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REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
GENERATOR – HEAT EXCHANGER
ABSTRACT
A thermodynamic simulation of a solar absorption
refrigeration cycle has been carried out. The binary T = Temperature (0C)
mixture considered in the present investigation was H2O υ = Specific volume (m3/kg)
– NH3 (Water – Ammonia). This simulation was •
performed in order to investigate the effect that the W = Power (kW)
generator temperature and the heat exchanger efficiency x = Concentration (kg/kg)
have over the Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Subscripts
mass flux on a single absorption refrigeration system that a = Absorber
uses solar energy as a primary source. It was found that b = Pump
the heat exchanger efficiency determines the maximum c = Condenser
temperature that can be used at the generator in order to e = Evaporator
obtain the maximum COP out of the system. For a l = Liquid
constant efficiency at the heat exchanger, there is an g = Generator
optimum temperature to be used at the generator, while a ref = Refrigerant
higher temperature will decrease the system COP. sf = Strong solution
sd = Weak solution
v = Vapor
KEYWORDS: Refrigeration, Absorption, Energy
Systems, Thermodynamic Simulation.
INTRODUCTION
The use of solar energy as an alternative source has
SYMBOLS been attracting a lot of interest in the last years due to the
• • • environmental considerations that apply all around the
COP = Coefficient of Performance, Q e Q g + W b
world. So many applications have been considered,
including transportation and refrigeration systems, among
COPmax = Maximum Coefficient of Performance others. Solar absorption refrigeration is one of the
E = Efficiency applications under review because of the advantages that
ƒ = Mass flow ratio present its use in sunny and warm regions, where solar
h = Enthalpy (kJ/kg) power can be used as the main source for its operation.
• Unlike mechanical vapor compression refrigerators, these
m = Mass flow (kg/s) systems cause no ozone depletion and reduce demand on
P = Pressure (kPa) electricity supply. Besides, heat powered systems could
q = Heat per unit mass (kJ/kg) be superior to electricity powered systems because of the
Q = Heat (kJ) use of inexpensive waste heat, solar, biomass or
• geothermal energy sources for which the supplying cost
Q = Heat rate (kW) is negligible in many cases. Despite using an economic
energy source, the system is characterized by its low The weak solution (5) is pumped to the generator
COP, for that reason it is necessary to perform a study in pressure (7), and the refrigerant in it is boiled off in the
order to find the most efficient operation range. One of generator. The remaining solution (8) flows back to the
the main factors that have helped to develop this kind of absorber and, thus, completes the cycle. By weak solution
systems is the thermodynamic simulation that can be (strong solution) is meant that the ability of the solution
carried out in order to study the different variables to absorb the refrigerant vapor is weak (strong),
affecting the performance of the equipment. Whitlow [1] according to the ASHRAE definition. In order to improve
gathered the memories of the Toronto 73rd ASHRAE system performance, a solution heat exchanger is
Conference, where the absorption refrigeration cycle was included in the cycle. An analyzer and a rectifier need to
studied from the thermodynamic point of view, the COP be added to remove water vapor from the refrigerant
and COPmax were given as a function of the operation mixture leaving the generator before reaching the
temperature at the generator, evaporator and condenser. condenser. For the current study, it is assumed that the
The use of heat exchangers and some other binary refrigerant vapor is 100% ammonia.
mixtures were recommended. Van Passen [2] presented
Qc Qg
the work done by the International Health Organization in
order to impulse a vaccination program to control child
1
diseases through immunization where Delf University of Condenser Generator
7
Technology was involved in the thermodynamic 8 Strong
simulation of a solar absorption refrigeration system. The 2
Solution
simulated model was developed because of the excellent Heat
Exchanger
results obtained during the simulation process. In 1977
Expansion
Shwarts and Shitzer [3] analyzed thermodynamically the valve
9
•
hυ (T )= ∑ ci (T − 27.15)i (24)
where q a represents the heat dissipated per unit mass, i =0
and f the mass flow ratio. The first term of the right side The coefficients for equations (22 – 24) are presented in
represents the phase change, and the second the cooling Table 1.
of the mixture.
Table 1. Coefficients for equations (22 – 24) (Da Wen
At the pump, Sun, 1997a)
• •
m5 = m6 (Total mass balance) (16) i ai equation (22) bi equation (23) ci equation (24)
• • 0 4.2871 x 10-1 1.9879 x 102 1.4633 x 103
W b = m 5 (h6 − h5 ) (Energy balance) (17) 1 1.6001 x 10-2 4.4644 x 100 1.2839 x 100
2 2.3652 x 10-4 6.2790 x 10-3 -1.1501 x 10-2
3 1.6132 x 10-6 1.4591 x 10-4 -2.1523 x 10-4
At the condenser, 4 2.4303 x 10-9 -1.5262 x 10-6 1.9055 x 10-6
• • 5 -1.2494 x 10-11 -1.8069 x 10-8 2.5608 x 10-8
1.2741 x 10 -13 1.9054 x 10-10 -2.5964 x 10-10
m1 = m 2 (Total mass balance) (18) 6
Standard error 1.6 x 10-1 8.5626 x 100 1.059 x 101
• • Mean deviation 1.252 x 10-2 5.566 x 10-3 3.679 x 10-3
Q c = m ref (h1 − h2 ) (Energy balance) (19)
Table 2. COP and mass flow rate comparison for heat The generator temperature effects over the system
exchanger efficiency of 80 % COP for different heat exchanger efficiencies can be
COP COP Error f f Error
observed in Figure 3. This figure can be described as
(Actual (Dae Wen % (Actual (Dae Wen % follows:
Investigation) Sun 1997a) Investigation) Sun 1997a)
0,53 0,60 11,7 7,88 7,7 2,3
0,55 0,61 9,8 6,71 6,6 1,7
0,56 0,62 9,7 5,88 5,5 6,9
- For a given generator temperature
0,56 0,63 11,1 5,26 5 5,2 o The system COP increases as the efficiency
0,57 0,63 9,5 4,78 4,4 8,6
0,57 0,63 9,5 4,4 4,3 2,3 augment.
0,57
0,57
0,60
0,63
5,0
9,5
4,09
3,83
3,8
3,6
7,6
6,4
- For a given heat exchanger efficiency
0,57 0,63 9,5 3,61 3,3 9,4 o As the generator temperature is elevated,
Media 9,13 Media 5,26
Deviation 1,69 Deviation 2,61 the COP of the system presents a maximum,
after this point, as the temperature continues
raising, the COP decreases.
0,630
0,63
0,594
0,59
0,558
Tg = 70.0 C
0,56
Tg = 72.5 C
COP
Tg = 75.0 C
COP
0,522 Tg = 77.5 C
Tg = 80.0 C 0,52
Tg = 82.5 C
Tg = 85.0 C E = 55 % E = 60 %
0,486 E = 65 % E = 70 %
Tg = 87.5 C 0,49
E = 75 % E = 80 %
Tg = 90.0 C E = 85 % E = 90 %
E = 95 % E = 100 %
0,450 0,45
0,540 0,632 0,724 0,816 0,908 1,000 69,5 73,7 77,9 82,1 86,3 90,5
Heat Exchanger Efficiency Generator Temperature, OC
CONCLUSIONES
Ammonia water absorption refrigeration cycle was
analyzed, with their thermodynamic properties expressed