hold the beams
which must have made up the ceiling and roof. There are tile fragments of both
Corinthian and Lakonian types among the ruins, but none need belong to the
original construction, for the roof may well have been modified when the building
was converted into a defensive tower.
The Doric order

The stylobate and the lower part of the half-columns are invisible beneath
fallen masonry around the building; the upper parts of the order are, how
comparatively well attested (Fig. 5). Even the lowest visible half-column bl
show almost flat flutes separated by barely perceptible arrises (P1. Xa) which f
out at the neck. The upper diameter of the shaft is c. o 675 m., and the la
measurable diameter o 76 m. The capitals are o 335 m. high, with a plain a
0o I7 m. high and o0837-0o845 m. wide; the echinus, c. 0o095 m. high,
markedly convex profile (Fig. 6G); the annulets consist of two plain astragals, b
which a narrow fillet crowns the apophyge of the shaft (P1. Xb). If one astraga
taken as completing this apophyge as in an Ionic column, the capital divide
three almost equal parts in accordance with Vitruvius' rules for the Doric capit
The architrave c. ' 51 m. high, consists of long narrow blocks which ran fr
half-column to half-column but did not occupy the full thickness of the wall. A
corners the joint as usual came on the flanks rather than the fronts of the bu
The usual taenia (0-055-0 o62 m. high), regulae (o0029-0 030 m. high
guttae (o-0I- 0 015 m. high) crown the architrave, without any addit
mouldings.
The frieze is substantially higher than the architrave (0-57 m.), and consists
normally of blocks of two metopes and a triglyph or two triglyphs and a metope.
Three triglyphs and metopes correspond to each intercolumniation, and they varied
somewhat in width. The glyph tops are horizontal, and bevelled rather than
undercut; the taenia is of uniform height (o 082 m.) over both triglyphs and
metopes, and it is crowned by a Pergamene ovolo, in effect just a bevel with a low
fillet above. The chiselled bands round the triglyph surfaces have already been
mentioned.
5Vitr. 4.3.4.
OINOANDA: THE DORIC BUILDING (Mk 2) 5I
E.
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The horizontal cornice has a barely sloping soffit with the mut
guttae carved in very low relief. There is the usual cyma reversa b
6C) and the crown moulding is also a cyma reversa, but with a
lower curve (Fig. 6E). Along the fronts the cornice blocks slop
projecting part, behind which they are horizontal, to take th
tympanum; along the flanks the cornice blocks include the sima w
cyma recta profile. At the south-east corner the angle cornic
incorporating the raking cornice as well as the horizontal cornice a
sima a roughed out mass of stone has been left for a lion's head(?)
on top is a roughly dressed platform, as if to carry an akroteri
cornice blocks can be seen amidst the fallen masonry, most of them
front. They all have a cyma reversa bed moulding and ovolo crown
6F), but otherwise differ considerably in profile. Some blocks h
the bed moulding, while others do not (Fig. 5A, B, 6A, B); som
worked in the same block, while others have the top cut down in a
that the sima was either added in a separate block or, more likely,
repair; the profile of the sima also varies considerably. In spite of
however, the findspots and the uniformity of scale both suggest th
did belong to our building.
A F F GF H
C ir / -.
V, I ,L ,- ..... '. ;'' ::'
*05 0 10m.
:::-.tLI X / 1
Fig. 6. Moulding and capi

drip, and crown mouldin
of Building Mk 2. H: ca
Reconstruction
There are three main areas of uncertainty in reconstructing the extern
appearance of the building: the lower diameter and height of the half-columns, th
nature of the krepis, and the treatment of the door. In view of the variation
triglyph and metope width, little useful can be said about the presence or nature
angle contraction.
The largest visible half-column diameter is, as noted above, o076 m., but t
need not belong to the lowest course. An estimate of the lower diameter may
based on either the neck diameter or abacus width of the known capital. In m
Hellenistic columns the ratio of lower to upper diameter is between 5:4 and 8:7 (i.e
between o 8 and o 875); the lower diameter at Oinoanda would thus fall in t
range o 675 x 5/4 = 0 777 m. to o0675 x 8/7 = o 844 m. Vitruvius suggests f
columns of this scale a ratio of 62:52, giving a lower diameter of 0o675 x 6?/5
o 803 m.6 The ratio abacus width to lower diameter in Hellenistic capitals f
normally between i * I:I and I *o 9: I, giving a lower diameter in the present case
the range o077I-0o832 m.; the average ratio of x0o6:I gives a figure o0792 m
Thus a reasonable estimate for the lower diameter of the half-columns of our
building is c. o 80 m.
For the height of Doric columns Vitruvius prescribes seven diameters fo
temple, seven and a half diameters for a stoa,8 and both these figures can
matched in surviving Doric temples. Seven and a half diameters in the Vitruv
system equals fifteen triglyph widths or two intercolumniations. If we apply the
proportions to our building at Oinoanda, seven diameters of c. o 80 m. would give
column height of c. 5 60 m., seven and a half of the same diameters would give c.
60oo m., fifteen triglyph widths would give 5 62 m., and two intercolumniati
would give 5 * 30 m. Thus we can take about 5 * 60 m. as a fair estimate of the heig
of the half-columns (Fig. 7). This would be equivalent to about nine wall cours
but since the course height does not vary uniformly, no precise figure for the ha
column height can be derived from the wall construction.
The ground level to the east of the fallen masonry of Building Mk 2 is ab
6 60 m. lower than the top of the highest in situ half-column block. The differen
between the half-column diameter of this block and that of the capital neck sugges
that perhaps two courses separated them; thus the top of the capitals of the easte
facade of the building should have been about 6 60 + i * io (two courses) + o 3
(capital height) = 8 135 m. above ground level. Since, as we have seen, t
columns were probably about 5 60 m. high, there must have been a terrace
podium about 2 5 m. high beneath the stylobate, as shown in Fig. 7. The gro
level to the south of the building, beyond the more extensive rubble on that side
similar to the eastern ground level, but to the north and west the ground is
present about 5'2 m. higher. Since that is about 2 7 m. above the propo
stylobate level and 1-7 m. higher than the lowest visible wall courses inside t
building, one must conclude that the ground level on these sides has ri
substantially since antiquity. Nevertheless, it was probably always higher to
north and west than to the east and south, and a podium will not have been neede
on these sides.
No blocks attributable to the doorway were identified, but half-column blocks
lying before the east front, together with three-quarter-column blocks at the north
6J. J. Coulton, BSA 74 (I979) I25, fig. io; Vitr. 3.3.12 (for columns 15-20 feet high, or abou
4'50-6-oo m.; for the probable column height here, see below).
7J. J. Coulton, BSA 74 (I979) 148, fig. 33a.
8Vitr. 4.3.4; 5.9 3.
Imm bmm ml hmmI hmm l lmm l hmm l mm d hmmf mm

t t
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Fi... . I . Restr I I I I c l.
Fig. 7. Restored elevation. Brok
east and south-east corners, show that the east facade, like the west one, had two
half-columns between the corner ones. The doorway must therefore have been fitted
between the two half-columns, where the space of c. i * 85 m. would have allowed an
opening c. I 35 m. wide, and probably about twice as high, as suggested in Fig. 7.
The Interior
As noted above, the rough inner faces of the walls of both cella and anteroom mu
originally have been covered with fine stucco and painted, although the tin
fragments of stucco visible give no indication of the nature or composition of
painting. Two recesses are at present to be seen in the inner face of the north wa
(P1. IXb). They are 0 57 m. and 0 55 m. wide, and the western one (the othe
not fully visible) occupies the height of two outer wall courses (here c. i * 29 m.).
fact that both recesses come approximately behind a half-column suggests that they
were part of the original design, and their inner surfaces are no more rough than the
inner wall face as a whole. Since they occupy up to four courses of the inner wall
face, they cannot have resulted simply from some inner wall blocks falling out, for
elsewhere successive joints do not come one above the other. However, a block at
the west edge of the west recess has the characteristic tooth-chisel-dressed contact
band of an original joint face, and that suggests strongly that in spite of their
apparent relation to the half-columns, the recesses are a later modification.
Unfortunately the corresponding part of the south wall has been destroyed, so that it
cannot be seen whether there were niches there too.
There is no more evidence for the doorway connecting the cella and anteroom
than there is for the outer doorway. Indeed the connecting doorway may have be
removed when the building was converted into a tower. Another feature of
interior resulting from this transformation is the rough rubble reinforcing wal
about i m. thick, which was built against the north, east, and south (P1. IXa) wall
of the building. The west wall should have received the same treatment, but no s
of it is visible, except perhaps the quantity of smallish rubble thrown out in tha
direction by the illegal excavators.
Style and date

The Doric order of Building Mk 2 is relatively pure in style (Fig. 5); the only
enrichment is the Pergamene ovolo which crowns the frieze. The architrave retains
an almost classical form, without the canted taenia soffit or atrophied regulae and
guttae found on some late Hellenistic versions.9 The straight, bevelled tops of the
triglyph grooves, the uniform taenia across triglyphs and metopes, and the ovolo
frieze crown can all be matched in Hellenistic Doric, as can the extremely shallow
fluting of the half-columns and the curve of the echinus.10 So too with the
mouldings. The cyma reversa bed moulding of the cornices (Fig. 6 A-C) is of Shoe's
Type VII (with height greater than depth and upper curve greater than lower curve)
which is the commonest type in the second century B.C. The cyma reversa crown of
the horizontal cornice (Fig. 6E) is rare before the third century but common in the
second, as is the ovolo crown moulding of the raking cornice (Fig. 6F). The sima
profile, with its very slight convex curve (Fig. 4A, B), can be compared to three
second-century examples from Pergamon. " Thus there is little to argue against a
date as early as the second century B.C., and the masonry style of the south
fortification wall of Oinoanda'2 shows that the city was not immune to Greek
architectural influence in the Hellenistic period.
However, Shoe's analysis of moulding profiles does not cover the period after
the second century B.C., and although a date earlier than that can be excluded for
Building Mk 2, a later date is quite possible. For the use of the Doric order did not
cease in Asia Minor with the end of the Hellenistic period; versions little different
9E.g. the theatre at Priene (A. von Gerkan, Das Theater von Priene (1921) 40, pl. 20); the
Panaylrdag monument at Ephesos (Alzinger, 99, fig. 64).
10The features of the frieze and the echinus curve are paralleled, for instance, in the stoas on the
agora at Priene (Priene, 190-I, '95); for very shallow fluting in the Lower Stoa of the Asklepieion at
Kos see Coulton, 112.
'1Cyma reversa bed mouldings: Shoe, 68; cyma reversa cornice crown: Shoe, 66; ovolo cornice
crown: Shoe, 37 (compare especially the House of the Inopos, Delos, pl. 20.26); cyma recta simas from
Pergamon: Shoe, pl. 35.3-5.
12Petersen-von Luschan, I77-8, pl. 26-8. The connection with Pergamon proposed there has
been generally accepted (e.g. E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamon2 (197I) 288, A. W. Lawrence,
Greek Aims in Fortification (I979) 475).
from the late Hellenistic continued to be built at least until the end of the first
century A.D. Among the dated instances we may mention the Prytaneion at Ep
(Augustan); a stoa at Sidyma dedicated by two of his freedmen to the em
Claudius; the East Stoa behind the Rectangular Agora at Ephesos built in th
of Nero; the Gate of Vespasian at Xanthos; the tomb built for Flavia Nan
Sidyma by her father Flavius Pharnaces, which should be Flavian or later
terrace facade of the temple of "Domitian" (or Titus) at Ephesos; and the
preserved city gate at Patara, which was built in about A.D. oo00.13 In contrast t
number of Flavian monuments, there is little or nothing Doric in Asia Minor t
can be certainly dated in the second century A.D. 14 It will be seen that several o
certainly Roman instances are in Lycia, and the stoa at Sidyma, for example, sh
a treatment of the order very similar to that at Oinoanda. 15 The style in gen
then, would suit almost any date within the range 200 B.C.-A.D. 100.
There is one feature of the Oinoanda order, however, which places it la
this period of three centuries; two astragals are used in place of normal annulets
6G). The annulets of most late Hellenistic Doric capitals, although varying in d
either follow the classical annulet profile or are step-shaped, 16 and this is true
Augustan Prytaneion at Ephesos and the roughly contemporary West Propy
the Roman Agora at Athens. 7 A single astragal replaces the annulets benea
echinus of the egg-and-dart and cyma recta variants of Doric, both of w
appeared during the Hellenistic period, 18 and this may be the source of the do
astragals later. A single astragal also replaces the annulets in the capitals o
Doric tombs at Cyrene, both dated by Stucchi to the Hellenistic period.19 B
13Alzinger, 51; Benndorf-Niemann, 62-3; Ephesos 3 (1923) 76-88, 94-5; E. Kalinka, Titu
Minoris 2.I (I920) no. 270; Benndorf-Niemann, 78, pl. 22; C. Texier, Descrzption de l'Asie M
(1849) pl. 90o; Society of Dilettanti, Antiquities of lonza 3 (1840) ch. 3, pl. I3-14.
'4The Doric tradition continued in Cyrene, however, until the mid second century A.D. (St
332), and a Doric arch and Doric street colonnades were built at Hadrianic Antinoopolis in
Description de l'Egypte antique 4 (2nd ed., 1821), 228-34, 247-50, pl. 5I-8, 61.26-8).
5Other examples of the Doric order in Lycia: Letoon near Xanthos, entrance arches t
theatre: Benndorf-Niemann, I20-I, fig. 72, pl. 29, Bernardi Ferrero 3 (I970) 8o, figs. 91-3,
Kadyanda theatre logeion: Bernardi Ferrero 2 (1969) IIo, fig. i65, pl. i8A, and temple: E. K
Tituli Asiae Minoris 2.2 (1930) p. 240, G. E. Bean, Lycian Turkey (1978) 45, cf. Benndorf-Ni
142; Sidyma, temple of the Sebastoi: Benndorf-Niemann, 61-2; Sura, temple of Apollo: Myra,
pl. 52-3; Trysa, temple: Petersen-von Luschan, o0-I . In the Kibyratis see Kibyra, entrance
the theatre: Bernardi Ferrero i (1966) 14, figs. 7, 9, pl. 2, and see below n. 21; Balboura, east
of the agora; and Oinoanda, theatre: Bernardi Ferrero 2 (i969) 93-4, fig. 154; above p. 47,
p. 57 and n. 22, and at least one other building. In Pamphylia a stoa at Sillyon and in Pis
Odeion and stoa of Osbares at Termessos were in the Doric order (Lanckoronski i, 82, fig. 66; i
40, 98-9, fig. 60). Dates for these buildings range from late Hellenistic to early Roman, but apa
the temple at Sidyma (Claudian) none is securely dated.
Note that in Lycia generally, as in Building Mk 2 at Oinoanda, the half grooves of the triglyp
not end in "ears" as they commonly do in Ionia (J. J. Coulton, BSA 63 (I968) I73-4); these "ear
also generally absent from Pergamene and Rhodian architecture (G. Jacopi, Clara Rhod
(I932-9) 248, figs. 33-4; E. Dyggve, Lindos. Fouilles et Recherches I902-14 3.1 (i960) 105,
228-9, pl. IV.G, V.C., VI.E; ibid., 3.2 (I960) 420, fig. XI.8- i). On the other hand the frieze
moulding to be seen in Building Mk 2 is common in lonia but generally omitted in Pergam
Rhodes (Shoe, 50-i, I69; L. T. Shoe, Hesper'a 19 (I950) 346; Coulton, 71-2); in Lycian Dori
appears sporadically.
'6Normal annulets: agora at Magnesia on the Maeander (C. Humann, Magnesia am Mae
(1904) 119-20). Stepped annulets: Temple A and the Upper Stoa of the Asklepieion at Ko
Herzog, Kos i (1932) 8, i8).
"Alzinger, 68-9, fig. 65-9; J. Stuart, N. Revett, Antiquities of Athens i (1762) ch. I, pl.
'8For the types see Coulton, 72, fig. 17.
'gStucchi, 155-6, figs. 136, I39.
double astragal profile found at Oinoanda is not attested before the middle of the
first century A.D. It occurs in two dated buildings at Ephesos, the Neronian East
Stoa, and the north facade of the terrace of the sanctuary of Domitian (or Titus).20
There are also two more undated examples from the Kibyratis, one from Kibyra
itself,21 the other from Oinoanda again, belonging to the Doric double half-
columns reused in the basilical church Mm 3 (Fig. 6H).22 The type appears to have
been abnormal (although the astragals can easily become distorted by weathering),
and the Ephesian examples suggest that it belongs to the second half of the first
century A.D. This is the period when civic building in Lycia generally began its High
Empire flourishing, so it would be an appropriate time for the construction of
Building Mk 2.23
Function
Building Mk 2 is obviously templelike in its conception, and its position at the h

of one of the city's major open spaces might seem to confirm its identification a
fact a temple. There is a close parallel with the agora at Assos where we also find
temple set at the wider end of a space whose two long sides were defined
porticoes;24 for the buildings along the north and south sides of the Esplanad
Oinoanda were almost certainly porticoes in their original form.25 However, the
is one feature of Building Mk 2 which is inconsistent with this identification. It
commonplace for temples of the Imperial period, in both eastern and western pa
of the Empire, to be pseudoperipteral, but only the sides and rear are so treated;
front always has free-standing columns set prostyle before the cella. In Building
2, as we have seen, there were half-columns along the front as well, so that
anteroom was closed, unlike the usual pronaos. It is true that the much ear
temple of Zeus Olympios at Akragas had half-columns on all four sides,26
being so different in size, date, and geographical region, it provides no us
parallel. More comparable are perhaps those minor temples with closed pro
which are found in the Greek islands, mainly in the archaic period, but survi
into the Hellenistic period on Delos.27 These, too, however, are geographically
historically distant, and do not seem ever to have received the elaboration of hal
columns.
The other possible identification is as a tomb, for temple-tombs are well known
20Ephesos 3 (1923) 79, fig. I31; A. Bammer,JOAI 52 (1978-80) 84. The detail is discussed by W
Wilberg, JOAI 19/20 (1919) 179, where the East Stoa is the only instance cited.
21 It lies near the eastern entrance to the complex of ruins marked F on the plan of Kibyra in T. A
B. Spratt, E. Forbes, Travels in Lycia, Milyas and the Cibyratis (1847) i, plan opp. p. 256 (=H on
the adaptation of it in G. E. Bean, Lycian Turkey (1976) I63).
22Several of these capitals were repaired when they were reused in the church. The associated
shafts have their lower part unfluted with Ionic fluting above, as in the Upper Stoa of the Asklepiei
at Kos (R. Herzog, Kos I (I932) i8, pl. 9; for this feature see Coulton, 112-I3).
23For other Flavian building activity in Lycia see T. Frank et al., An Economic Survey of Ancien
Rome 4 (1938) 779-83, in contrast to Julio-Claudian building activity, ibid., 728-9.
24Assos, 27; Coulton, fig. i8, 52.
25 See p. 47 above.
26This is the only such temple listed by Busing (n. i), and I have found no Roman parallel.
27R. Vallois, L'Architecture hellenique et hellenistique & Delos I (I944) I21-4; A. Kalpaxis,
Friiharchaische Baukunst (I976) 7I-6, 102-4. Note also the temple of Artemis at Cyrene (Stucch
48-9).
in Asia Minor28 as elsewhere, during the Imperial period, and one

from Cilicia, frequently has a closed anteroom,29 although a more
normal elsewhere. The Cilician tombs do not have half column
tombs of other types do have them on all four sides, I do not know
tomb that has both this feature and a closed anteroom.30 However, the closed
anteroom is perhaps a more fundamental feature than the decorative half-columns,
so that the interpretation of Building Mk 2 as a tomb is more attractive.
A tomb may seem out of place so much in the middle of the city, but the
honour of burial within the city was allowed to heroes, to the founder or ktistes, and
so to other particularly distinguished citizens and major benefactors,31 who might
be given the same title.32 The function of the Esplanade on to which Building Mk 2
faces is uncertain. A stadium here has been suggested,33 but there is no positive
evidence to support such an identification. The length is indeed inadequate, for no
running track is likely to have started further west than the sets of status bases at the
west end of the Esplanade, and although the buildings blocking the east end after
about 85 m. are in their present state late, the level terrace first narrows and then
ends not far beyond them; the available space for a running track can not have been
more than about 120 m., as opposed to 177-6 m. for 600 Roman feet of o-296 m.
If the agonistic inscriptions34 are to be taken as significant of the function of
the Esplanade, it may rather be identified as a gymnasium. That would be a
suitable location for the Epicurean inscription of Diogenes which was probably set
up somewhere in the area,35 and would also account for the siting of the two bath
buildings to the west and south-west. However, we should remember that agonistic
28A. Machatschek, Die Nekropolen und Grabmdler im Gebiet von Elaiussa Sebaste und Korykos
(I967) io6-7; A. Frantz, H. A. Thompson, J. Travlos, AJA 73 (1969) 413-I7, especially n. 72. To the
list there add: the heroon by the West Market at Miletos (G. Kleiner, Fiihrer durch Milet (1968)
131-2); the heroon below the agora at Assos (Assos, 109-I7; R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Assos
(IGSKIA 4, 1976) 6i suggests without argument that this was a temple not a heroon, so that the
inscriptions on its architrave honour its builders not its occupants); a temple-tomb at Kremna
(Lanckoronski 2, I72). The tomb at Karabucak near Myra is now thought to have lacked a columnar
porch (Myra, 61-3).
29Anemur: E. Alfoldi-Rosenbaum, Anemur Nekropolu (I97I) 92; lotape: R. Heberdey,
A. Wilhelm, Reisen in Kilikien (1896) 147; Selinous: ibid., 149; Syedra: E. Rosenbaum et al., A
Survey of the Coastal Cities of Western Cilicia (1967) 49-66. Cf. also Gortyn (AD 29 (x973-4), Chron.
894-5). Some Hellenistic Macedonian tombs combine a closed anteroom with a facade of half-
columns, but they belong to a different cultural sphere, and in any case are underground. For the type
see D. Pandermalis, Makedonika 12 (1972) 172-82, and add AAA 6. (I973) 87-92, AAA 10.1 (1977)
1-72.
30Biising 2I-3; all are square podium tombs with a pyramidal roof.
31 On the burial of the founder within the city see N. D. Fustel de Coulanges, La Cite antique
(1864), 177-8; on the extension of the privilege under the Roman Empire see L. Robert, Ant. Class 35
(1966) 420-I. Examples of tombs in cities of Asia Minor are: the heroon below the agora at Assos and
the heroon by the West Market at Miletos (see n. 26 above); the Hellenistic heroon by the Theatre and
the Roman heroon by the Baths of Faustina at Miletos (G. Kleiner, Fiihrer durch Milet (1968) 129-30,
132-4); the Octagon and the tomb of Celsus at Ephesos (R. Heberdey, JOAI 8 (I905) Beibl. 70-1,
J. Keil, JOAI 26 (1930) Beibl. 41-5; Ephesos 5.I (1944) 40-1, 43-6); and a possible heroon on the
agora at Pisidian Termessos (Lanckoronski 2, 37).
32On the sense of the term ktistes see J. and L. Robert, REG 64 (1951) 209, 69 (1956) I74, 74
(1961) 244. On the related term deuteros ktistes see A. Stefan, Dacia 19 (I975) i62-5 and D. M.
Pippidi, E. Popescu, Eplgraphica (1977) 57-64. I am grateful to A. S. Hall for help with these
references.
33R. J. Ling, AS 31 (1981) 41.
34G. Cousin, BCH 24 (1900) 342-5, nos. 6, 7, io, 1.
35A. S. Hall, AS 26 (1976) 194-6; M. F. Smith, AS 28 (1978) 41.
inscriptions were also set up in the agora36 and civic inscriptions in the Esplanade.37
The apparent use of Doric for the outer colonnade of the north stoa of the
Esplanade suggests that it was earlier than the agora porticoes (Composite capitals;
probably Antonine-Severan),38 and an alternative, but still hypothetical identifi-
cation of the Esplanade would be as the city's early agora.39 Both a gymnasium and
an agora would be suitable locations for a heroising tomb of a benefactor40-but
equally suitable, of course, for a small temple.
36M. Holleaux, P. Paris, BCH io (I886) 229-34, nos. 9-13.

37G. Cousin, BCH 24 (I900) 34I-4, nos. 2, 3, 4, 9.
38A discussion of the agora is in preparation.
39R. Heberdey, E. Kalinka, BCH 2I (1897) 347, suggest that the Esplanade was the agora
(apparently doubting the identification of the area generally recognized as the agora).
40For burial in the gymnasium see J. Delorme, Gymnasion (I960) 34I-2; L. Robert, Ant. Class.
35 (I966) 421. For burial in the agora see R. Martin, Recherches sur I'Agora grecque (I95I) 197-201,
esp. 200 n. 5.

J.J. Coulton - Oinoanda The Doric Building MK 2

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J.J. Coulton - Oinoanda The Doric Building MK 2

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Oinoanda: The Doric Building (Mk 2)

/ '\ ,0_.., 9J_ __/^ \ _-_-_J _--\---' - -

3Since building names are liable to

Fig. 3. Plan of Building

The orientation of Bui

Material and technique

(b) North wall, showing the two recesses.

(a) Half-column block.

(b) Detail of Doric capital.

(c) Doric cornice block.

Fig. 4. Setting lin

The Doric order

S:: ' ,2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

V, I ,L ,- ..... '. ;'' ::'

Fig. 6. Moulding and capi

Imm bmm ml hmmI hmm l lmm l hmm l mm d hmmf mm

Fig. 7. Restored elevation. Brok

Style and date

Building Mk 2 is obviously templelike in its conception, and its position at the h

in Asia Minor28 as elsewhere, during the Imperial period, and one

36M. Holleaux, P. Paris, BCH io (I886) 229-34, nos. 9-13.

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