Heat

N.T.S.E.

Heat

• Temperature is the thermal condition that determines the flow of

heat.

• Cohesive Force is the force between the atoms of a molecule

• Adhesive Force is the force between two molecules.

• Heat ∝ Kinetic energy

• E = mc2 i.e. Energy = Mass * (Velocity of light)2

• Average Kinetic energy per molecule represents the temperature.

• A thermometer is used to measure the temperature

• A calorimeter is used to measure heat.

• Measuring Temperature

1. Celsius Scale (0-100)

2. Fahrenheit Scale (32-212)

3. Kelvin (273-373)

• Converting Temperature from one scale to another

Temperature on I scale – Lower Limit of that scale = Temperature on II scale – Lower limit of that scale

Upper Limit on that scale - Lower limit on that scale Upper Limit on that scale - Lower limit on that scale

• The energy associated with configuration and random movement

of the atoms and molecules within a body is called internal energy

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 Heat
N.T.S.E.

• P = W/t = I2Rt/t = I2R (Used for Series Combination)

• P = V2t/R = V x I x T (Used for Parallel combination)

• 1 Kwh = 3.6 x 106 J

• In a Frill, bulbs are connected in series. If the frill can carry 200V

and 1 bulb uses 4 V then total number of bulbs = 200/4 = 50. or if I

bulb uses 2 V , total number of bulbs = 200/2 = 100

• The part of the internal energy which is transferred from one body

to another due to temperature difference is called Heat.

• Heat is not an intrinsic property of the body or system

• Practical unit of heat is calorie (cal) or British thermal unit (Btu)

• 1 cal = 4.186 J = 3.96 x 10-3 Btu

• Calorie ( C) is used in nutrition, to specify energy value of the food

contents and is written as Cal

• 1 Cal = 1 kcal = 103 cal

• °C is used to write the given temperature

• C° is used to write the change in temperature.

• W = JxQ i.e. Work = J x Heat

where J is the Joule’s Mechanical Equivalent of Heat and has a

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 Heat
N.T.S.E.

value of 4.2 of cal. It is not a physical quantity but a conversion

factor. If W and Q are in the same unit, then J=1.

• During the change of state, heat given to a body does not change

its temperature

• Temperature of a body may change without heating. E.g. On

shaking a liquid in a thermos flask, compressing a gas in a

cylinder.

• Specific Heat Capacity is the heat required to raise the

temperature of a unit mass of a body by 1°C is called specific heat

capacity.

• C = Q / (m x change in temperature) i.e. Q = m x c x change in

temperature)

• If a substance is undergoing change of state ( which takes place at

a constant temperature) C = Q / (m x change in temperature) =

Q/m x 0 = Undefined

• If C = 0 , then Q = 0

• Thermal Capacity: If instead of a unit mass, we consider the

whole body.

Thermal Capacity = m x C

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 Heat
N.T.S.E.

• Water Equivalent: If the thermal capacity is expressed in terms of

mass of water, it is called water equivalent.

• Heat of Transformation: It is the amount of heat required to

change the state of a unit mass of a substance at constant

temperature.

L = Q /m or Q = m x L

• Heat of evaporation: In case of evaporation, liquid converts into

vapours (gaseous state). The heat required to change a unit mass of

the liquid into vapours at constant temperature is called Heat of

evaporation

• Due to large heat of evaporation, water on sprinkling produces

cooling in a closed room.

• Heat of sublimation: If a solid such as camphor (or ice in

vacuum) directly converts into the gaseous state at a constant

temperature, this process is called sublimations. The heat required

to change a unit mass of a solid directly into vapours at a given

temperature is called heat of sublimation.]

• Hoar Frost: If vapors by refreezing directly come into solid state

without passing the liquid state is called “Hoar Frost”. E.g. the

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formation of snow by freezing of clouds (water vapor) in low

temperature zone of atmosphere.

• During melting and boiling, the heat supplied is used to increase

the internal potential energy of a substance and also in doing work

against external pressure, while temperature remains constant.

• In case of melting, for a substance like wax and sulphur, which

expand on melting. The melting point elevates with increase in

pressure.

• There is no change of state at same temperature.

• There is no change in temperature, due to insufficient heat.

• If we put some ice in hot water, the temperature of mixture will be

higher than melting point of ice only and only. If heat released by

hot water in attaining the melting point is more than the heat

required to bring the ice to 0°C and then melt the whole ice.

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 Heat
N.T.S.E.

• Heat Curve

Boiling Gas

Temperature
Liquid

Melting

Solid

Time

• Questions

• How many calories of heat will approximately be developed by

a 210 watt bulb in 5 minutes?

Ans. 210 watt means 210 J/s

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Heat generated in 5 minutes = 210 x 5 x 60 = 63x 103

= 63 x 103 / 4.2

= 15x 103 cal = 15

kcal

• The temperature of 100 g of water is to be raised from 29° C to

90° C by adding steam to it. Calculate the mass of steam

required for that purpose.

Ans. 12g

• Which extinguishes a fire more quickly hot or cold water?

Ans. Hot water

• Can water be made to boil without heating?

Ans. Yes, by reducing the pressure over it as by reducing the

pressure the boiling point of a substance lowers down.

• Can ice sublimate?

Yes, by reducing the pressure such that the external pressure is

equal to the vapor pressure.

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