Introduction

The consumption and demand for the petroleum products are increasing every year due
to increase in population, standard of living and urbanization. Diesel consumption pattern in
6
India has not varied much and is around 36x10 tonnes as reported by the Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas (Table 1). The increase in crude oil import affects the country’s economy and
its development. The diesel vehicles were banned in New Delhi for serious problem of air
pollution due to higher emissions of polluted gases. The acid rain, global warming and health
hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate
matter in atmosphere.
Today’s diesel engines require a clean burning, stable fuel that performs well under the variety
of operating conditions. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that can be used directly in any
existing unmodified diesel engine. Because it has similar properties to diesel fuel, biodiesel can
be blended at any ratio with diesel fuel. In most of the developed countries, biodiesel is produced
from soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, peanut, etc., which are essentially edible in Indian context.
Among the various vegetable oil sources, non-edible oils are suitable for biodiesel production.
Because edible oils are already in demand and too expensive than diesel fuel. Among the non-
edible oil sources, is identified as potential biodiesel source and comparing with other sources,
which has added advantages as rapid growth, higher seed productivity, suitable for tropical and
subtropical regions of the world. Biodiesel is a best option for an alternative fuel for
conventional petroleum based diesel because it can produced by the use of simplest
transesterification reaction of the organic feedstock such as vegetable oils or animal fats. The
benefits of biodiesel over to petroleum diesel is its low production cost, include reduction of
most exhaust gas emission, high flash point, high cetene nos. and superior lubricity. It is
nontoxic and essentially free of sulphur, aromatic compounds, metals & crude oil residues.

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel comprised of monoalkyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived
from vegetable oils or animals fats. The current feed stock for production of biodiesel or
monoalkyl ester is vegetable oil, animal fats and micro algal oil. Out of more than 350 identified
oil bearing crops only sunflower, safflower, soybean, cotton seed, rapeseed and peanut oil are
considered as potential feedstock. But due to diversion of this edible oil towards the feedstock
for biodiesel production the world food crisis will occurs. This leads to search for excavation of
biodiesel feedstock from unconventional non-edible oil & fats like,

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Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement that is reducing U.S. dependence on
foreign petroleum, creating jobs and improving the environment. Made from a diverse mix of
feedstocks including recycled cooking oil, soybean oil, and animal fats, it is the first and only
EPA-designated Advanced Biofuel in commercial-scale production across the country and the
first to reach 1 billion gallons of annual production. Meeting strict technical fuel quality and
engine performance specifications, it can be used in existing diesel engines without modification
and is covered by all major engine manufacturers’ warranties, most often in blends of up to 5
percent or 20 percent biodiesel. It is produced at plants in nearly every state in the country.
With less than a decade of commercial-scale production, the industry is proud of its careful
approach to growth and strong focus on sustainability. Production has increased from about 25
million gallons in the early 2000s to almost 1.1 billion gallons in 2012. This represents a small
but growing component of the annual U.S. on-road diesel market of about 35 billion to 40 billion
gallons. Consistent with projected feedstock availability, the industry has established a goal of
producing about 10 percent of the diesel transportation market by 2022.

Features

 75% cleaner than conventional diesel fuel

 Reduces unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter in exhaust fumes
 Contains no sulphur
 Emissions are nearly 5 percentage less than conventional diesel fuel
 Doesn't cause eye irritation
 Vlore biodegradable than sugar and less toxic than table salt
 Fuel economy is the same as conventional diesel fuel
 Much better lubricant than conventional diesel fuel and extends engine life
 High cetane rating, which improves engine performance
 1% biodiesel will increase lubricity by 65%
 Biodiesel can be produced from any fat or vegetable oil, including waste cooking oil

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Glycerine
Glycerine (Glycerol) is a clear, odourless, viscous liquid with a naturally sweet taste. It is
derived from both natural and petrochemical feedstock. Glycerine occurs in combined form
(triglycerides) in animal fats and vegetable oils and is obtained from these fats and oils during
transesterification, such as in biodiesel production.

Glycerine currently has over 1500 known uses in many different industries ranging from foods,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics (USP grade glycerine) to paints, coatings and other industrial
types of applications (technical grade glycerine). It continues to be one of the most versatile and
valuable by-products created during biodiesel production.

Glycerine in Biodiesel
Glycerine naturally occurs during the biodiesel production process and is specifically produced
in the transesterification process. The glycerine produced at this stage is crude glycerine and is
about 80% pure still containing contaminants like soap, methanol and water. In order to turn this
crude glycerine into a usable state for existing or emerging uses, a purification process must take
place. During this refinement process residual organic matter, water, salt, methanol, and odour
are removed.

Glycerol (or glycerin, glycerin) is a simple ploy compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous
liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydrophilic
hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The
glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides. Glycerol is sweet- tasting and
of low toxicity. But what is glycerin, really?
Glycerin is a neutral, sweet-tasting, colorless, thick liquid which freezes to a gummy paste and
which has a high boiling point. Glycerin can be dissolved into water or alcohol, but not oils. On
the other hand, many things will dissolve into glycerin easier than they do into water or alcohol.
So it is a good solvent.
Glycerin is also highly “hygroscopic” which means that it absorbs water from the air

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Historical background
Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by
E. Duffy and J. Patrick many years before the first diesel engine became
functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron
cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first
time in Augsburg, Germany, on 10 August 1893 running on nothing
but peanut oil. In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared "International
Biodiesel Day"

It is often reported that Diesel designed his engine to run on peanut oil, but this is not the case.
Diesel stated in his published papers, "at the Paris Exhibition in 1900 (Exposition Universelle)
there was shown by the Otto Company a small Diesel engine, which, at the request of
the French government ran on arachide (earth-nut or pea-nut) oil (see biodiesel), and worked so
smoothly that only a few people were aware of it. The engine was constructed for using mineral
oil, and was then worked on vegetable oil without any alterations being made. The French
Government at the time thought of testing the applicability to power production of the Arachide,
or earth-nut, which grows in considerable quantities in their African colonies, and can easily be
cultivated there." Diesel himself later conducted related tests and appeared supportive of the
idea.[38] In a 1912 speech Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum
and the coal-tar products of the present time."

Despite the widespread use of petroleum-derived diesel fuels, interest in vegetable oils as fuels
for internal combustion engines was reported in several countries during the 1920s and 1930s
and later during World War II. Belgium, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Portugal,
Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Japan and China were reported to have tested and used vegetable
oils as diesel fuels during this time. Some operational problems were reported due to the high
viscosity of vegetable oils compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which results in
poor atomization of the fuel in the fuel spray and often leads to deposits and coking of the
injectors, combustion chamber and valves. Attempts to overcome these problems included
heating of the vegetable oil, blending it with petroleum-derived diesel fuel or
ethanol, pyrolysis and cracking of the oils.

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On 31 August 1937, G. Chavanne of the University of Brussels (Belgium) was granted a patent
for a "Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils for their uses as fuels" Belgian Patent
422,877. This patent described the alcoholysis (often referred to as transesterification) of
vegetable oils using ethanol (and mentions methanol) in order to separate the fatty acids from the
glycerol by replacing the glycerol with short linear alcohols. This appears to be the first account
of the production of what is known as "biodiesel" today.

More recently, in 1977, Brazilian scientist Expedito Parente invented and submitted for patent,
the first industrial process for the production of biodiesel.[40] This process is classified as
biodiesel by international norms, conferring a "standardized identity and quality. No other
proposed biofuel has been validated by the motor industry."[41] As of 2010, Parente's
company Tecbio is working with Boeing and NASA to certify bioquerosene (bio-kerosene),
another product produced and patented by the Brazilian scientist.[42]

Research into the use of transesterified sunflower oil, and refining it to diesel fuel standards, was
initiated in South Africa in 1979. By 1983, the process for producing fuel-quality, engine-tested
biodiesel was completed and published internationally.[43] An Austrian company, Gaskoks,
obtained the technology from the South African Agricultural Engineers; the company erected the
first biodiesel pilot plant in November 1987, and the first industrial-scale plant in April 1989
(with a capacity of 30,000 tons of rapeseed per annum).

Throughout the 1990s, plants were opened in many European countries, including the Czech
Republic, Germany and Sweden. France launched local production of biodiesel fuel (referred to
as diester) from rapeseed oil, which is mixed into regular diesel fuel at a level of 5%, and into
the diesel fuel used by some captive fleets (e.g. public transportation) at a level of
30%. Renault, Peugeot and other manufacturers have certified truck engines for use with up to
that level of partial biodiesel; experiments with 50% biodiesel are underway. During the same
period, nations in other parts of the world also saw local production of biodiesel starting up: by
1998, the Austrian Biofuels Institute had identified 21 countries with commercial biodiesel
projects. 100% biodiesel is now available at many normal service stations across Europe.

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Fundamentals of Biodiesel Manufacturing

Fatty esters are currently manufactured by the transesterification of triglycerides with light
alcohols. The triglycerides are found in vegetable oils and animal fats, more generally known as
lipids. The transesterification reaction takes place in the presence of a suitable catalyst, acid or
base. The fatty ester is released simultaneously with the reformation of the OH group in glycerol.

Thus, three molecules of fatty esters are produced for each molecule of triglyceride that needs
three molecules of alcohol. The yield in biodiesel is about 90%.Full profit could be taken by
converting glycerol to fuel by an appropriate chemistry.

The maximum achievable composition depends on the equilibrium constants of the individual
steps. As an order of magnitude, they are of the order of about 10, 3 and 10 at 60 ° C. In
consequence, a substantial excess of alcohol is necessary to achieve higher ester yield close to
99%, as well as lower content in monoglycerides.

Since the reaction rate is not fast enough at low temperature the transesterification makes use of
catalysts. In fact, they make the difference between technologies. The catalysts can have acid or
base character, and be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Base catalysts are preferred since they
are faster. Homogeneous catalysts manifest higher activity, but need expensive post processing
stages

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Biodiesel Specifications

As engine fuel, the long - chain unbranched fatty esters of biodiesel behave similarly to higher
n - alkanes from petro diesel. The biodiesel exhibits cleaner burning because of its oxygenated
components, although the heat of combustion is only 90% from petrodiesel. Table 14.4 presents
the quality specifications of biodiesel following the German norm 14214, which is typical of
European standards. The most important combustion characteristic is the cetane number (CN),
around 49.

The CN number increases with the chain length, but decreases with the unsaturation
of the fatty ester, and as a result depends on the raw - material composition.

The flash point indicates the temperature above which the fuel will ignite when exposed to a
spark. This value, of about 110 ° C, lower than for petro diesel, is safer for transport purposes.
With respect to viscosity, which controls the fuel injection, the biodiesel shows somewhat higher
values compared with petro diesel, but this can be kept under 5 mm 2 /s by controlling the
feedstock composition or by blending.

The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) indicates the possibility of using the fuel in low -
temperature conditions. Similar information is given by the “pour point” as well as by the “
cloud point ”. Biodiesel shows higher CFPP values, namely at larger content in saturated esters.
The rapeseed methyl ester (pour point at − 9 ° C) exhibits good behavior compared with the
palm methyl ester (pour point at 10 ° C).

Carbon residue is a measure of deposit formation in the long run. Biodiesel manifests a more
pronounced coke formation than conventional diesel. For this reason the content of mono di and
triglycerides, should each be kept below 0.4 wt%. The total bounded and free glycerol should be
below 1.5%.

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PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL
Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and much higher cetane ratings than today’s lower
sulfur diesel fuels. Biodiesel addition reduces fuel system wear, and in low levels in high
pressure systems increases the life of the fuel injection equipment that relies on the fuel for its
lubrication. Depending on the engine, this might include high pressure injection pumps, pump
injectors (also called unit injectors) and fuel injectors.

The calorific value of biodiesel is a about 37 .27 MJ/L. this is 9% lower than regular number 2
petrodiesel. Variations in biodiesel energy density is more dependent on the feedstock used than
the production Process. Still these variation are less than for petrodiesel. It has been claimed
biodiesel gives better lubricity and more complete combustion thus increasing the engine energy
output and partially compensating for the higher energy density of petrodiesel.

Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in colour between golden and dart brown – depending on the
production feedstock. It is immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapour
pressure. *the flash point of biodiesel (>130 c,>266 F) is significantly higher than that of
petroleum diesel (64 C, 147 F) or gasoline (-45 C, -52F).
Biodiesel has a density of 0.88g/cm3, higher than petro diesel (0.85 g\cm3).

Biodiesel has virtually no sulfur content, and it is often used as an additive to Ultra-low Sulphur
Diesel (ULSD) fuel to aid with lubrication, as the sulfur compounds in petrodiesel provide much
of the lubricity.

Biodiesel is not a perfect substitute for diesel fuel and hence this section examines the
compatibility between these fuels using #2 diesel as the basis. This discussion of fuel properties
6 is based on using methanol as an input, because methanol is the cheapest alcohol and the most
widely researched. The fuel properties change if other alcohols are
used (Encinar et al.2002, Gerpen et al. 2004;Sheehan et al.1998; Zhang et al. 2003a). the most
important property of diesel fuel is the cetane number. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs.

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 Properties of biodiesel Table

The engine’s piston compresses the fuel and air mixture until heat and pressure ignite the
mixture. This ignition point is identified by the cetane number. Cetane numbers for several fuels
are listed in table1. Conventional diesel fuel generally has cetane numbers (gerpen et al 2004;
leffler 1985, pp.104-106). Biodiesel made from unsaturated oils like soybean oil has comparable
centane numbers to conventional diesel while biodiesel made from saturated oil like tallow have
higher centane numbers ( Duffiedld et al. 1998; Gerpen et al. 2004).

Biodiesel has three benefits when compared to #2 diesel. First, biodiesel can be blended with
diesel fuel upto 100%. Second, biodiesel has a higher flash point. The flash point is the
minimum temperature the fuel must be heated to ignite the vapour and air mixture. The U.S.
Department of Transportation defines a nonhazardous fuel as one with a flash point higher than
900C (Duffield et al. 1998; Gerpen et al 2004; Graboski and McCromick 1998; Srivastava and
Prasad 2000). As shown in Table 1 #2 diesel is considered hazardous while soydiesel and tallow
diesel are not.

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TRANSTERIFICATION REACTION

Transesterification refers to the reaction of an ester group with an alcohol that has a structure
different or that of the original alcohol moiety is exchanged with that of the reacting alcohol. In
the case of the transesterification of triglycerides of fatty acids (vegetable oils) with methanol
(classical biodiesel production process), the three ester groups of a triglyceride molecule in
which three fatty acid moieties are attached to a single alcohol moiety (i.e. that of glycerol)
react with three molecules of methanol to yield three molecules of esters each containing single
fatty acid and methanol moieties and one molecule of glycerol (Scheme1).

Therefore, the general chemical name of biodiesel produced by the transesterification of

vegetable oils is fatty acid methyl esters (i.e.FAME biodiesel). Methanol is commonly used in
industrial biodiesel production as a result of its relatively low cost and easy availability. Ethanol
is not commonly used owing to a high cost related to the removal the final 4% water. As the
noncatalytic transesterification is too slow and energetically unfavorable, acid or base catalysts
are used. For the reaction mechanisms of the transesterification of trigycerides with acid and
base catalysts, see Scheme 2 and Scheme 3, respectively.

Various catalysts can be used, such as alkaline hydroxides and methoxides, inorganic acids and
their salts, transition-metal compounds, silicates, and lipases. The classical reaction protocol for
the transesteification of triglycerides with methanol using homogeneous catalysts such as
sodium methoxide requires mixing and stirring the reagents in a batch reactor. At the end of the
reaction, the non-polar phase containing the ester and the polar phase containing glycerol and
methanol are separated to recover the products, catalyst, and the excess of methanol.

After the ester is separated, other purification steps may be required, for example, washing,
distillation, and /or extraction to remove remaining, glycerol and other impurities. The excess of
methanol recovered form the glycerol phase is usually reused and the byproduct glycerol can
also be valorized to improve the economics of the process.

In the transesterification reaction gives 2 products such as ester compound which was known as
biodiesel and glycerol or glycerine. The method to produce the glycerine and biodiesel was
applied to many vegetable oil as palm oil (Encina, et al., 2002). The above reaction may use
many types of catalyst such as alkali or base, acid and enzyme. There are many reports for the

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production of glycerine and biodiesel from many type of oils but there was no report in the
preparation of glycerine and biodiesel form dairy waste from milk industries. Thus, the both
products were prepared by application of the above method.

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 Why should we use biodiesel?
Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources and
has lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and
biodegrades as fast as sugar. Produced domestically with natural resources, its use decreases
our dependence on imported fuel and contributes to our own economy.

BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL

 Looking closely at biodiesel, we find that its physical and chemicals properties are very
similar to petroleum based diesel fuel in terms of operation in compression ignition engines
(diesel engines). Therefore, biodiesel can be used in diesel engines without expensive
alteration to the engine or fuel system.
 When it comes to listing the advantage of biodiesel, there are many and advocates say these
include low emissions, better scent, and higher lubricity, according to a doe report, biodiesel
has a lower energy content than regular diesel, but performs as well as diesel when mixed
with diesel in blends of up to 20 percent.
 The possibility of bio-diesel has been around for a long while, but it is only now, as oil
appears scarcer and less secure that people are starting to invest in the possibilities which
exist for it as an automotive fuel.
 As the transport sector is likely to be the fastest growing contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions for most of this century, and diesel prices climbing steadily, that the advantages of
biodiesel are being appreciated by governments around the world.
 However, there is as yet no source of biodiesel that is cheap and plentiful enough to meet the
potential demand. The advantages of biodiesel are many; it is renewable, domestic, clean and
can be based on a variety of vegetable feed stocks. Some early fleet reviews have also
indicated long term maintenance reductions, but stay tuned for more on this. The advantages
of biodiesel are; it is a renewable fuel, carbon dioxide neutral, low sulphur, non-toxic,
biodegradable, produced locally in the UK, and when used it usually reduces emissions.
Thus, overall biodiesel offers a ranges of environmental benefits unrivalled by any other
alternative transport fuel.
 Most research indicates that the gradual start of combustion which is a feature of biodiesel
when used, also helps to decrease NOx emissions. In quantities up to 5 percent, bioethanol
fuel can be blended with conventional petroleum fuel without the need for any engine
modification. Bioethanol is produced using familiar methods, such as fermentation, and it
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 can be distributed using the same petrol forecourts and transportation systems as before.
Since pure biodiesel leaves no deposits of its own, this results in increased engine life. It is
estimated that a biodiesel blend of just 1% could increase fuel lubricity by as much as 65%
(U.S. source).
 If a vehicle uses traditional diesel, the vehicle emits black, stinky smoke. With biodiesel, the
smoke becomes very clean indeed. A good example is the US government implemented rules
that mandates the use of alternative fuels in federal vehicles. B20 was adopted for use in
most national parks. If biodiesel is used to fuel all transport vehicles, amazingly it has been
claimed that smog will become a thing of the past.
 You can also make biodiesel from tallow (animal fats), fish oil, seaweed and algae. In fact, it
wasa recently reported that in an extraordinary show of dedication to the project, the skipper,
Pete Bethune, underwent liposuction, and the fat (all 100ml) was used to make a small
amount of Biodiesel for Earthrace.
 Biodiesel can also be mad from imported feed stocks, such as palm oil, from around the
globe in an effort to further ensure lower cost supply. Overall, the more diversified feedstock
source fuel will be more resilient to market swings in feedstock pricing and supply, that
could render the standard biodiesel from bio cropping production model non-viable. While
soybean oil has provided a good starting point for biodiesel in the United States, it has yield
limitations that will hinder biodiesel growth in the future.
 So, biodiesel is a good fossil fuel substitute as long as done sensibly up to the recommended
percentages. By-products created during its manufacture will also provide a whole range of
new materials that can easily replace very many not so friendly materials, and leaving coal as
a commodity that could be used for other optional safe and useful manufacturing processes
that do not pollute our atmosphere.
 B100 can be produced from renewable, domestic resources.
 B100 is energy efficient. (The total fossil fuel energy efficiency of biodiesel is 320% vs.
83% for petroleum diesel.) (National Biodiesel Board, 1998)
 B100 can be used directly in most diesel engine applications.
 B100 can reduce global warming and tailpipe emissions (-41%)
 B100 is nontoxic and biodegradable.
 B100 is a good solvent and may clean out fuel line and tank sediments.

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 LIMITATIONS

 B100 contains approximately 8% less energy per gallon.

 B100 generally has a higher cloud and pour point (will freeze at a higher temp) than
conventional diesel.
 B100 is not compatible with some hose and gasket materials, which may cause them to
sften, degrade, and rupture.
 B100 is not compatible with some metals and plastics.
 B100 may increase nitrogen oxide emissions. The most common method used to
overcome the limitations of B100 is called “blending.” Blending biodiesel with diesel to
produce B20 (20% Biodiesel), B5 (5% Biodiesel), and B1 (1% biodiesel) retains many of
the advantages of biodiesel while overcoming some of its limitations.
 As of right now even though biofuels produce much lesser green house gases the
machines that are used to cultivate and produce them still have some problems with
carbon emissions so we still need to work on newer ways to produce them in a more
Greener way.
 Our technological process to produce biofuels are way to costly for us to be able to afford
on a massive scale. We still need billions of dollars of research money into having a
manufacturing process that will produce them at a cheaper rate.
 We still don’t have anywhere near the amount of biofuel converted cars to be able to take
advantage of this fuel source. We will need to invest trillions of dollars to change the
automobile infrastructure to allow us to take advantage of this awesome natural fuel.

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FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR BIODIESEL
Despite its many advantages as a renewable alternative fuel, biodiesel presents a number
of technical problems that must be resolved before it will be more attractive as an alternative to
petro diesel. These problems include improving the relatively poor low-temperature properties of
biodiesel as well as monitoring and maintaining biodiesel quality against degradation during
long-term storage.
Maintaining fuel quality during long-term storage is a concern for biodiesel producers,
marketers, and consumers. The most cost-effective means for improving oxidative stability of
biodiesel is treatment with antioxidant additives. Care must be exercised in cleaning storage
tanks before filling them with biodiesel and in monitoring storage conditions inside of the tanks
such as temperature, moisture content, exposure to direct sunlight, and the atmosphere (nitrogen
“lanket” is preferable) ove which the fuel is stored. Biodiesel stored over long periods should be
monitored regularly for signs of degradation. The National Biodiesel Board recommends that
biodiesel not be stored for longer than 6 mo. The use of additives to address a great number of
fuel performance issues is ubiquitous in the biodiesel and petrodiesel industries. Unless the fuels
themselves are enhanced through compositional modification, the employment of additives is
likely to continue for the foreseeable future. As such, in spite of the impressive technological
advances that have been made over the last 50 or more years in the field of fuel additives, a great
deal of research remains to be accomplished to fully address technical deficiencies inherent in
fuels, in particular the comparatively new area of biodiesel and biodiesel blends in ULSD.
With the conversion form low-sulfur (≤500 ppm) no. 2 petrodiesel to ULSD in the
United States in 2006, many additive treatment technologies that were previously effective with
no. 2 petrodiesel may not yield similar results in ULSD. By extension, additives used for blends
of SME/ low-sulfur petrodiesel may not be as beneficial in blends of SME/ULSD, which once
again emphasizes the need for continued research and developemet of fuel additives. The
primary market for biodiesel in the near to long-term future in likely to be as a blend component
in petrodiesel (ULSD). As such, it is critical that a thorough understanding be developed as to
how biodiesel prepared from various feed stocks influences important fuel properties of the
resultant petrodiesel/biodiesel blends, such as exhaust emissions, low temperature operability,
oxidative stability, water content, kinematic viscosity, AV, lubricity, and corrosiveness. Soybean
oil, which is currently the predominant feedstock for biodiesel production in the United states is
comparatively expensive ,does not have an optimal fatty acid composition, has numerous
competing food –related applications, and is not obtained in high yield from the seeds from

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which it is obtained. Development of alternative feed stocks for biodiesel production is another
important area of current and future research. Additionally, genetice modification of existing
oilseed sources to yield higher oil content and optimal fatty acid compositions is another
potential strategy to yield improved quantity and fuel properties of biodiesel. However,
genetically modified crops require extensive testing, regulatory evaluation, and approval prior to
widespread commercial production. Biodiesel in coming years may face competition from non-
ester renewable diesel fuels such as those produced from catalytic hydro processing of vegetable
oils of animal fats. Although many of the benefits of biodiesel may be lost in the production of
hydrocarbons from vegetable oils or animal fats, some of the negative aspects of biodiesel are
lost as well.
From a commercial standpoint, the traditional petroleum industry may be more
comfortable with these non-ester renewable diesel fuels than with biodiesel, which may present a
substantial challenge to the widespread deployment of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in the
future. However, the many environmental benefits and applications of biodiesel will continue to
ensure that a substantial market exists for this attractive alternative to conventional petroleum
diesel fuel.

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Raw Materials

A remarkable feature of lipids, either vegetal or animal, is that they share the same fatty acids in
triglycerides in the range C12 – C20 (Table 14.3 ). However, there are significant differences in
composition. Thus, soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils are all based on C18 acids, the first
two being richer in unsaturated linoleic acid, which could introduce a problem of stability with
respect to oxidation. The palm oil has an important amount of C16 acid. Coconut oil is given as
an example of C12 – C14 rich oil. As in palm oil the composition of tallow spreads over C16 –
C18 acids.

Sources of Waste vegetable Oil are

Restaurants, food courts, snack bars, cafeterias, lunch trucks….

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
 Hexane
 Methanol
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

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Manufacturing Processes
Batch Processes
Older biodiesel processes are essentially batch wise. The oil is submitted to transesterification in
a stirred - tank reactor in the presence of a large amount of methanol and base catalyst, mostly
NaOH or KOH. An excess of methanol is necessary chiefly to ensure full solubility of
triglyceride and keep the viscosity of the reaction mixture low, but also for shifting the chemical
equilibrium. A minimum molar ratio methanol:triglyceride of 6 : 1 is generally accepted [16, 17,
29]
The reaction takes place at temperatures from 60 to 80 ° C, slightly below the mixture boiling
point at the operating pressure. Previously, the oil should be neutralized by treatment with
aqueous sodium hydroxide for the removal of free fatty acids. These can be found between 0.5
and 5% in the vegetable oils, , but can rise to up to 30% in used cooking oil. The
transesterification reaction may be considered finished when the conversion reaches 98.5%.
However, the mixture composition should respect the quality biodiesel specifications. The
excess methanol is recovered for the next batch. The remaining mixture is submitted to the
separation of esters from glycerol.

This can take place either by decantation or by centrifugation. Water may be added to improve
the phase split. The oil phase containing fatty esters is sent to finishing by neutralization with
acid, followed by washing and drying. Phosphoric acid is frequently for neutralization used since
Na 3 PO 4 or K 3 PO 4 can be recovered and sold as fertilizers. The water phase from washing is
returned to glycerol separation. After mixing of glycerol streams the result is about 50% glycerol
– water solution with some methanol, residual base catalyst and soaps. Firstly, the methanol
recovery takes place by flash distillation or film evaporation.
Then, by adding acid the

Soaps are transformed in free fatty acids, which separate from glycerol as a top oily phase.
Next, the FFA can be recovered and vaporized by etherification with methanol. Finally the
glycerol should have a purity of about 85% and be sold to specialized refiners. Purity of 99.5 –
99.7% can be achieved by applying vacuum distillation or ion - exchange process.

Page | 18
The batch process allows high flexibility with respect to the composition of the feedstock. In
turn, the economic indices are on the lower side because of lower equipment productivity and
higher operation costs, such as manpower and automation. The use of a large excess of
methanol is reflected in higher energy consumption if no heat - integration measures are taken.

Large amounts of wastewater formed by acid - base neutralization need costly treatment. The
productivity can be greatly improved by the implementation of continuous operations and the
use of process - intensification techniques, such as reactive distillation. The replacement of a
homogeneous catalyst by a heterogeneous one is highly desirable. These aspects will be
discussed in greater detail in the next section.

The reaction take place is Transestrification Reaction

CH2O - C - R
CH2OH
O
O
CH
CH2O - C - R + CH3OH 3 CH3O - C - R + CH - OH
Catalyst
O CH2OH

CH2O - C - R

Pure oil/Fats Methanol Biodiesel Glycerin

Glycride Alcohol Ester Glycerol

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Batch-Process Flow Diagram of Biodiesel Manufacturing

Page | 20
Page | 21
PURIFICATION OF CRUDE BIODIESEL
WASHING STEP
The 100 ml of crude biodiesel (upper layer) from part 2 was treated as the method by washing
with the warmed distilled water until the color of biodiesel was brightened. Washing the crude
biodiesel with water is the traditional way to remove impurities. There are several variations to
water washing, including washing with deionised water or distilled water.
Their results showed that increased wash water temperatures improved soap removal but
glycerin removal was not significantly improved by temperatures elevated above ambient.
Compared water washing with hot distilled water to a 5% phosphoric acid solution. In this study,
the effect of wash method on the biodiesel density, kinematic viscosity, iodine number, water
content, saponification number, cetane index between a distilled water wash and a phosphoric
acid wash.

It was found that the phosphoric acid wash decreased the acid value to a greater degree, and the
phosphoric acid wash produced higher yields than the distilled water wash.
He et al. (2006) conducted experiments using several methods of water washing. These wash
methods included distilld water, HCI acid wash, solvent extraction, and hollow fiber membrane
extraction. This study compared yield loss for each method but did not give information about
impurity removal. The distilled water wash involved adding a 1 : 1 volume ration of water to
biodiesel.

The solution was agitated in a water bath oscillator for 20 min, allowed to phase separate, and
then the water was removed. This process was repeated three times. The solution was then dried
over sodium sulfate. It was found that the highest biodiesel yield was achieved at a water
temperature of 50oC and an agitation rate of 125 rpm.

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PARAMETERS AFFECTING TRANSESRIFICATION
REACTION
The main parameters affecting the base-catalyzed transesterification process are; alcohol
formulation, alcohol/oil molar ratio, catalyst formulation, alcohol/oil molar ratio, catalyst
formulation and concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, agitation, and the presence
FFA

ALCOHOL FORMULATION:
Short –chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and butanol are the most frequently employed .
Although the use of different alcohols presents some differences with regard to the reaction
kinetics, the final yield of esters remains more or less inalterable. Therefore, selection of the
alcohol is based on cost and performance consideration methanol was dominating in most of the
literature reviewed methyl, ester production was modeled because methyl esters are the
predominant commercial products ,methanol is considerably cheaper and more available than
athanol and the downstream recovery of unreacted alcohol is much easier Ethanol maintains its
bcapability of being renewable as an advantage. It can be produced from agricultural renewable
resources, thereby attaining total independence from petroleum-based alcohol

MOLAR RATIO OF ALCOHOL TO TRIGLYCERIDE:

One of the most important variable affecting the yield of ester is the molar ratio of alcohol to
triglyceride. The stoichiometric ratio for transesterification requires three moles of alcohol and
one mole of triglyceride to yield three moles of fatty acid alkyl esters and one mole of glycerol.
However, transesterification is an equilibrium reaction in which an excess of alcohol is required
to drive the reaction to the right. However, an excessive amount of alcohol makes the recovery
of the glycerol , so that the ideal alcohol/oil ratio has to be established empirically For
maximum conversion to the ester, a molar ratio of 6:1 is the most acceptable. Most of the studies
on the base-catalyzed transesterification reported that maximum conversion to the ester occurred
with a molar ratio of 6:1

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CATALYST FORMULATION:
Among the most commonly used alkaline catalysts in the biodiesel industry are potassium
hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) flakes which are inexpensive and easy to
handle in transportation and storage. They are preferred by small producers. Alkyl oxide
solutions of sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide in methanol, which are now
commercially available, are the best preferred catalysts for large continuous flow production
processes Biodiesel with the best properties was obtained using potassium hydroxide as catalyst
in many studies.
REACTION TEMPERATURE:
Temperature has no detectable effect on the ultimate conversion to ester. However, higher
temperatures decrease the time required to reach maximum conversion. Transesterification can
be conducted at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to the boiling point of the
alcohol employed (60oC in case of methanol) so that the reactor does not need to be pressurized.
Thus, the usual temperature used during transesterification in most literature is 60-65 oC. When
the reaction temperature closes or exceeds the boiling point of methanol (68 oC), the methanol
will vaporize and form a large number of bubbles which may inhibit the reaction. Various
researches have been carried out to find out the optimum temperature of the transesterification
reaction reported an optimum temperature of 65 oC.
REACTION TIME:
The completion of the basic-catalyzed transesterification process depends on reaction time. Most
investigators have observed an optimum reaction time around 1 hr. It was reported that excess
reaction time does not increase the conversion but favours the backward reaction (hydrolysis of
esters) which results in a reduction of product yield.
AGITATION:
Since this reaction can only occur in the interfacial region between the liquids and also due to
the fact that fats and alcohols are not totally miscible, transesterification is a relatively show
process. As a result, vigorous mixing is required to increase the area of contact between the twon
immiscible phases. The agitation intensity appears to be of a particular importance for the
alcoholysis process. Poor mass transfer between two phases in the initial phase of the reaction
results in a slow reaction rate, the reaction being mass transfer controlled by agitation.

Page | 24
USES OF BIODIESEL
Because Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel fuel, made from 100% natural, 100% renewable
vegetable sources, its uses in today’s society may surprise you. Below are nine ways Biodiesel is
being used. Some of which you may never have realized.

1) Biodiesel Car Rental – Yes that’s right. A Maui and Los Angeles car rental cars that run
on Biodiesel. These cars bet between 400 and 800 miles per tank! Not bad when consider
the price of gas these days.

2) Home heating fuel- More people are taking a look at Biodiesel as an alternative for
heating their home. Most oil – fired or boiler furnaces can use Biodiesel (B20), which is
a fuel made of 80 percent traditional adapted to be able to burn B100, a fuel made
entirely of vegetable oils, which burns much cleaner than traditional heating oil.

3) Electricity Generation – Diesel generators that produce electricity are now running on
Biodiesel fuel. A superior alternative to the typical coal burning electricity generating
plants currently being used in the United States. Running on Biodiesel is an inexpensive,
clean and renewable way of creating electricity.

4) Trucking Industry – More and more truckers are switching from diesel fuel to Biodiesel
fuel. The benefits are numerous not to mention the advantage of helping the environment
and reducing our dependency on foreign oil, while saving money.

5) Agriculture – Not only a producer of Biodiesel, but also a consumer. Tractors, reapers,
tillers, picker, conveyors, generators, pumps, and irrigation systems which normally uses
diesel fuel, now use Biodiesel to fuel their work, bringing agriculture full circle from
producer to consumer.

6) Marine Vehicles – Commercial fleets such as ferries, recreational yachts, sailboats, and
motor boats are all candidates for Biodiesel. For example Pacific Whale Foundation,
located in Hawaii, use Biodiesel in their boats.

Page | 25
7) Tax Incentive – The IRS is offering tax incentives to anyone that produce and use
Biodiesel fuel. The US Government is working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
giving producers of Biodiesel fuel government funds. The tax incentive works to help tax
paying customers by lowering the cost of the fuel bill.
8) Lubrication Additive – Because Biodiesel is a better lubricant than current low- sulfur
petroleum, fuel injectors and other types of fuel pumps can rely on Biodiesel fuel for
lubrication. With the right additives, engine performance can also be enhanced, making
engines last longer.

9) Other numerous applications can also make use of its lubricate properties, such as
concrete forms and asphalt trucks. Its solvent properties also make it a safe parts cleaner,
reducing skin and eye irritation associated with other cleaners.

10) Cleaner Environment – Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to

80%. Because of this, Biodiesel has the potential to reduce air toxics and cancer causing
compounds. Something we all can live with! If spilled, it will quickly degrade into
natural organic residues, without polluting the environment.

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USES OF GLYCERINE
Glycerine has a role in virtually every industry. The largest single user in alkyl resin industry.
Cellophane manufacture in which glycerin is a plasticizer is the next largest. The manufacture of
the glycerol nitrate is also important consumer of glycerine.
1. FOOD
Glycerine as food is easily digested and non-toxic and it’s metabolism places it with the
carbohydrates, though it is present in combined form in all vegetable and animal fats. For
product used in food and food wrappings where direct contact with the user is involved,
nontoxicity is major requirement. Since 1959, glycerine is recognized as safe by food and drug
administration. In flavouring and colouring product it acts as a solvent and its viscosity lends
body to the product. In candies and icings glycerine prevents crystallization of sugar. Glycerine
is useful as a solvent in breaking down of cells to extract soluble proteins, since it tends to form
stable association with proteins liberated, probably because of the presence of hydroxyl group in
glycerol molecule, however concentration of glycerol solution employed should not exceed
85%.
2. DRUGS AND COSMETICS
In drugs and the medicine glycerine is an ingredient of many tinctures and elixirs and as a
glyceride of starch is used in jellies and ointments. It is employed in the cough medicine and
anesthetics such as glycerin phenol solution, for ear treatment and in bacteriological culture
media. Its derivatives are used in tranquilizers and nitroglycerine is a vasodilator in coronary
spasm. In cosmetics glycerin is used in many creams and lotion to keep the skin soft and replace
skin moisture. It is the basic media in which toothpaste is formed, maintaining desired
smoothness and viscosity and lending a shine to paste.
3. TOBACCO
In processing tobacco, glycerin is important part of casing solution sprayed on tobacco before
leaves are shredded and packed. Along with other flavoring agents, it is applied at a rate of about
3% of the weight of the tobacco to prevent the leaves from becoming friable and thus crumbling
during processing, by remaining in the tobacco, glycerine helps to retain moisture and thus
prevent drying out of tobacco. It is also used in the processing of chewing tobacco to add
sweetness and prevent dehydration and as a plasticizer in cigarette papers.
4. WRAPPING AND PACKAGING MATERIAL
Heat casings and special types of papers, such as glassine and grease proof paper, need a
plasticisers to give them pliability and toughness, as such glycerin is completely is completely

Page | 27
compatible with base material used, is absorbed by them and does not crystallize and volatilize
appreciably.
5. LUBRICANTS
Glycerin can be used as a lubricant in places where oil can fail. It is recommended for oxygen
compressor because it is more resistant to oxidation then mineral oils. It is also to lubricate
pumps and bearings exposed to fluids such as gasoline and benzene, which would dissolve oil
type, lubricate. In food pharmaceutical and cosmetic manufacture where there is contact with
lubricant, glycerin may used to replace oils.
Glycerin is often used as a lubricant because of it’s high viscosity and ability to remain fluid at
low temperatures make it valuable without modification. To increase its lubricating power,
finely divided graphite may be dispersed in it. its viscosity may be decreased by addition of
water, alcohols and glycols and increased with polymerization or mixing with starch-pastes of
such composition may be used in packing pipe joints, in gas lines or similar application. For use
in high pressure gases and valves, soaps are added to glycerin to increase its viscosity and
increase its lubricating ability mixture of glycerin and glucose is employed as a nondrying
lubricant in the die-pressing of metals. In textile industry. Glycerine is frequently used in
connection with so called ‘textile oils’ in spinning, knitting and weaving operations.

6. URETHAM-POLYMERS
An important and recent use of glycerin is fundamental building block in poly-ethers for
urethanpolymers. In this use it is the initiator to which propylene oxide, alone or with ethylene
oxide is added to produce trifunctional polymer which on reaction with disocyanates, produce
flexible urethane foams. Glycerine based poly-ethers have found some use too in rigid urethane
foams.

7. GASKET AND CORK PRODUCT

Sheets and gaskets made with ground cork and glue require plasticisers, which has some
humectants action in order that they may be pliable and tough. Glycerin is used here because of
its lower vapor pressure, not readily absorbed by the corks and compatible with glue. With
crown sealers and cork stoppers, which come into contact with foods, it fulfills additional
requirements of non-toxicity.

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8. DETERGENTS/HAND CLEANERS/SOAPS
Glycerin can be a powerful degreaser and is a common additive in detergents and soaps. It only
takes a small amount to cut through grease. It can work wonders on cleaning machine parts to
remove oil and grit. Glycerin is also beneficial in dish soaps for cutting grease.

9. LOTION AND CREAMS

Glycerine is an additive in lotions and creams to increase their ability to hold moisture close to
the skin.

10. SWEETNER
Glycerin is a sweet alcohol based product. It used as a food preservative and sweetener. It is an
acceptable sweetener for Candida suffers.

11. HEALTH SUPPLIMENTS

Glycerin can be added top health supplements to increase exercise performance in the heat. It is
said to hydrate the body by increasing blood volume levels. If used over a long period of time,
delayed dehydration can occur coupled with exhaustion.

12. PRESERVATION
A50/50 solution of glycerin and water can be used to preserve green leaves. This process does
not work for preserving flowers.

13. PAINT BRUSH CLEANER

Small amounts of glycerin can be used instead of turpentine to clean oil based paints out of paint
brushes. Brushes should be rinsed with water to remove all milkiness from the glycerin. The
process can be repeated until there are no signs of paint in the brush.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Raw material content which is fed to the batch reactor are as given below in table.

Temperature maintains at 60 to 80 C. Stirred at 115 rpm.

VOLUME FED
RAW MATERIAL BATCH REACTOR

METHANOL 250 ml
KOH 3.5 ml
USED COOKING OIL 1000 ml

The amount of biodiesel and crude glycerine that we get is as given below

PRODUCT QUANTITY

BIODISEL 500 ml
GLYCERINE 150 ml

After getting biodiesel. Washing of biodiesel is done to remove some part of methanol other
residue from biodiesel.

Page | 30
 Conclusion

The conclusion we get that by using Cooking oil we had made biodiesel and Glycerine.

The quality of Biodiesel quite good as compared to Glycerin because low content of methyl ester compound.
Now it can be used in nearly all diesel equipment and are compatible with more storage and distribution
equipment.

The process reduces the cost of Biodiesel production.

The base catalysed transesterification reaction for biodiesel production is often the method selected owing to
its lower cost of production and simple processing conditions yielding higher conversion of oil to biodiesel.
Research has shown with these conditions, a 98% yield of biodiesel is possible.

Page | 31
 BIBLOGRAPHY

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ustry_version-2-2-
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4) http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/biodieselpp_BF13C1F16713B.ppt
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7) ttp://www.biofuels.coop/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/on-farm-presentation.ppt
8) www.srsbiodiesel.com
9) Tyson, R.L. "2006 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide Third Edition" (PDF)
10) "Biodiesel Basics - Biodiesel.org". biodiesel.org. 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012
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12) www.biodiesel.org/what-is-biodiesel/biodiesel-basics
13) www.biofuels.coop
14) www.attra.org- Small scale oilseed processing guide; Biodiesel: A Brief Overview
15) www.bebioenergy.com- Biodiesel, Farming for the Future
16) www.landinstitute.org- Insights from Sunshine Farm
17) www.folkecenter.dk- Cold-Pressing of Oilseeds, Organic Rape Cultivation, Pure Plant Oil (3
separate articles)
18) www.wsare.usu.edu- On Farm Biodiesel Production with WVO
19) www.green-trust.org- Sunflower Seed Huller & Oil-seed Press
20) www.oilpress.com Taby-present oil seed presses
21) www.journeytoforever.org/biofuel_food.html- Food or Fuel?
22) http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/index.html
23) http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html
24) www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/19/z347.pdf

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