Middle Exam 2016 Solution Material Engineering Process

By : Arvin M. Yafiz

1. Describe the steps on material selection process!

The first thing that we should do to choose the material process is pick up the application of the
material and we can determine required properties such as mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical and detriorative. From the properties we can identify the candidates of the
material about structure and compositions. After we find the material, we can identify the
required processing (changes structure or other by applying heat, mechanical forces, etc) such
as casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping, forming, joining, or annealing.

2. Explain grouping of the material base on the raw material compounds!

a. Organic material
Organic material is the material of carbonic compound and their derivatives, usually long
chain because solid phase of the carbonic compound have a long chain carbon. Chemically
bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, and other metallic substances through polymerization,
resistance from corrotion, light, easy to fabrication, and combustible such as plastic, rubber,
wax, petroleum, etc.
b. Inorganic Material
Inorganic material form due to natural development such as metals, clays, minerals,
ceramics, etc.
c. Biological material
Biological material is derived from living creature such as bones, woods, limestone, leather,
etc.
3. Make the graph which represent between T and specific volume of glass solution and crystal
solution and describe the fenomena in the figure.!
The graph is shows realtion between specific volume and
temperature of glass and crystal solution. There is some
phenomenon from that graph
a. When the liquid crystalize there is discontinuous change in V
and discontinuity in the rate of cooling
b. When the liquid is not crystallize, volume specific is
decreases at about the same rate as above and the liquid
phases cange in to a supercooled state (condition in which
the liquid has been cooled to the temperature below Tf that
normally crystallization would occur).
c. Glasses doesn’t have a specific temperature when change
into the solid state
d. Upon cooling, the glass is more viscous with decreasing
temperature (the molecules is become closer and closer that
increase denser liquid)
e. Volume decrease continuously with temperature reduction
f. The slight change in the slope is essentially when molecules
is unable to flow (glass transition temperature)
g. Tg  the temperature at which the transition in the
amorphous region between glassy and rubber state
h. Below the Tg normally the material should be a glass. Above
it, the material is become supercooled liquid and than liquid.
4. What are the softening point and annealing point in glass fabrication.? Please explain the position
of softening point and annealing point in the graph between correlation between T and log
viscosity of glass solution.!
Softening point is the glass solution that have
viscosity 4 x 106 Pa-s (4 x 107 Pa) and the maximum
temperature at which a glass piece may be handled
without causing any significant alteration. While
the annealing point is the glass solution that have
the viscosity 1012 Pa-s (103 Pa) at this temperature
atomic diffusion is sufficiently rapid that any
residual stress may be removed within about 15
minutes.

5. Draw and explain the neutral but not stoichiometric crystal!

Neutral but not stoichiometric crystal is occurred when substitutional defect is happened. The
negative charge ion is replaced by different kind of positive charge ion. That makes the crystal is
still neutral but not stoichiometric because the crystal leaving the equality of the atomic types
components.

6. Draw the kind of copolymer molecules structure!

a. Random Copolymer  random distribution of various monomers

b. Alternating copolymer  2 monomers unit alternate to make a chain position

c. Block copolymer  identical repeats unit are clustered in block along the chain

d. Grafted copolymer  homopolymer side branches of one type may be grafted to

homopolymer main chain that are composed of different monomers.
 7. Explain the two types of termination reaction in polimer addition and give 4 differentiation
between them!
There are two ways in termination reaction of polymer addition :
a. Combination
In combination reaction, active end of free electron from 2 growing propagation chain
may link together form 1 molecule.

b. Disproportionation
In disproportionation reaction, free radical strips a hydrogen atom from an active chain
C-C double bond takes the place of the missing hydrogen.

The difference between combination and disproportionation reaction is :

1. Product of combination is one bonded carbon chain but disproportionation product is
double bounded carbon chain
2. Combination reaction link together to make a longer chain, but disproportionation
reaction strips one hydrogen atom to make double bonded carbonic chain.
3. Combination reaction didn’t involve moving an atom but disproportionation reaction did.
4. Combination reaction can increase the length of polymer, but disproportionation just
reach the stability

8. Data Polymer A
Molecular
Mean Mi
Weight Range wi xi Miwi Mixi
(g/mol)
(g/mol)
8000 – 20000 14000 0.02 0.05 280 700
20000 – 32000 26000 0.08 0.15 2080 3900
32000 – 44000 38000 0.17 0.21 6460 7980
44000 – 56000 50000 0.29 0.28 14500 14000
56000 – 68000 62000 0.23 0.18 14260 11160
68000 – 80000 74000 0.16 0.10 11840 7400
80000 – 92000 86000 0.05 0.03 4300 2580

a. Number average MW
∑ 𝑀𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 700 + 3900 + 7980 + 14000 + 1116 + 7400 + 2580 = 47720 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
b. Weight average MW
∑ 𝑀𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 280 + 2080 + 6460 + 14500 + 14260 + 11840 + 4300 = 53720 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
c. If DP = 477 so what kind of this polymer?
1. For Polystirene, each monomer have MW 105 g/mol
47720
477 =
105
477 ≠ 454,47
2. For Polytetrafluoroethylene, each monomer have MW 100 g/mol
 47720
477 =
100.02
477 = 477
3. For Polymethylmetakrilate, each monomer have MW 92 g/mol
47720
477 =
92
477 ≠ 518,695
From that result, polymer that have DP 447 with the number average MW 47720 g/mol and
weight average MW 53720 g/mol is Polytetrafluoroethylene