KINGDOM VIRIDIPLANTAE: Subkingdom Streptobionta  Gametophyte thalloid; dichotomous branched

Embryophyte Clade  Prostrate

 Plants with heteromorphic alternation of generation  With upright gametphores
 Adapted to a terrestrial existence - Antheridiophore
 Produce gametangia that have sterile tissue - Archegoniophore
 Develops from an embryo  Dehiscent capsule
 Grows on moist soil and dripping walls that are protected from the sun
Bryophytes : Non-Vascular
Embryophytes  Has a pleasant citrus-like odor
BRYOPHYTES  Thalloid has air chambers
 A paraphyletic group of plants formerly regarded as a single division  Rhizoids that serve to anchor
 Currently splint into mosses (Bryophyta), hornworts (Anthocerophyta),
and liverworts (Marchantiophyta) MALE GAMETOPHYTE
- Without vascular tissue
A. antheridial head disk
- Generally small
- Gametophyte is the dominant stage and photosynthetic
B.antheridia
- Sporophyte is usually parasitic on the gametophyte
C.antheridiophore
PHYLUM MARCHANTIOPHYTA
 The liverworts FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
 Gametophyte
- Photosynthetic
- Indeterminate growth that develops from a protonema

 Gametophores
- Arise from the gametophyte body
- Bear the gametangia: antheridia and archegonia
 Sporophyte is short-lived and determinate inits growth
- Develops within the archegonium forming a foot, seta and capsule
- Sporogenous tissue w/ in capsule undergo meiosis
to form tetrad spores
- Most have dehiscent capsules  Neck canal cells
 Vent – contains the egg
 Types of liverworts : THALLOSE & LEAFY

CLASS Marchantiopsida
Leafy liverwort

ORDER Marchantiales

Marchantia
Marchantia Sporophyte PHYLUM ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA
Elaters – hygroscopic ; facilitate dispersal of spores  The hornworts
 Thallose gametophyte with epidermis and air chambers (stomata)
 Some taxa are symbiotic with Nostoc
 One large chloroplast per cell, pyrenoids present
 No gametophores
- Archegonia and antheridia occur on the upper surface of the
thallus
 Sporophyte grows at the top of the foot
Asexual Reproduction
CLASS Anthocerotopsida

ORDER Anthocerotales

Anthoceros (hornworts)

 Asexual spores called gemmae, in specialized cup-like structures

 When dislodged by wind or rain, gemmae are dispersed and begin to grow
as a small thalli

 Capsule appears horn-like

- Indeterminate , and dehisce along longitudinal slits
 With photosynthetic tissue and stomata
 Spores are shed with the aid of elaters
PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

 W/ complex, long-lived gametophyte & a somewhat ephemeral sporophyte

 Rhizoids complex, multicellular and branched
 Spores germinates to form a filamentous protonema
 Leafy gametophytes have “leaves” that are symmetrical
- With vein, and radially arranged on the stem
 With stomata in their sporophyte
 Sporophytes have the typical liverwort form w/ a foot, a seta, and a capsule
- Most capsules contain
 Dehiscent covering – operculum
 Hygroscopic peristomal apparatus – helps in spore dispersal
CLASS Bryopsida

ORDER Bryales

Mnium

Common name : Carpet moss

CLASS Sphagnopsida

ORDER Sphagnales

Sphagnum (peat moss)

 Sporophyte capsule is shiny black

 Sphagnum moss IMPORTANCE “Tollund man”
 A major component of peat
- An accumulation of partially decaved vegetation
- Sphagnum don’t decay readily due to phenolic compounds in cell walls  A peatland mummy dating from 405-100
- Low temperature, pH and oxygen inhibit decay of organisms including B.C.E.
human remains (e.g. Tollund man)  The acidic oxygen poor condition produced
by Sphagnum can preserve human or other animals
for thousands of years


COMPARISONS OF THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-

VASCULAR EMBRYOPHYTE PHYLA

Characters Marchantiophyta Antocerotophyta Bryophyta

Form of Thalloid to leafy Thalloid Leafy

gametophyte

Many small One large Many small

chloroplasts per chloroplast per cell; chloroplasts per
Peat fuel Chloroplasts cell; confined to with pyrenoids; cell; usually
 Peat moss as soil conditioner for packing plant roots for shipment gametophyte found in confined to
PEATLANT sporophytes and gametophyte but
gametophytes present in some
 Contain 30% of world soil carbon (carbon reservoir)
cells of the
 Help stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentration sporophyte
 Overharvesting of Sphagnum may contribute to global warming
 As global temperature rises, water levels of peatland continues to
dropreleasing CO2 and further contributing to global warming Gametophor Absent to well- No gametophores Present
es developed

Sporophyte Determinate; Indeterminate; Determinate;

usually with simple capsul complex capsules complex
capsules containing with much sterile with much sterile
little sterile tissue; tissue and tissue and usually
with elaters photosynthetic ; with distinctive
with elaters peristomal
structures
- Peatland fires in Indonesia