SAN RAFAEL ABANDONED MINE RECLAMATION

PROJECT
(AMR/015/917) CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY
EMERY COUNTY, UTAH
by

Lane D. Richens
Deborah C. Harris
Richard K. Talbot

of the

OFFICE OF PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY

TECHNICAL SERIES NO. 05-8

MUSEUM OF PEOPLES AND CULTURES • BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

JUNE 2006
 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
MUSEUM OF PEOPLES AND CULTURES
TECHNICAL SERIES NO. 05-8

SAN RAFAEL ABANDONED MINE RECLAMATION PROJECT

(AMR/015/917) CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY
EMERY COUNTY, UTAH

by

Lane D. Richens
Deborah C. Harris
Richard K. Talbot

Office of Public Archaeology

Richard K. Talbot, Director
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah 84602

prepared for

Utah Department of Natural Resources

Division of Oil, Gas and Mining
1594 West North Temple, Suite 1210
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114

June 2006

Contract Number 04-6391

Federal Antiquities Permit Number 05-UT-54624
Utah State Project Authorization Number U-05-BC-0550bs
 Abstract

During the summer of 2005, the Office of Public Archaeology, Brigham Young University
(OPA), completed documentation and historic site assessments on 187 mine and tunnel openings located
on Bureau of Land Management and State of Utah (Utah Institutional and Trust Lands Administration)
land in the San Rafael Swell of Emery County, Utah. The mine/tunnel sites are under consideration for
rehabilitation under the Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining’s (DOGM) Abandoned Mine Reclamation
Program (AMRP). Almost all of the mines in the project area resulted from exploration and extraction
activities associated with the uranium ore mining boom in the middle twentieth centuries in the western
United States. As such, many of the identified mines have not quite reached the 50-year age threshold
normally required for consideration as significant properties under the National Historic Preservation Act.
However, the sites have been assessed in the context of their association with the development of the
national nuclear strategic weapons arsenal and Cold War era developments in politics and military
strategy. In particular, Utah uranium mining contributed significantly to atomic energy development
during the Cold War, while at a local level, uranium mining played an important role in this part of Emery
County from about the late 1940s through the 1950s, and again during the 1970s, substantially
influencing the course of local history and economic development. Thus, the mines in this study played
an important role in this major national historical process by providing weapons grade ore for use by the
US Atomic Energy Commission. Because of these connections to the nationally significant context, we
recommend that many of the sites can be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places
in spite of the age criteria. Many of the sites are relatively modest in scope while others are larger and
demonstrate more extensive efforts at uranium extraction. Those that retain integrity and have sufficient
material remains to convey significance and/or yield additional data are recommended as contributing
resources within a regional historic context associated with the theme of uranium ore mining as a facet of
American mineral fuels exploration and development. The significance of the sites has been assessed
within both the local and the broader regional/national context.

Treatment of the sites determined to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places
should be conducted in such a way as to preserve as much of the historic fabric as possible of these sites
so that they can be studied and interpreted as evidence of uranium ore mining and its contribution to the
broad patterns of our national history.
 Management Summary

Project Title: San Rafael Abandoned Mine Reclamation Project

Utah State Project Number: U-05-BC-0550bs

Agencies: Utah Department of Natural Resources ─ Division of Oil Gas and Mining
US Department of Interior – Bureau of Land Management, Utah
Utah State and Institutional Trust Lands Administration

DOGM Project Number: AMR/015/917

Project Description: The project consisted of the documentation and evaluation of 187 abandoned
mine openings in the San Rafael Swell, Emery County, Utah. All of the openings are on either Federal or
State land. A total of 183 numbered, and four unnumbered, mine openings were examined in the field
and grouped into 56 archaeological sites and 21 isolated features on the basis of proximity, association,
and location. One of the sites was previously recorded and we have addended the site form by reducing
its size, extracting some features, and assigning them their own site numbers. In addition, 2 prehistoric
sites, 31 historic roads and 2 structural sites associated with the mine sites were also recorded, for a total
of 91 sites. The archaeological sites were recorded using standard Intermountain Antiquities Computer
System (IMACS) documentation and the isolated features were documented using a short isolate form
developed by the Bureau of Land Management. Determinations of significance and eligibility were made
for each site.

Location: Emery County, Utah

Dates of Fieldwork: June - September 2005, May 2006

New Sites Recorded: 90

Previously Recorded
Sites Revisited: 1

Eligible Sites: 51

Summary of Sites: A total of 90 new and one previously documented sites were visited and
recorded, all but six of which contain components associated with uranium exploration and mining in the
San Rafael Swell of eastern Utah. Of the six sites not associated with uranium exploration, three sites
consist of Department of Defense test tunnels, one is associated with hard rock/copper mining, and two
are prehistoric sites. Twenty-one isolated features were also documented during the survey. The majority
of the historic sites examined during this project are part of an extensive system of thematically closely
related sites and features for uranium mining on the Colorado Plateau of Utah. Fifty-one of the 91 sites
identified during the project survey are considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places,
primarily under Criteria A and C.

Introduction

Project Description

During the summer and early fall of 2005, and May 2006, the Office of Public Archaeology
(OPA), under contract to the Utah Department of Natural Resource’s Division of Oil, Gas and Mining
(DOGM), carried out an intensive examination and survey of 187 abandoned mine/tunnel openings in the
San Rafael Swell of Emery County, Utah (Figure 1; Appendix A). Almost all of the openings are
associated with uranium ore exploration and extraction work, although a few are related to copper
extraction or are non-mine related. All of the examined mine openings are unpatented claims on Bureau
of Land Management (BLM) or State (Utah State and Institutional Trust Lands Administration or
SITLA). The project was designated as the San Rafael Abandoned Mine Reclamation Project (AMRP).

A literature review and file search at the Utah Division of State History and at the BLM in Price
was conducted by OPA personnel in June 2005, immediately prior to commencement of fieldwork. In
addition to information obtained from the literature reviews, crucial baseline data on each of the properties
was provided by DOGM, which furnished available descriptive information as well as location and access
data for each opening. The literature review found only a few previously recorded archaeological sites
within the general project area, all of which are prehistoric lithic scatters, and only a few previously
performed cultural resource inventories. These previous archaeological surveys are summarized in Table 1.

Locations for all of the mines to be assessed were plotted in advance on standard USGS 7.5’
series topographic maps using GIS data provided by DOGM in order to aid in field relocation. In
addition to the primary task of field documentation and assessment of the mine sites, OPA carried out
historic research in an effort to develop an accurate and detailed historic context for each mine
specifically, and to assess the role of uranium mining on a regional basis. Mining records were examined
at the Emery County Recorder’s Office in Castle Dale. Additional research was conducted at Brigham
Young University’s Harold B. Lee Library, and at the Utah Division of State History Library and
Archives.

The San Rafael AMRP is located in the San Rafael Swell of Emery County, west of Green River,
Utah, with the project area split in half by Interstate 70. The mines involved in the project are distributed
over an area roughly 540,000 acres2. Mines are not evenly distributed throughout this area; the acreage
actually affected by mining is substantially smaller than the project boundary.
Definitions

The following definitions or explanations, some provided by or paraphrased from DOGM

guidelines, directed the inventory work and explain the procedures employed during this project for site
examination, documentation, categorization, and NRHP eligibility determination.

Project Area
The Project Area defines the geographic area within which AMRP has performed an inventory of
mine openings. The Project Area boundary usually generously circumscribes the mines, often following
lines of major topographic features. Consequently the Project Area is usually much larger than the area
actually affected or the area to be inventoried.

Area of Potential Effect (APE)

The APE is the geographic area or areas within which an undertaking (project, activity, program,
or practice) may cause changes in the character or use of any cultural resources present. It is determined
on a project-specific basis by AMRP and the federal land managing agency, if any. The APE for the San
Rafael Project is considered to be the mine openings subject to closure, plus any dump or other areas that
will be impacted by the closure or by access to the mine area. It will be a subset of the survey area, as
described below.

Survey Area
The survey area will include each mine opening plus a 30-meter radius around the opening.
Extending the survey area beyond the 30-meter radius will be necessary under two circumstances: 1)
where there is a need for heavy machinery access between existing roads requiring any cross country or
off road or trail travel, which in the case of the current project involves a 30 meter wide transect from an
existing maintained or well-used road to the opening, sufficient to provide an inventoried corridor for the
machinery; and 2) a 30-meter buffer around the boundary where the archeological site extends beyond the
original 30-meter radius. It is not sufficient to just look at the immediate vicinity of the mine opening.
Features and activity areas nearby that are associated with that mine’s operation must also be included.
Where associated features or areas of mine activity extend beyond the 30-meter radius, they must be
included, along with an additional 30-meter buffer around them. Dumps and/or spoil piles are usually
considered to be part of the archeological site so the buffer should begin at the toe of the dump.

Site Definition
An archeological site is “an area of contiguous and associated features or artifact distributions.”
This could include a single mine opening, a series of adjacent mine openings, or a larger area of surface
modification that could be defined as a historic landscape or a historic district, (although) the official
terminology of a “Historic District” or its subset, a “Historic Landscape” (is not) used unless the site has
been nominated as such to the National Keeper.

Subsurface Remains
The AMRP recognizes that some mines may contain underground remains such as tracks, ore
cars, and machinery. Since safety issues prohibit consultants from entering abandoned mines, potential
underground cultural resources are not considered. However, the fact that any subsurface remains that
may be present will likely remain entombed on site, undisturbed and available for future study, allows
those remains to be discussed in the site recordation.

DOGM Mine Numbers

The DOGM has developed a highly structured numbering system to designate each opening. In
their system, mining features identified for inclusion by the AMRP are designated by tag numbers which
provide a short-hand reference for each opening. This reference number is unique and is descriptive of
the mine opening and its location. The documentation of the mines included the completion of an
Intermountain Antiquities Computer System (IMACS) site form tied to the site’s Smithsonian number,
but OPA carefully linked all documentation to the state tag designations employed by DOGM as well.

The DOGM tag number system is briefly explained here since the numbers are used throughout
the documentation to refer to specific features. In this numbering system, each mine opening or feature is
identified by a unique site identification number which follows a standardized format. The identification
number (ID or state tag number) is a three part designation consisting of seven digits followed by two
letters followed by three final digits. The first digit indicates the mine location in relation to four
quadrants formed by the Salt Lake baseline and meridian (SLBM). Townships north and east of the
SLBM are coded “1.” The other three quadrants are numbered in counter clockwise order (NE= 1, NW=
2, SW= 3, SE= 4). The second and third digits indicate the township, the fourth and fifth digits indicate
the range, and the sixth and seventh digits indicate the section. These numbers are followed by letters
indicating the type of mine opening (H=horizontal adit, I=inclined adit, V=vertical shaft). In the case of
shafts and adits, the final letter designates whether the mine is open (O) or closed (C). These letters are
followed by numbers that are sequential numbers assigned as the openings were encountered during the
field inventory. Thus, site number 4060318HO003 is located in the southeast quadrant of the state and is
the third open adit (horizontal opening) inventoried in Township 6 South, Range 3 East, Section 18.

A cross-reference of all DOGM numbers and their associated archaeological site numbers is
included in Appendix B.

Site Assessment Categories

The mining properties assessed during this project were evaluated on the basis of cultural
integrity, cultural sensitivity, and potential to yield additional data. A ranking system was developed
which combined these factors in order to allow each mine to be assigned to one of four categories
expressive of the site’s significance and sensitivity. Isolated features or finds, as described later, are by
their very limited nature the least significant finds and are not eligible for the NRHP. The remaining
categories represent archaeological sites that are here defined as Category 1, 2, or 3. The Category 1 sites
are typically the least significant sites, while the Category 3 sites are usually the most significant. The
category definitions are presented below.

Category 1 mines are characterized by sites of a very modest nature. They typically include
openings and perhaps prospects that possess few or no other additional cultural elements other than the
opening itself and some limited waste, but a larger ore dump than allowed for with Isolated Features.
These sites may include a small range of associated artifacts, but there are no additional features or
structures. Most Category 1 sites could be closed with little impact to anything other than the actual mine
openings themselves.

Category 2 mines are characterized by more extensive archaeological remains that typically
consist of one or more openings associated with additional limited features, such as ore chutes, retaining
walls, timber framing, or other mining related developments of a limited nature. These sites may posses a
more extensive range of associated artifacts. The mines are typically eligible under Criterion A of the
National Register of Historic Places and reclamation efforts pose some risk to the features associated with
the mine openings.

Category 3 mines represent the most extensive type of property identified in the San Rafael
Abandoned Mine Project. They include sites which posses more complex structural elements, such as
associated buildings, extensive ore handling features, walls, timber bracing, or extensive quantities of
related artifacts. These sites are likely eligible at least under criteria A, C, and/or D, have potential to
yield additional information, and may be suitable for interpretation. Closure activities need to
accommodate adjacent cultural materials that might be impacted by rehabilitation efforts.

Mine Openings as Isolated Finds

A single mine opening may be recorded as an Isolated Find rather than a site if associated cultural
aspects are extremely limited. The following guidelines (are) used to determine if a feature can be
recorded as an isolated find rather than a site.

IF Guidelines
1. Features present include an opening and an associated spoil pile, with little else. Minor
prospects might be present.
2. The associated waste rock dump must be smaller than 75 cubic meters or 98 cubic yards (as
previously recorded by the mining engineers).
3. The mine opening cannot have had a popular name or a history of mineral production, though
the claim name may be known.
4. No mining-associated features such as retaining walls, sorting piles, associated paths or roads,
chiseled support holes, framed portals, rails, complex dumps, or windlass or head-frame debris
can be present.
5. No structures or debris scatters such as cabin foundations, artifact dumps, domestic trash, or
debris from boarding houses, offices, latrines or assay offices can be present.
6. An exception to Numbers 4 and 5 is that small amounts of nails, dimensional lumber or other
artifacts such as tin cans or glass may be present.
For the current project small debris scatters within a 10 m radius of the opening, consisting of
mostly singular or homogenous materials, such as a few tin cans, some glass shards, and/or miscellaneous
wood fragments are considered minor and insufficient to qualify as an “artifact dump.” Larger, more
heterogeneous scatters, however, are considered dumps.

Methods

The project was carried out under the direction of Richard K. Talbot, director of OPA, under
authority of Federal Antiquities Permit Number 05-UT-54624 and Utah State Project Number U-05-BC-
0550bs. Richard Talbot and Lane Richens were field directors and served as crew chiefs. Crew members
at various times during the project included OPA staff member Scott Ure, and BYU students Aaron
Woods, Holly Raymond, and Brad Newbold. Historic research was conducted by Deborah Harris. The
report preparation was undertaken by the professional and student staff members of OPA. Computer
graphics, maps, and GIS support for report production were provided by Scott Ure. Debbie Silversmith,
OPA business manager, was responsible for technical editing of the manuscript and final document
preparation.

Each of the subject mines was located in the field using the data provided by DOGM, including
GPS coordinates, plotted map locations, descriptive information and photographs. The field
documentation work involved driving or hiking directly to the mine openings. In many instances hikes
were lengthy. Vehicle access to a few portions of the project area was relatively difficult or impossible.

Topography is generally dominated by rugged slopes and canyons characteristic of the San Rafael
Swell. Some of the mine openings are located in steep areas on slopes approaching 60-70 degrees. The
field conditions for the duration of the project were generally quite good, with excellent ground visibility
in most areas.

Once an opening was located, field crews conducted an intensive examination of the area
surrounding the mine to identify any related cultural features or artifacts. As specified by the contract,
investigation of underground mine workings was not undertaken due to the risk factors involved.
Accordingly, features and artifacts on the interior of the shaft or adit other than those visible from the
outside were not examined. At several of the mines multiple closely related openings were grouped into a
single archaeological site for the purposes of documentation. A minimum of a 30 m buffer zone around
each defined site boundary was examined, as described above. The area between sites and their
associated buffer zones was considered to be out of the project area. Accordingly, no systematic survey
was conducted outside the boundaries of the defined sites and distant from the subject openings to
confirm the presence or absence of other historic or prehistoric cultural material not immediately
associated with the project openings. The exception is sites proposed for machine backfill closure which
are located away from maintained or well-used roads. In these cases an access corridor 30 m wide was
surveyed from the nearest road to the site, to allow machinery entry.

Each site was recorded using standard Intermountain Antiquities Computer System (IMACS) site
forms, including Global Positioning System (GPS) generated location data, site sketch maps, and digital
photography. Site locations were plotted on 7.5 minute series USGS maps using both GPS data and
information provided by DOGM. In the field, individual mine openings were relocated on the basis of
map plots and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates provided by DOGM. During the actual
survey those coordinates were checked using Garmin eTrek or Garmin GPS40 GPS receivers, and
corrected (a very rare occurrence) if necessary.

Most historic mining districts consist of a scattered patchwork of roads, prospects, openings, ore
transportation and processing features, and less frequently, habitation features and rarely the remains of
business or commercial structures. These cultural materials are often widely spread in the area
surrounding the actual mine openings, and may require large amounts of time and money to document
completely. Examples of these types of archaeological features do occur in the San Rafael area both
within and outside the boundaries of the specific project openings, and therefore not all were documented.
However, this more complex fabric of related cultural manifestations constitutes a part of the regional
framework within which these sites were considered.

Regulatory Setting

The following discussion follows that presented in Harris et al. 2005. In Utah the Division of Oil,
Gas and Mining (DOGM) administers the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, Public
Law 95-86 (SMCRA), under the auspices of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) through the Abandoned
Mine Reclamation Program (AMRP). Section 409 (a) of SMCRA states:
The Congress declares that voids, and open and abandoned tunnels, shafts, and entryways
resulting from any previous mining operation, constitute a hazard to the public health or safety and
that surface impacts of any underground or surface mining operation may degrade the
environment. The Secretary, at the request of the Governor of any State, or the governing body of
an Indian tribe, is authorized to fill such voids, seal such abandoned tunnels, shafts, and
entryways, and reclaim surface impacts of underground or surface mines which the Secretary
determines could endanger life and property, constitute a hazard to the public health and safety, or
degrade the environment. State regulatory authorities are authorized to carry out such work
pursuant to an approved abandoned mine reclamation program;

The AMRP carries out this mandate at eligible abandoned mine based on a hazard ranking
system. The program is funded by a federal tax on coal produced in the state. Because OSM grants
federal funds to Utah, all AMRP actions must comply with the requirements of the National
Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969 (42U.S.C. 4371 et seq) and other applicable federal laws.
The AMRP program is managed in accordance with the Federal Office of Management and Budget
Circular No. A-102 and applicable state guidelines. Federal environmental and historic preservation laws
apply both because the program draws on federal funds, and in the case of the San Rafael Project, because
some of the subject sites are located on federally managed land.

NEPA established a formal federal policy to “...encourage productive and enjoyable harmony
between man and his environment .” Regulations for implementation of the act have been issued by the
Council on Environmental Quality (40 CFR Part 1502.16[g]). NEPA requires that federal agencies must
comply with all applicable federal laws when planning for and implementing federal projects. This
includes regulations which require federal undertakings to take into account the affects of actions on
cultural and historic sites. NEPA guidance directs agencies to select alternatives that lessen unavoidable
impacts, but it does not necessarily prevent actions that could cause adverse effects to cultural resources
and sites. NEPA requires that impacts be recognized and considered in planning and minimized or
mitigated whenever possible.

Additional federal legislation governing the protection of historic properties includes the
Antiquities Act of 1906, the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, the Archaeological and
Historical Preservation Act of 1974, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, and the
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act
is the most specific of the cultural resource regulations, and provides guidelines to federal agencies, state,
and private entities in regards to the appropriate treatment of historic properties affected by federally
funded undertakings.

The NHPA authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to “expand and maintain a National Register
of Historic Places (NRHP) composed of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects significant in
American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture” as well as all documentation,
artifacts, and remains related to these properties (Title 1, Section 101 (a)). Properties meeting the
requirements stated in the NHPA are eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The
federal agency proposing the undertaking determines the significance and eligibility of historic properties
that could be affected by the proposed project in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer
(SHPO). Implementing regulations for Section 106 have been promulgated by the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation (ACHP) and are codified at 36 CFR 800.

Determinations of eligibility are made on the basis of standards recommended by the National
Park Service for evaluating properties for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
pursuant to the requirements of 36 CFR part 63 and 36 CFR 800.4(c). The NPS criteria are established as
the appropriate standards for determining the significance of archaeological sites for compliance with the
requirements of the Section 106 process (36 CFR 800.4[c]). The significance assessments for the sites
examined for the San Rafael Abandoned Mines Project are presented below. The criteria used follow the
published guidelines, and the appropriate criteria for each site recommended as eligible are noted. As
stated in 36 CFR 60.4:
“The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and
culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects that possess integrity of
location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and:

(a) that are associated with events that have made a contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or

(b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

(c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that
represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

(d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.”
(36 CFR 60.4)

Historic mining properties constitute a unique type of archaeological site that is distinct from
many of the other kinds of historic sites that are typically the topic of identification and assessment
actions pursuant to the NHPA. Historic mining locations are typically comprised of multiple mine
openings which may be relatively widely scattered and yet interrelated. The surface manifestations
frequently represent only a small portion of much more extensive underground workings. For the
purposes of Section 106 only the surface manifestations of mining related activities are usually considered
when making determinations of eligibility. The extent, condition, and nature of underground workings
are not considered due to the dangers associated with going underground at abandoned mines.

Mining properties are subject to a wide range of impacts that can alter their appearance and
impact integrity. These include abandonment, exposure to harsh environmental conditions, vandalism,
and historic salvage operations, all of which can affect mining properties and often result in sites that only
partially reflect the original character of the site. Common examples of these impacts include collapse of
buildings and mine openings, removal and salvage of equipment and machinery, and salvage of railroad
and ore car tracks. It is important therefore to recognize that the NRHP eligibility criteria allow
consideration and acceptance of “significant and distinguishable entities whose components may lack
individual distinction” (Noble and Spude 1992:19).

The National Register Bulletin How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation
(Shrimpton 2002:Section IV) makes the following specifications regarding each of the National Register
Criteria:
A. “Mere association with historic events or trends is not enough, in and of itself, to qualify
under Criterion A—the property’s specific association must be considered important as well.
Often, a comparative framework is necessary to determine if a site is considered an important
example of an event or pattern of events”

The historic context developed for mining in the San Rafael Swell region demonstrates that the
mining and other cultural resources in and around this area generally were 1) part of a historic trend
important to the establishment, growth, and eventual decline of the small settlements in the area; and 2)
part of a trend of uranium extraction in the mid-1900s that played an important role in regional economic
developments. Whether or not specific sites consisting of a single mine or a cluster of mines are strongly
associated with those trends and are important examples of them, and whether or not they maintain
sufficient integrity to convey historic significance, are the measures used in our evaluations of each site.
B. “In order to qualify under Criterion B, the persons associated with the property must be
individually significant within a historic context . . . the individual associated with the property
must have made some specific important contribution to history.” (Shrimpton 2002:Section IV)

Sites with direct association to one or more individuals important within a local, state or national
historic context, and that specifically are illustrative of why the individuals are considered important, are
the evaluative measures for this criterion. Further, the site integrity must be of such that it still portrays
the basic physical characteristics that were present during the individual’s life.
C. “To be eligible under Criterion C, a property must meet at least one of the following
requirements: the property must embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic value, or represent a significant
and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. (These)
requirements should be viewed within the context of the intent of Criterion C; that is, to
distinguish those properties that are significant as representatives of the human expression of
culture or technology (especially architecture, artistic value, landscape architecture, and
engineering).” (Shrimpton 2002:Section IV)

Properties associated with the current project are directly or indirectly related to the technology of
uranium extraction. Architecture and engineering related features are clearly the technological
expressions most appropriately considered relative to the distinctiveness of these sites. For the most part
what remains of these consist of head frames above openings, and/or associated mining-related facilities
whose integrity is still intact.
 D. “Criterion D requires that a property ‘has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information
important in prehistory or history.’ Most properties listed under Criterion D are archeological
sites and districts, although extant structures and buildings may be significant for their information
potential under this criterion. To qualify under Criterion D, a property must meet two basic
requirements: The property must have, or have had, information that can contribute to our
understanding of human history of any time period; (and) the information must be considered
important.” (Shrimpton 2002:Section IV)

The San Rafael mining or mining-related sites are highly variable relative to time and effort put
into their excavation, associated facilities construction, and use. Many are little more than minimal
prospecting efforts of very short duration. Others involve considerably more effort and are more likely to
have contributed to the economic impetus of mining in the region. Generally the smaller, limited effort
sites–at least individually–are unlikely to have information important and contributory to an
understanding of human history. The larger effort sites, on the other hand, may contribute additional
important information on area mining history, either through more thorough examination of the physical
remains of those sites, or through additional research related to the mines and mining efforts associated
with the sites.

Integrity of the San Rafael sites

The boom and bust nature of uranium mining has resulted in variable integrity for most of the
project area sites. Specifically, post-boom deterioration and occasionally reclamation is evident at many
of the larger sites in removal of buildings and other facilities, often leaving only foundations or other
traces of those features. As a result, all of the sites documented here maintain integrity of location and
setting; fewer retain integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The smaller
sites, typically consisting of one or two openings, are the more likely to retain such integrity simply
because a good share of these were never complex operations but rather comparatively brief exploratory
efforts.

Mine Closure Procedures

The proposed reclamation for many of the mines is closure by hand, and thus minimal impacts to
the landscape or to sites would occur. Where openings are to be backfilled by heavy machinery, the
DOGM uses minimal amounts of existing waste pile materials. Only the opening is affected by the
reclamation; all other features are avoided. Often a polyurethane foam plug is placed inside the opening
as a backing for dirt fill, and the minimal fill material needed can be obtained from the existing waste
dump. The dump is contoured so as to maintain the general shape and feel of the site. In rare cases,
however, additional material may be needed to fill an opening. Additional closure procedures include the
construction of walls, or placement of grates or backset gates within the opening.

Environmental Context

Geology

The project area is located along the southwestern flank of the San Rafael Swell in Emery
County, Utah. The Swell is an anticline or dome-shaped upward structure measuring approximately 100
km long by 50 km wide (Gilluly 1929; Trimble and Doelling 1978). The southwestern and eastern sides
are bounded by a massive ridge, or “reef,” of thick, upturned beds while the ends and eastern flank of the
anticline form a rather sharply dissected terrain consisting largely of remnant mesas, steep-walled
canyons, and cliff-like slopes in addition to the reef ridge.

Erosion has reduced the central part of the Swell to a broad, open, gently domed area. The oldest
exposed rocks are the Permian age Coconino sandstone, which is overlaid by the Kaibab limestone. The
Kaibab forms wide benches in the eastern and southern sections of the Swell. The Triassic age Moenkopi
formation forms the surface of the central portion of the Swell and consists predominantly of alternating,
evenly bedded siltstones and fine-grained sandstone. The lowest part of the Moenkopi is formed by a
limestone member identified as the Sinbad limestone. Younger formations, such as the Late Triassic
Chinle, and Jurassic age Wingate, Kayenta, Navajo, San Rafael group, and Morrison formations have
eroded away significantly from the center of the Swell, but remain largely intact along the reef and
remnant mesas around its perimeter (Hintze 1988). Uranium deposits in the general San Rafael Swell are
essentially confined to the Moss Back member of the Chinle formation (Johnson 1957), limiting them to
the perimeter of the Swell where the Chinle deposits are still intact. Within Emery County and the survey
area specifically, uranium deposits are mainly found in the Moss Back member of the Chinle and the Salt
Wash member of the Morrison formation (Geary 1996; Hawley et al. 1965).

Flora and Fauna

The climate in the San Rafael region is semi-arid with very hot summers and cold winters. Three
perennial streams, the Price, San Rafael, and Muddy rivers, flow southeastward across the north and
south ends of the anticline, respectively, and most of the intermittent drainage from the San Rafael Swell
eventually reaches one of these watercourses. “Though often referred to by Emery County residents as
‘the desert,’ the San Rafael Swell is by no means barren. Indeed, the Swell’s potential as grazing land
was among the chief attractions that brought settlers into the region” (Geary 1996:10). At elevations
above 7,000 feet, native bunch grasses are plentiful, and pinyon-juniper woodlands are extensive in the
Cedar Mountain area. Oakbrush and Ponderosa pine is also found at high elevation, sheltered locations.
Along the scattered springs and seeps of the area “create oases of birches, chokecherries, and other water-
loving shrubs. The three rivers ... have floodplains lined with Fremont cottonwoods, willows and
tamarisk” (Geary 1996:10). However, the majority of the mining claims were not located along these
waterways. During periods of active mineral exploration, water and fuel would have to be brought
considerable distances to most areas of the Swell while labor and mining supplies would have been
obtained no closer than the town of Green River, Utah, approximately 40 miles to the northeast (Johnson
1957).

Wildlife is abundant within the boundaries of the San Rafael Swell. Important large mammal
species include mule deer, antelope, desert bighorn sheep, wild horses, and burros. Smaller species
include coyote, fox, rabbit and hare, groundhog, badger and skunk. Native birds generally identified
within the area consist of magpies, swallows, meadowlarks, crows, blackbirds, and several species of
hawks and owls (Geary 1996).

Historical Context
Mining In the United States

A brief history of mining in the western United States and in Utah specifically was recently
prepared by Baker and Harris (2004). In terms of providing an in-depth context for the development of
the mining industry, that discussion is relevant to the current project and is presented below.

Conditions suitable for ore deposits are common only in limited areas of the world, and even
where conditions are ideal, ore bodies are the exception rather than the rule. The sporadic occurrence of
these ore deposits, then, makes the discovery of large mineralized regions very important. Economically
important mineral and coal resources in the eastern United States were restricted mainly to rich deposits
of coal and iron-bearing ores, along with limited localized precious mineral lodes, mostly found within
the Appalachian mountain area (Bergendahl et al. 1981; Wallace 1976). The igneous origin of metals and
the tendency for igneous activity to be associated with geologic crustal uplifting suggests that metal-ore
bearing regions are often mountainous. Significantly, the western United States is characterized by
numerous large, igneous mountain ranges and regions of crustal uplift. Due to this, the vast majority of
the major mineral-bearing deposits within the United States have been identified throughout the western
region of the nation.

A mine is an “excavation made in the earth for the purpose of extracting useful minerals”
(Gregory 1980:18). While the definition seems simplistic, the process of constructing a safe and
economically viable mine is complicated and varied. A number of different techniques and approaches to
mining were utilized throughout the historic mining period. The archaeological manifestations of these
activities are dependent upon and reflective of these different processes.

Mines in general can be divided into four classes: underground (hard-rock), surface (open pit),
alluvial (placer) and non-entry (well/drilling). All four types of mines are found within the western
United States, and all have been employed for the extraction of minerals, although wells have generally
only been used, in terms of precious metal development, for the solution mining of copper. Mining
methods most closely associated with precious metal procurement are placer (Sutter’s Mill, Clear Creek),
open-pit (Bingham), and underground (the current project area, as well as the Comstock, Ophir and the
extended Bingham mines). It was placer mining which fueled the initial gold rushes into California, the
Rockies and Alaska, and kept alive the drive for expansion across the west (Gregory 1980; Wyman 1979).

‘What a clover-field is to a steer, the sky to a lark, a mud hole to a hog, such are new diggings to
a miner.’ So, in 1862, wrote The Oregonian about the large numbers of men who roamed the West in a
tireless search for precious metal. Once the great California gold strike of 1848 had shown what riches
the Western earth could hold, hordes of Americans hurried to every other promising corner of the
wilderness (Wallace 1976:6). One such explorer was George Jackson, a miner whose impact on the
mining west was significant.

On January 6, 1859, George Jackson found himself dangerously short of food in the snowy
Rockies 30 miles west of Denver. He had just decided to quit his gold hunting and head toward Denver
when he chanced upon some hot mineral springs near Clear Creek. The springs had melted the snow, and
the area was surrounded by mountain sheep which were grazing on the exposed vegetation. Taking
advantage of the opportunity, Jackson shot one of the sheep in order to feed himself, then made the
decision to devote one more day to his hunt for gold. The next morning Jackson resumed his hunt along
the south fork of Clear Creek, scanning the frozen stream bed for a gravel bar, where any yellow flakes
from upstream might be trapped. In his travels he had seen many such so-called placer formations. Late
in the day Jackson spotted a promising gravel bar, hacked out some slushy sand with his knife and panned
it in his tin drinking cup, the only suitable implement he had at hand. He swished water around in the cup
until all the light sand was washed out. Left in the cup were a few tiny but heavy yellow flakes: gold and
no mistake. Jackson panned several more handfuls of sand, collecting a vial of gold dust and one small
nugget worth $10 in Denver at current market levels.

Being short of equipment and supplies, Jackson could not really work his find until the spring
thaw, so he concealed the evidence of his activity and marked a tree 76 paces to the west, identifying the
site so that he could return later and work the claim. In his diary he wrote:
If only I had a pick and pan instead of a hunting knife and the cup, I could dig out a sack
full of the yellow stuff. My mind ran upon it all night long. I dreamed all sorts of things - about a
fine house and good clothes, a carriage and horses, travel, what I would take to the folks down in
Old Missouri and everything you can think of - I had struck it rich! There were millions in it!
[Wallace 1976:19].

George Jackson was partly right. The Clear Creek area would yield more than $100 million
worth of gold in 60 years. But like most prospectors, he overestimated his personal gain. The strike did
not make him rich -- only a little more comfortable. On his return to the gravel bar in May, he and a few
partners panned $1,900 in dust in six days work; not long after, Jackson sold out for an unknown sum,
probably modest. Nevertheless, Jackson had discovered the first major gold field in the West’s immense
interior wilderness (Wallace 1976).
Gold had always been a good story, and opportunists of all sorts turned it to their own
advantage. In towns along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, merchants had done a brisk
business outfitting gold seekers for the 600- or 700-mile journey. No fewer than 17 writers, most
of whom had never seen the Rockies, rushed into print with guidebooks to the chimerical gold
mines, which they loosely named after the region’s best known terrain feature: Pikes Peak. One
journalist, D.C. Oakes, extolled the ease and comfort of the trip, and other assured his readers that
‘Gold is found everywhere you stick your shovel.’
By April 1959, a torrent of prospectors - estimated at 100,000 - had set out for the “New
Eldorado,” most of them ill-equipped and ignorant of the hazards they faced. Their wagons,
painted with the slogan “Pike’s Peak or Bust,” broke down in the prairie. Many ‘fifty-niners’ got
lost, perished of thirst, hunger, disease, or Indian raids. About half of the emigrants never reached
the Rockies, or turned back bitterly crying “fraud.” . . . By mid-May...the tide of “go-backers”
reached its crest, and it seemed that the search for gold was over. But then, two miners from the
south fork of Clear Creek came into Denver, full pouch of gold dust in hand, saying: “Here’s a
sample of our stuff. We’re taking out nearly $2,000 a week up on the south fork” [Wallace
1976:8].

The Clear Creek strike made by George Jackson, and the gold rush that it precipitated, opened up
a new chapter in the saga of western mining. In the hectic half century that followed the Colorado
discoveries, the continent’s mountain bound interior - from the Rockies to the Sierra Nevada and the
Cascades, and from Canada to Mexico - was crisscrossed by legions of prospectors and miners, who flung
up hundreds of outposts in the unpopulated uplands that the forty-niners had ignored in their rush for the
Pacific. “It was,” wrote prospector William Parsons, “a mad, furious race for wealth, in which men lost
their identity almost, and toiled and wrestled, and lived a fierce, riotous, wearing, fearfully excited life:
forgetting home and kindred; abandoning old, steady habits; acquiring restlessness, craving for stimulant,
unscrupulousness, hardihood, impulsive generosity, and lavish ways” (Wallace 1976:8).

No one knew how many freelance prospectors and wage-earning miners took part in the
adventure; in the race from strike to strike, many of these entrepreneurs circulating in the unsettled areas
of the frontier seldom stayed put long enough to be counted. But their strikes increased at a staggering
rate. By 1866, a scant seven years after Jackson’s find on Clear Creek, miners had organized more than
600 far-flung mining districts in an effort to regulate their own affairs until some official government
reached their remote camps. And that was merely the beginning. According to a careful estimate, the
West may have had as many as 100,000 mining districts by 1900. Most of the strikes were small and
short-lived; the boom-and-bust cycle often ran its full course in less than a decade. But in dozens of rich
areas, prospectors and miners wrung enough wealth from the earth to strain their own willing credulity”
(Wallace 1976:21-22).

The Mining Industry in Utah

“The history of mining in the West (goes) back to the very beginning of the Mormon
development of Utah…. President Lincoln, recognizing the vast wealth of the west said, ‘Utah will yet
become the treasure house of the nation” (Carter 1939:1). However, the mining industry, which
eventually played an extremely important part in the development of Utah, played little role in the lives of
the early pioneers. These first settlers did not come west for material riches, but were seeking a place of
refuge. The first priority of these pioneers was to build permanent, self-sustaining communities based on
agriculture, home industries, homes, churches and schools; and Brigham Young, who often declared that
the mountains of Utah were filled with precious metals, discouraged prospecting in order that strong
communities could be fully established before any mining industry should be developed (Carter 1939).
This placed Utah in contrast to many other western states whose early colonization and foundations lay
primarily in economic forces driven by mining. The unique foundation established by the Mormons in
Utah perhaps altered the way in which mining would unfold as a factor in the state’s development, but it
did not preclude the fact that Utah would enjoy tremendous growth and economic development at least in
part due to its natural resources.

The history of mining in Utah has been summarized into four broad periods or phases:
1) Production by the pioneers of minerals suitable to their isolated, home-industry, agricultural economy –
1847 to 1869.

2) Mining and smelting of lead, silver, gold, joined by copper and zinc in the latter stages – 1869 to 1940
– largely for export trade.

3) Mining and processing of metals and nonmetallic minerals to meet needs of rapidly growing Western
States area – (iron, gypsum, phosphate, cement, salt, potash, clays, etc.) – 1940 to present.

4) Uranium, potash and oil and gas development – 1948 to present [Utah Mining Association 1967:9]
The key developments of the mining history of the state will be summarized briefly in each of these
periods in order to develop a broad historical outline for the project area.

Pioneer Period Production — 1847 to 1869

As already noted, the early economic emphasis of the Mormon colonists of Utah was decidedly
agrarian and explicitly “anti-mining.” The Mormon ecclesiastical leaders were relatively unified in their
belief that agriculture and horticulture were a more trustworthy basis for the types of millenialist religious
communities that they were trying to establish in the Great Basin. Mining was seen as a somewhat
threatening distraction to the objective of building stable, prosperous egalitarian communities. In a very
real sense, the survival of the early colonists during the first crucial years was dependant upon their
success in establishing agricultural pursuits, and anything else constituted a distraction that could not be
afforded. This led to an official policy that discouraged mining pursuits, but did not overtly prohibit
them.

In light of this general bias against mining in the core area of Latter-day Saint settlement along
the Wasatch Front, it is interesting to note that Mormons in California were involved in the first discovery
of gold at Sutter’s Mill in 1848. Shortly after the main body of Latter-day Saints left Nauvoo, Illinois, in
1846, the federal government requested that Brigham Young raise a contingent of approximately 500
male members of the church to serve in the U.S. Army. Congress had declared war with Mexico on May
12, 1846, and President James K. Polk was anxious to assert U.S. control over Upper Mexico and
California, and needed additional military forces to carry out his plan. The group of men raised from the
Mormon immigrants camped in Iowa became known as the Mormon Battalion. The group was outfitted
in Fort Leavenworth, and was sent west to provide support for support for General Stephen W. Kearny,
commander of U.S. forces in the western United States. The Battalion marched overland from Fort
Leavenworth to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and from there to San Diego, where they arrived in January of
1847. The men were officially discharged at Los Angeles on July 16, 1847. Most of the men began
preparations to head east to meet up with the main body of the LDS Church, which had arrived in the Salt
Lake Valley in early July of that same year. However, a message was received from Brigham Young
asking those men without families to remain in California for the winter to work. Some of the men made
their way north to Sutter’s Fort on the Sacramento River, where they took contracts to work for Sutter in
his business ventures. At least six of the eleven men present at the first discovery of gold at Sutter’s
lumber mill in January 1848 were Mormons who had been members of the Battalion. This find sparked
the beginning of the California Gold Rush. Although some of the Battalion members wanted to stay on in
California, most returned to the Salt Lake Valley as soon as possible.

The Mormon Battalion was not the first group of Latter-day Saints to arrive in California. A
group of 238 church members under the direction of Samuel Brannan sailed from New York on February
4, 1846 headed to California, arriving at Yerba Buena (San Francisco) in July 1846. From there, the
group was supposed to travel east to meet up with the main body of Mormon immigrants moving
overland from Nauvoo. Brannan, the leader of this group of Mormons who had sailed from New York to
California, strongly urged the church leadership and other pioneers to come further west to make their
fortune. However, Brigham Young declared to the people “Do not any of you suffer the thoughts to enter
your minds that you must go to the gold mines in search of riches. That is not the place for the Saints”
(Carter 1939:1). During the period of the early colonization of Utah, Young was concerned that the rush
to obtain riches would not only harm the effort to build safe and successful communities, but he was also
apprehensive about the effects of influx of miners and gold-seekers on Utah pioneers (Rickard 1932).

Some limited development of minerals and metals was pursued with the permission, and under
the direction of, Church leaders, as it met the needs of the developing agriculture and home industry base.
Iron ore deposits were discovered by the Parley P. Pratt exploration party in Iron County in 1850.
Beginning in 1851, the deposits were the focus of an active, but largely unsuccessful effort to produce
iron. In 1854, the Territorial Legislature offered a reward of $1000 for the first discovery of commercial
coal within 40 miles of Salt Lake City. By the mid-1860s coal from Summit County was available in Salt
Lake City at $40.00 per ton (Utah Mining Association 1967:6). Other early efforts involved attempts to
find suitable lead sources for bullets, and the extraction of salt from area around the Great Salt Lake.

The gold rush of 1849 drew many classes of prospectors and people to California. Since Salt
Lake City was the one “oasis” in the desert crossing, many immigrants made their way through the city,
some becoming temporary residents before resuming their journey west. Although records dating back to
1859 confirm that the United States government was aware of the vast mineral potential of the Utah
Territory, the “rich and extensive placer deposits that were the first incentive to mining in many western
camps were lacking, and the lode deposits, though many of them were very rich, required extensive
machinery for profitable exploitation” (Butler et al. 1920:118). These challenges, together with the
established anti-mining stance taken by the political and religious leaders of the territory slowed the
development of any serious efforts at mining in the territory.

The commencement of the first intensive efforts related to mineral exploration and mining in
Utah dates to the arrival of Colonel Patrick E. Connor in October, 1862 (Butler et al. 1920; Rickard
1932). Connor, who commanded a force of approximately 750 United States soldiers, was dispatched to
the Territory with the explicit orders to control “Indian depredations,” but also undoubtedly with the
secondary objective of keeping an eye on the Mormons, whom the federal government distrusted (Carter
1939:8), and to offer protection to prospectors and overland immigrants. Upon their arrival, the soldiers
immediately established Camp Douglas on a bench east of and overlooking Salt Lake City (Butler et al.
1920). Shortly thereafter, Colonel Conner [he was promoted to General in 1863] organized the West
Mountain Mining District. He then published a “circular to the world that ‘the strongest evidence that the
mountains and canyons in the territory of Utah abounds in rich veins of gold, silver, copper and other
materials, and for the purpose of opening up the country to a new, hardy and industrious population,
deems it important that prospecting for minerals should not be untrammeled, but fostered by every
means’” (Carter 1939:8-9). Colonel Connor, however, was not only concerned with encouraging mineral
prospecting, but also with promoting immigration to the Utah territory, as he considered the pervasive
Mormon presence in the region to be “troublesome” and he appears to have had strong intentions to dilute
Mormon influence in the Territory by encouraging the immigration of non-Mormon “gentiles” into the
region (May 1989:204; Rickard 1932). In a July, 1864 report to the War Department, Connor stated:
 As set forth in former communications, my policy has been to invite hither a large Gentile
population, sufficient by peaceful means and through the ballot box to overwhelm the Mormons by
force of numbers, and thus wrest from the Church - disloyal and traitorous to the core - the absolute
control of temporal and civic affairs. . . . With this in view I have bent every energy and means of
which I was possessed, both personal and official, toward the discovery and development of the
mining resources of the territory, using without stint the soldiers of my command . . .” [Carter
1939:9].

Connor encouraged his troops to spend their time prospecting, and he used government funds to publish
the Union Vedette, a pro-mining periodical that touted the prospects of Utah’s mineral wealth. Connor
also organized the first mining districts in Utah in 1863 in connection with the first claims on silver veins
in the Bingham area (May 1989:204). The earliest discoveries of rich deposits of silver, lead, copper and
zinc in Bingham Canyon were made by George B. Olgivie, Archibald Gardner and soldiers from Camp
Douglas (Ellsworth 1985; Carter 1939; Rickard 1932). These finds prompted a prospecting rush, strongly
supported by the Connor and the Camp Douglas soldiers, which lasted for three years. It is possible that,
were it not for Colonel Connor and the soldiers of Camp Douglas, it might have been many years before
the mineral resources of Utah would have been successfully mined. According to Rickard,
In the summer of 1864 the West Jordan Mining Company was incorporated under the laws of
California, and a tunnel was started, at $60 per foot. In the same year, the first smelting furnace
was constructed by General Connor, who enlisted the help of friends in California; but they were
inexperienced, save in placer mining, and failed completely in this venture. In June, 1864, another
mining district, named the Rush Valley, was organized. This covered the western slope of the
Oquirrh range, leaving the eastern side to the West Mountain district. Vigorous prospecting
ensued; but these early operations languished, in spite of the discovery of several handsome
outcrops of argentiferous lead mineral, because so many obstacles stood in the way of profitable
mining [Rickard 1932:188].

Although claims were made and deposits discovered, the costs of mining were prohibitive until
the arrival of the railroad in 1869. Much of the mining that took place during the 1847 to 1869 period,
and during the period that followed, was carried out by small scale prospectors and self-employed
entrepreneurs seeking to make their fortune. While some of these men were grubstaked by larger
interests, many of them were totally independent, and worked at very small scale endeavors with limited
capital and technological resources. These men were very much in the romantic mold of the solitary
American miner of the Western frontier. Many of these men came west as part of the mining boom which
began with the California Gold Rush of 1849 and continued through the early decades of the twentieth
century. Individuals often prospected on their own, or as part of small organized groups, and conducted
the initial work to prove up a claim. If marketable ore was discovered, they often sold out to better
organized firms and consortiums which had the capital to exploit the deposits in an economically viable
way. In this regard, the early mining in many of the Utah Districts simply paralleled a broader pattern
found throughout much of the western United States.

Precious Metal Mining -- 1869 to 1940

Despite some early promising success with the discovery of ores in the West Mountain Mining
District, Rush Valley District and other areas, most of the early efforts to develop profitable mines in the
state failed due to its remote location and the high transportation costs associated with reaching distant
markets. With the arrival of rail transport, mining became profitable and much more feasible throughout
the state. The completion of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads at Promontory, Utah, on May
10, 1869, placed Utah in a position to more advantageously exploit and market mineral resources. “On
the advent of these railroads metal production became important, and as each branch line was completed,
a notable increase in output was observed. Several smelting towns (Sandy, Midvale, Murray and
Morgan) were built along the new lines south of Salt Lake [with the exception of Morgan which is
actually located northeast of Salt Lake City on the Union Pacific line], and several smelters along the
branch line to Bingham. The road from Sandy to Alta was also beneficial, and as the railroad extended
southward other mining regions were benefitted, notably the Tintic and several districts in Beaver
County” (Butler et al. 1920:118). “The completion of the railroad communication (also) led to the mining
of silver ore in Little Cottonwood Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains in 1864 by some of General
Connor’s men, but it was of no consequence until four years later” (Rickard 1932:189), when the Emma
Mine was discovered. These early successes in the 1860s initiated the first real mining boom within
Utah, and from this time on, towns grew up almost overnight (Ellsworth 1985; Herring 1979). Growth in
some of these towns was, at some periods, overwhelming. In fact, the town of Bluff, Utah, blossomed
from its normal population “of 175 to over 700 in only a few days” (Jensen 1966:97). Census figures for
the years 1870 through 1920 indicate that, excepting the states of Arizona and Colorado, Utah generally
had the highest number of workers identified as miners in the intermountain west region (Brown 1979).
By 1917, 167 mining districts had been established throughout the boundaries of the state, with at least 50
consisting of significant, dividend-paying mining districts for both hard metal and soft rock mineral
resources. Principal ores prospected consisted of copper, silver, lead, gold and zinc in order of
importance (Butler et al. 1920).

Following the arrival of the railroad, in the early days of Utah mining, silver was the most
economically important of the metal resources being extracted, and most of the rich silver-bearing ores
were found in the Park City and Tintic mining districts (Butler et al. 1920; The Salt Lake Mining Review
1912). By the early 1900’s, however, precious metal production had dropped considerably in proportion
to the output of other metals. “In 1917 copper alone yielded considerably more than 67 percent of the
total value” (Butler et al. 1920:129) of all metallic resources recovered in the state, the majority of which
was recovered from mines within the Bingham (West Mountain) district (Butler et al. 1920:130).

“In Utah, as in many of the Western States, the earliest important metal production was of placer
gold. Placer mining was begun at Bingham Canyon in 1865, and for some years yielded an important
production” (Butler et al. 1920:131). Generally, however,
“commercial placer operations in Utah have been generally unsuccessful or discouraging. . . . The
only gold placers which have contributed largely to the state’s gold output were right next door to
most of the state’s population - the Bingham mining district, southwest of Salt Lake City. Other
placers have been worked in the state, notably in the La Sal Mountains, the Henry Mountains near
Marysvale, and on the Colorado River and its tributaries” (Parker 1966).

The Bingham placer operation, however, has been, and continues to be the most successful of the
mining operations within the state of Utah. In terms of gold placer production, the Bingham Mine’s
highest production was reached from 1868 to 1872. By 1905, more than $1,000,000 in gold from stream
gravels had been recovered from the Bingham mining district, with total statewide placer gold production
equaling approximately $1,800,000 by 1920 (Parker 1966). Other gold resources had to be mined out of
hard-rock mines.

Although the actual amounts of gold mined within the state were relatively small in comparison
to the other mineral resources, it still remained an important state and national resource. Even though
prospecting in order to get rich was forbidden by Brigham Young, “it is an irony of history that 100 years
after the colonizers entered the valley, Utah would be mining 20 percent of the nation’s gold production.
The figure has been even higher - in 1934 it stood at 34 percent” (Woodward 1964:npn). In fact, during
the years 1938 to 1948, Utah was consistently ranked within the top five gold producing states, and was
actually ranked first in the amount of gold produced during the period 1946-1948 (Salt Lake Tribune
1938, 1944, 1948; Deseret News, 1947).

Mining For Western Growth – 1940 to present

The period from 1890 to 1920 marked a crucial phase in the development of Utah’s economy,
characterized by the commercialization of agriculture, emergence of a substantial business sector and the
development of corporate mining and manufacturing (Poll et al.1989:429-430). While the single largest
occupation of Utahns between 1890 and 1920 was agriculture, the leading export industry was mining.
This growth of mining and manufacturing resulted in the state’s integration into the national economy.
While producers still struggled with the challenges of reaching distant markets, it was clear that the state
was becoming a significant economic force in the region and a major producer even at the national level.

In 1949 Utah ranked second nationally in the production of copper, silver, and molybdenum, third
in gold and lead, and seventh in zinc (Christy and Stowe 1981:197). By 1979 the state ranked first in the
production of gold and beryllium, second in copper and vanadium, third in iron, fourth in molybdenum,
and fifth in silver and uranium. In overall mineral production Utah has averaged about 2 percent of the
national total. It reached a high point in 1916, when the state reached 2.84 percent of national production
(Christy and Stowe 1981:197). In many sectors the state has continued to rank nationally in production of
key minerals. Since 1943, Utah has averaged 22 percent of the gold production in the United States, and
in 1944 reached a market high of 34.5% of national production. The state ranks consistently second in the
production of copper and has also been a leader in the silver (Christy 1981:198).

Integration of the state’s economy with the regional and national economies encouraged the
development of mining and extraction efforts that directly served to meet the needs of the rapidly growing
region of the western United States. The production focused in many cases on key non-metallic minerals
such as salt, gypsum, clays, phosphate, potash, etc. The exploitation of these less glamorous materials
has played a major role in the mining industry of the state since World War I.

Utah’s Uranium and Fossil Fuels Industry – 1948 to present

While Utah led the nation through much of the Post-WWII period in the production of several
key resources, those production numbers have been drastically reduced since the end of the twentieth
century. Although still economically important, some of the major industries have retracted as reserves
have run out and production has declined. However, within the period of the last twenty years, “mining
in Utah [still] accounts for almost nineteen percent of the nation’s copper, two percent of the gold,
fourteen percent of the silver, six percent of the lead and eight percent of the zinc” (Martin and Martin
1979:144-145).

Even as production of many of the precious minerals began to decline in the late 1900s, Utah saw
increased importance in the development of resources related to energy and fossil fuels. The development
of fossil fuels and other energy related resources is the final phase in the history of the state’s mining, and
runs concurrently with other developments taking place during the same time period in the other aspects
of mining discussed above.

No commercial discoveries of oil or gas were made in the state until 1948, and there were few
early indications of any substantial reserves of petroleum. Although the first oil exploration began in the
state as early as the 1880s, and some gas and oil fields of limited value were found in Davis, Washington,
and San Juan County, none of the finds resulted in meaningful commercial production. Sporadic
exploratory activity continued, and as geological knowledge increased drillers were able to more
accurately locate oil bearing strata (Ritzma 1981:211).

After the first commercially viable discoveries were made during 1948, production of oil jumped
from nearly zero to a rate of over 115,000 barrels per day in 1958 (Utah Mining Association 1967:9).
Numerous oil fields have been developed in Uintah, Duchesne and San Juan Counties. Interestingly, due
to variations in the geologic structures throughout the state, the development of energy related minerals
occurred primarily in those portions of the state that previously enjoyed little of the wealth from earlier
mining success in the metallic and ferrous minerals.

Presently, Utah has more than 140 producing oil and gas fields. Annual oil production peaked at
41 million barrels in 1985, and totaled almost 14 million barrels in 2002. A high of 348 billion cubic ft of
natural gas was produced in Utah during 1994, and 2002 natural gas production totaled 293 billion cubic
ft. Exploration for oil was very active in the 1970s and 1980s while natural gas exploration activity was
high from the 1980s to today (Utah Division of Oil, Gas & Mining, Steven Schneider, personal
communication 2003). The industry continues to be heavily influenced by both domestic and foreign
policy issues, environmental issues, and an increasingly integrated international market economy that
strongly influences economic conditions which affect domestic exploration and production.

Uranium – General History

Uranium is a heavy silvery white metal which is easily oxidized and naturally radioactive. It
occurs in fourteen known isotopes, of which U238 is the most abundant found in nature. The metal is now
significant as an important source of energy and is utilized by commercial electrical power generating
stations which harness the heat released in association with the fission of U235. Prior to 1942 the element
was used primarily for coloring glass, but its political and economic significance was radically altered that
year with the discovery of controlled nuclear fission. The development of controlled nuclear reactions
added two important uses: (1) as an explosive weapon and (2) as a source of heat (Tatsch 1976:1).

The history of the use of uranium throughout the world and within the United States dates only to
the late 1800’s. Beginning around 1871, small amounts of uranium found in pitchblende deposits in
eastern Colorado were used in the process of making pigments for “dyes, inks, stained glass, and
ceramics” (Shumway 1987:48). The demand for uranium greatly increased in connection with the
discoveries made by Pierre and Marie Curie and Antoine Henry Becquerel about the properties of
radioactive materials. Such materials were unique, in that they spontaneously emitted both nuclear
particles and energy as they decayed from an unstable to a stable atomic form. Becquerel first began
experimenting with the mineral pitchblende, and in 1896 discovered that the uranium in the ore was
radioactive. Two years later the Curies isolated radium from uranium rich ores and discovered that the
radiation emitted by the new element could stop certain types of cancers. That discovery sparked a
worldwide search for radioactive materials and “brought the first uranium boom to the American West”
(Amundson 2002:2).

The Colorado Plateau, located to the west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Basin and
Range region in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico, contains some of the richest
radioactive ore deposits in the United States (Amundson 2002). The radioactive minerals occurred
primarily as extensive deposits of an unusual canary-yellow to greenish-yellow compound that initially
appeared to have no real marketable value (Proctor et al. 1954). This unidentified radioactive mineral
was first isolated in 1898 from ores taken from several mining claims in western Colorado, which assayed
only trace quantities of gold, silver and other traditionally important metals. Although the ore was
plentiful, it was uneconomical to mine just for these other precious metals (Shumway 1987). However,
during the spring of 1898, news spread across the western United States that the riddle of the strange
unidentified ore outcroppings had been solved and that there might be a market for the ore in the future
(Shumway 1987:47). Some samples from one of the claims in western Colorado were given to Charles
Poulot, a graduate of the Paris School of Mines, who was doing technical work at the Cashin Copper
Mine. Poulot was puzzled by the strange mineral and was unable to complete the chemical analysis, so he
forwarded some of the material to his professor, Charles Freidel, in Paris, who determined that it
contained uranium and vanadium in a new mineral combination (Shumway 1987:47-48). In fact, this new
ore, which Freidel named ‘carnotite,’ in honor of Adolph Carnot, French physicist and Inspector General
of Mines, also included trace amounts of radium (Amundson 2002; Balsley n.d.). Because carnotite
contained radium, as well as uranium and vanadium, the early history of its exploitation is tied to the
extraction of radium rather than the uranium in the ore. The history of the mining of radioactive minerals
on the Colorado Plateau therefore must consider the unique development of three separate metals –
radium, vanadium and uranium – each of which was mined at different times and for distinctly different
uses.

It was the presence of trace amounts of radium that provided the first economic incentives to
mine carnotite (Bruyn 1955). Although it took “up to 300 tons of carnotite ore to produce one gram of
radium ... radium’s selling price of $70,000 to $120,000 per gram ... made carnotite mining profitable”
(Amundson 2002:2). Due to this high selling price of the radium, a small mining rush soon developed,
and by 1910 several independent mines were active along the Dolores and San Miguel Rivers in
Colorado. The ores were hauled to the railways by mule, and more than 90% of the unrefined ore was
then sent to European radium refineries (Amundson 2002; Shumway 1987; Bruyn 1955).

During this time, the United States entered a historical period heavily influenced by the social and
political doctrine of “Progressivism,” a philosophy which found wide acceptance in many political circles
and among many easterners.
 Progressives shared the conviction that in order for the nation to realize its full promise, a
national policy of planned progress would have to replace haphazard growth. They saw a need for
greatly increased federal responsibility in the areas of conserving the nations natural resources,
guarding the public health, and protecting individual opportunity by curtailing the monopolistic
tendencies of big business. They were also very caught up with efficiency, and most shared a
dislike, or at least distrust, of foreigners” (Shumway 1987:49).

The progressive movement was to have a major impact on the mining of radioactive ore bodies in
the United States. Progressive politicians of the day were dissatisfied that the Colorado Plateau miners
were shipping over 90% of American carnotite ore to Europe, especially following a 1912 Bureau of
Mines survey which concluded that the carnotite deposits in the United States contained nearly all the
radium deposits in the world. Not only was this national resource being shipped out of the country, but
because the miners were shipping only the raw ores they received relatively small profits for their effort.
“Moreover, their inefficient habit of using only high-grade ore wasted almost five times as much ore as
was actually shipped” (Amundson 2002:2). Furthermore, as large companies and conglomerates became
interested in the possibilities of the carnotite mines and began buying out the independent miners,
concerns began to be raised concerning the possibility of monopolistic control of the resource.
“Washington seized on the idea of federally supervising the mining, milling and distribution of radium;
(I)n 1913, Congress held a series of hearings on nationalizing the U.S. radium industry,” where it was
first proposed that all carnotite-bearing lands be withdrawn from public access and the public domain, in
order that the government might properly manage and exploit the resource (Amundson 2002:2).

Immediately following the 1913 hearings, the Bureau of Mines established the National Radium
Institute in order to ensure that governmental management of the carnotite resources was realized. The
purpose of the Institute was to explore more efficient ways of refining the radium out of the domestic
carnotite ore, thus maintaining control over resource development (Amundson 2002). Another purpose of
the Institute was to provide refined radium to Dr. Kelly (Johns Hopkins University) and James Douglas
(head of engineering at Phelps, Dodge and Company) in order to increase American medical and
scientific research into the benefits of radium therapy, as well as explore other possible uses for refined
radium ore. American research efforts had seriously lagged behind those of the Europeans, who were
expressing a strong interest in obtaining all the radium available from all worldwide sources. However,
as more and more medical research pointed to the efficacy of radium as a legitimate treatment for some
cancers, both public and Congressional interest intensified in the effort to establish a process for domestic
isolation of the radium-bearing deposits. It was clear that the time was “right” for the ambitious
participation of the federal government in the radium industry, an action that had far-reaching
consequences over the following decades (Shumway 1987).

Extensive Congressional hearings into the proposal of national control of radium mining began in
earnest in 1914, and revealed that while there was great support for such a plan in the eastern half of the
United States, there was considerable resistance in the western states, where citizens were concerned
about the propensity of the government to seize huge tracts of land for the public benefit. Public
sentiment was already at a heightened state following instigation of the National Forest Reserve system
which created large areas of federally managed forests (the forerunner for the modern US Department of
Agriculture’s Forest Service). State legislatures felt that they were on the verge of bankruptcy due to both
the land confiscations and federal conservation measures, and clashes between the miners and the Forest
Service over timber use rights were common (Shumway 1987).

Although western ‘anti-conservatism’ and resistance to increasing regional federal control was
strong, it appeared that federal control of both the radium industry and the ore-bearing lands was
inevitable. During this same time period, companies that had been formed in order to exploit the carnotite
deposits, especially the Standard Chemical Company, began to increase their opposition to federal plans
through overt political lobbying and covert consultations with the local miners (Shumway 1987:53).
They encouraged the miners to quickly claim as much of the carnotite-bearing lands as possible, thus
diminishing the value of the withdrawal of public lands. Standard also promoted the concept that the
private sector could easily provide all the ore that was required by the federal government in a more
efficient and less expensive process than could any program designed and run by federal officials.
Standard Chemical officials were very active in testifying at the Congressional hearings, and suggested an
alternative plan to that being proposed by the Progressives. Instead of seizing huge amounts of land and
gaining the rancor of the citizens (particularly the miners) of the western states, the “federal government
(should) instead develop a policy that would encourage (mining) activity ... buy the miner’s ore, refine it
and distribute the finished product” (Shumway 1987:56).

Consequently, House Resolution 12741 and Senate Bill 4405 were introduced in February, 1914.
These bills “established the federal government as the sole purchaser of radium mined from the federal
domain, required a minimum of four months development of a claim each year, and provided money for
the construction and maintenance of radium extraction facilities” (Shumway 1987:56) while still allowing
public access and private development of mining properties. These bills were initially supported by the
public, but were seen by the large companies, particularly Standard Chemical, as allowing too much
governmental control over their own activities, particularly the caveats in the legislation which provided
that without four months per year of claim development forfeiture would occur, and that the Secretary of
the Interior was solely responsible for setting the price that would be offered for the mined ore. Standard
Chemical then proposed to the government that if the Congress would drop its plans for federal control of
the industry, Standard could more quickly, efficiently and economically produce the desired radium than
the government possibly could. Moreover, if the appropriate federal agency would enter into a contract
with Standard, the company would provide 200 grams of radium to the government at a cost of $80,000
per gram, a price much lower than the current market was supporting (Shumway 1987; Amundson 2002).
(As a note of interest, this fee translates to $4,286.78/gram in 2005 dollars (Inflation Calculator 2006),
while according to The Ux Weekly (2006), the actual selling price for uranium ore on 23 January 2006
was $37.00/lb.) This proposal presented an insurmountable challenge for advocates of Federal control.
The Progressives who had fought for a federally regulated industry sensed immediately the
importance of their opponents’ suggestion. What these men were really saying was that they
could develop the nation’s radium resources better than the federal government. . . . Standard’s
plan would mean giving that company a virtual monopoly of the radium industry, abandoning the
independent miners to the whims of the company, and excluding the Bureau of Mines and other
government scientists and technicians from an active role in the development of the industry.
Still, there was no mistaking the appeal Standard’s offer had for many congressmen. Socialism ...
was then having its one best chance to become a viable political entity in the United States.
Fearing constituent suspicion, most congressmen shied away from legislation that might be
 viewed as socialistic. . . . However, many congressmen had felt uncomfortable with the precedent
the proposed legislation would set” (Shumway 1987:59-60).

Consequently, support for government regulation waned, the proposed legislation was never
passed, and control of the radium industry remained in the hands of a few major companies. While
private owners were initially pleased that government control would be minimized, it soon became
obvious that “a radium industry controlled by a few large companies afforded little opportunity for
individual initiative” (Shumway 1987:64).

During the period of legislative discussion over the issue of Federal control of the radium
industry, Standard Chemical continued to develop its own mining holdings, purchasing land in western
Colorado and building a concentrating mill, laboratory, and boarding house for miners working for the
company. The mill location, known as the Joe Junior Mill and Camp, was later acquired by the United
States Vanadium company in 1936 and developed into the town of Uravan. During this early period of
operations at the Joe Junior Mill between 1914 and 1923, ores taken from the mines were hauled to the
mill, where the lower-grade ores were upgraded, and then shipped out with the higher-grade ores from
Placerville (Amundson 2002:3-4). As a company, Standard was prepared to provide all the radium
required by the public. However, the “beginning of World War I threatened demand until the use of a
radium-based luminous paint in the war effort gradually led to an increase in Standard’s production in
1918” (Amundson 2002). Significantly, the price for the mineral vanadium, which accounted for a much
larger percentage of the carnotite ore, also increased from “between “$1.80 and $2.50 a pound in 1916 to
$5.50 a pound in 1917 and led carnotite companies to retrofit their plants to extract vanadium as well”
(Amundson 2002).

The American vanadium and radium industry continued in a pattern of modest growth, although
at a slower rate following the end of World War I, until 1922, when the Union Minere du Haut Katanga of
Belgium announced the discovery of a huge, rich source of pitchblende in the Belgian Congo (now the
Democratic Republic of Congo) containing ore forty to one hundred times more pure than the U.S.
carnotite deposits. This discovery of a rich, cheap African source of radium spelled the end of American
radium production. “Union Minere essentially undercut its competition by selling radium at $70,000 per
gram. The mines of Utah and Colorado simply could not compete at this price. In response, Standard
Chemical closed the ... [Joe Junior] mill ... in 1923. Ten years later another pitchblende discovery in
northern Canada ensured that the radium era was over in the United States” (Amundson 2002:5).
Estimates of ore production for the Colorado Plateau for the period 1898-1923 suggested that
approximately “67,000 tons of carnotite ore were processed in order to produce 202 grams – less than half
a pound – of radium at a cost averaging $120,000 per gram” (Amundson 2002:5).

Although the radium-era was over, interest in vanadium continued. Ferro-vanadium, a steel-
strengthening alloy, was easily extractable from the carnotite ores, and provided a new market for the
carnotite ores. In 1927, Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation purchased first, the United States
Vanadium Company and then subsequently the Standard Chemical operations, in order to meet the new
market demands for the vanadium alloy. As demand increased, more companies built vanadium mills in the
area, and ore production expanded across the Colorado Plateau throughout the 1930’s (Amundson 2002).

During this period of vanadium production

 Howard Balsley, a former forest ranger from Moab, Utah, founded a small uranium-buying
company. . . . Since vanadium had replaced radium as the metal of choice, Balsley realized that
high-grade uranium ores were being discarded. . . . In 1934, Balsley signed a contract to supply
uranium ore to the Vitro Manufacturing Company ... primarily for use as a pigment in pottery and
glass factories. To supply his contract, Balsley bargained with more than 300 miners scattered
across the Colorado Plateau ... then located central warehouses in Utah at Blanding, Monticello,
Moab, Cisco, Thompson and Green River… Thus by 1935, both vanadium and uranium mining
had returned to the Colorado Plateau” (Balsley n.d).

The period 1935 to 1940 was notable for the increase in vanadium milling and processing plants
established throughout the Colorado Plateau region. To the seven established mills in Colorado were
added additional mills in the Moab area, such as Dry Valley, Blanding, and Monticello, Utah (Hahne
1989). A considerable number of independent mines were also operating throughout the plateau to supply
the buyers (Amundson 2002:7). As carnotite ores were processed for the vanadium, uranium was the
biggest waste product of the refining process. A small portion of the high-concentration uranium
products were sold to Howard Balsley in order to fill his pigment contracts, but most of the materials
were deposited at the processing sites as mill tailing piles (Amundson 2002). These mill tailings proved
to be a boon to producers at the beginning of World War II, due to the heightened demand for steel-alloy
products. With the knowledge that uranium, like vanadium, could be used as a hardening agent in steel,
in 1937 United States Vanadium (USV) added a uranium circuit to its Uravan mill (located at the former
Standard Chemical radium mill site). Over the course of the next two years, this new equipment
produced approximately 250,000 pounds of a uranium/vanadium concentrate known as green sludge
(Amundson 2002:7).

The 1930s were a period of intensive research into the nature of the atom, as scientists world-
wide started to understand the potential of nuclear chain reactions. The research of Ernest Rutherford,
Frederick Soddy and Leo Szilard proved that not only could atoms be split, but when such a split took
place, tremendous amounts of energy were released. In 1934, Marie Curie’s daughter, Irene, along with
her husband, Frederic Joliot, identified uranium as the best source of this new energy and in December of
1938, German researchers discovered the basic process governing nuclear fission (Amundson 2002:7).
This discovery paved the way for the race for nuclear weapons – a race made more significant because of
the fear that Hitler’s Nazi Germany, which had already seized uranium deposits in Czechoslovakia, would
be the first nation to obtain nuclear weapons. Uranium was no longer a worthless by-product fit to sit in
tailings piles.

Although the fear regarding nuclear weapons was substantial, their threat was as yet unrealized
and the effort to create them was confined to top secret labs that few people knew about. Publicly, the
United States continued to focus on the production of standard armaments, and vanadium continued to be
considered the more important of the two ores because of its use as a hardener in steel alloys.
Consequently, in 1941, as the United States was preparing to enter into World War II, the government
moved to ensure that sufficient supplies of vanadium would be available for alloy production by
classifying vanadium as a strategic metal. In order to guarantee adequate supplies of the metal, the
federal government created a government-sponsored buying program aimed at boosting exploration and
production of the mineral. The Metals Reserve Company (MRC) established a base price for vanadium
ores, and the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines together operated a cooperative
exploration and drilling program (Amundson 2002:8). Official buying and milling stations were
organized across the Plateau region.

Significantly, as at the same time that vanadium production increasing during the war, a new
uranium program also began with the creation in August 1942 of the Army Corps of Engineers top-secret
Manhattan Engineer District (MED). The MED was established for the sole purpose of developing the
atomic bomb. Under the auspices of the Army, the MED was responsible for both engineering the bomb,
and procuring the raw materials required for its production. The MED moved quickly to establish
research facilities at Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee to begin work on the design of
the new weapons. At the same time, they faced the challenge of obtaining the fissionable materials that
were required for the bombs. In 1942, the greatest sources of uranium in the world were the veins and
tailings piles of the two richest radium mines located in Congo and Canada. Concerted efforts ultimately
led to the MED securing about 86 percent of the uranium it needed from these two sources, but in
December 1942 the MED also surveyed vanadium-processing plants on the Colorado Plateau for their
potential. The uranium present in the wastes at these locations led to contracts to purchase tailings from
the two largest plateau producers – the Vanadium Corporation of America and United States Vanadium –
plus the recently organized Metals Reserve Company” (Amundson 2002:8).

Due to the importance of atomic research, uranium was transformed from a waste product to the
“most important metal in national defense” (Amundson 2002:8). From 1943 to 1945, the MED purchased
all the mill tailings from the significant vanadium producers throughout the Plateau region, which were
then brought to the Uravan mill for processing. Beginning in May 1943, and retroactive to the previous
January, the Uravan mill contracted to act as a procurement center for the MED. With the addition of
another processing unit, the Uravan plant eventually processed sufficient tailings to produce three tons per
day of uranium sludge. The sludge was then transferred to a refinery at Grand Junction, Colorado, where
it was refined to fissionable grade material (Amundson 2002). During this same time period, the
Vanadium Corporation of America (VCA)/United States Vanadium Corporation built
concentrator/processing mills in Blanding and Monticello, San Juan County, Utah (Hahne 1989) in order
to further expand the uranium supply in the United States. By 1957, VCA had become one of the
principal producers of uranium (Salt Lake Tribune 1957, Hahne 1989).

Occasionally, differing program needs within the government sometimes worked against each
other and created problems. For example, due to the highly classified nature of the Manhattan Project
(MED) research during the period of development of the atomic bomb, the MED purchased uranium in
great secrecy. By the time the government publicly announced a uranium purchasing program in April
1948, the ore had for some time been being secretly bought from the mines on the Navajo Reservation.
Again, owing to highly classified nature of the Manhattan Project neither independent miners nor the
Navajo Nation had been informed between 1943 and 1945 that uranium was being extracted from the
vanadium-bearing ores. Word eventually leaked out that VCA and USVC, which owned the extraction
mills, were being paid by the government for uranium as well as vanadium. It wasn’t until April 14,
1948, that VCA agreed to pay the Navajo Nation for the uranium content of the ores as well as the
vanadium (Eichstaedt 1994:33).
 The requirement for MED uranium proved to be a boon for the Plateau region, because just as the
demand for uranium was rapidly increasing, demand for vanadium was decreasing. The need for uranium
kept the mines operating, and the towns built around the processing mills alive (Amundson 2002). By
late 1944, MED had accumulated sufficient material to operate all of its bomb-making facilities through
the autumn of 1945. By that time, 6,000 tons of uranium ore had been purchased and processed through
MED facilities. Two-thirds of that material came from Congo sources, one-sixth from Canada, and one-
seventh from the Colorado Plateau. “The domestic enterprise had been small and expensive, but given
uranium’s importance to national security, it was important to utilize domestic sources in case future
uranium was needed” (Amundson 2002:11).

War time efforts to meet the strategic uranium needs of the MED transformed the economic life
of many small communities all over the Plateau. Local miners were given guaranteed prices for their ore,
and local farmers and ranchers were provided with ready markets for their produce. Many communities
such as Uravan, Blanding, Grand Junction and Moab saw unprecedented growth and a permanent end to
their cultural and economic isolation (Amundson 2002:11-12).

Following the end of World War II, the national focus on uranium utilization was adjusted from
weapons research over to development and maintenance of resource areas.
The continued strategic needs of the nation led to the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC), and to the development of a major domestic industry, fashioned in the spirit of the
proposed radium legislation of the Progressive Era, with the federal government encouraging
individual participation and serving as the market for all domestic uranium produced (Shumway
1987:65).

A little over a year after the war ended, Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act in 1946. The new law
recognized the potential uses of atomic energy for both military purposes as well as other peacetime uses,
and acknowledged the possible effects on social, economic and political structures (Amundson 2002:19-
20). The law also created the AEC, which from its inception sought to promote the use of nuclear energy
for peaceful means as well as for defense. The policies of this newly created government oversight
commission would dictate the future of the uranium industry in the United States.

When the AEC assumed control of federal nuclear programs on New Year’s Day 1947, the U.S.
uranium mining industry was at a standstill. All but one of the former vanadium mining plants which had
operated during the war had shut down. Uranium mining was negligible, and only fifty-five men were
working in mines on the Colorado Plateau (Amundson 2002:21). To maintain the country’s newly
developing nuclear weapons research and development program, the AEC turned to former War era
suppliers in Belgian Congo and Canada to meet its needs for fissionable uranium. However, it recognized
that this dependence on foreign uranium threatened national security, and the agency embarked on a long-
term policy of fostering domestic exploration and production.

In April 1948, the AEC launched the first of their many programs to reactivate the domestic
uranium industry and stimulate production. Through the auspices of the AEC, the government
established minimum ore prices, implemented a payment system for hauling costs, reopened mills and
established ore-buying stations throughout the Plateau (see discussion below). Government publications
were produced which provided advice on all aspects of prospecting, filing claims, assaying and buying
procedures and sources of equipment. By 1949, the government program coalesced in the form of
“Circular 5” a publication which established the basic purchasing guidelines for the domestic
procurement program that would remain in effect through 1962. These efforts produced the first
government-sponsored peacetime uranium rush which began in 1949 and continued until 1958
(Amundson 2002:22-23).

With the end of World War II, President Harry Truman vowed to resist the global spread of
communism. The famous espionage cases of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and David Greenglass
confirmed to a jittery and nervous nation that the Soviet Union was actively pursuing a nuclear arms
program of their own. By the time of the Berlin crisis of 1948, the nation was firmly entrenched in a
policy of using nuclear diplomacy. China’s fall to communism in 1949, and the discovery that the
Russians had tested a nuclear weapon that same year further cemented American resolve to pursue a
program of developing a national strategic arms arsenal. This determination was outlined as a series of
recommendations in the National Security Council’s 1950 document NSC-68. The United States was
officially embarking on a nuclear arms race that continued to fuel government demands for uranium for
the next two and a half decades (Amundson 2002).

In order to meet all the governmental needs for domestic uranium, the AEC “knew that the best
way to achieve their goal was to help the uranium prospectors in every way possible. Besides their
financial incentive program, their construction crews bull-dozed scores of roads into the wild, untouched
backcountry” (Ringholz 1989:70). This governmental assistance continued up to and shortly beyond the
point where all the strategic needs of the country were met, and sufficient uranium was stockpiled to
ensure all foreseeable defensive needs. Even when sufficient uranium was produced for any foreseeable
strategic need, the government continued to provide basic research and development aimed at stimulating
the development of a major industry utilizing uranium for nuclear reactors which would generate
electricity, with the long-term goal that control of the domestic industry would eventually be returned to
the private sector (Shumway 1987:65). In order to sustain this process, in May 1956, the AEC committed
to guarantee its ore procurement program until at least 1966 (Shumway 1987:66).

Several spectacular “rags to riches” stories involving major uranium finds by free-lance
prospectors only served to further fuel the post-war uranium boom. Perhaps the most famous of these
individuals was Charlie Steen.

In the wake of World War II, and on the cusp of the Cold War, the AEC launched a publicity
campaign in the late 1940s to attract prospectors to the Four Corners area, hoping that a large uranium
deposit was located within the vicinity. Mr. Steen, who had received a Bachelor’s degree in geology from
the Texas College of Mines and Metallurgy in 1943, decided to join in the search for such a deposit. In
1950, he moved his wife and three young sons, first to Dove Creek, and then to Cisco, Utah, in order to
search for a viable prospect. Using money load by this mother to support himself and his family while he
prospected around Moab, Utah, Mr. Steen searched the desert of and on for a period of two years, staking
several claims in the Big Indian Wash, an area other prospectors and government geologists had studied
and rejected. He was convinced the uranium he sought was buried deeper in the earth than others had
drilled. When Charlie struck it rich with the 1952 discovery of the multi-million dollar Mi Vida mine, he
captured the nation’s imagination. Another multi-million dollar discovery by Vernon Pick along Muddy
Creek in the present project area, and the earlier discovery of high grade ore deposits near Grants, New
Mexico, by Paddy Martinez provided the stimulus for “mining fever” on a scale not seen since the
California Gold Rush. A flood of new prospectors poured into the Plateau with dreams of striking it rich.
A penny stock exchange developed in Salt Lake City, trading in cheap uranium company stocks that
provided much needed capital to small-time operations (Amundson 2002). This first Cold War uranium
boom (ca. 1946-1958) boom is reflected in much of the uranium mining developments in southern Utah,
where locals and non-locals alike took to the hills in search of the one find in a million that would make
them rich.

The Cold War mining boom ended almost as quickly as it had begun. The production of refined
ore, called “yellowcake,” grew exponentially following World War II, but demands for uranium leveled
off. Although the AEC continued to support and encourage peaceful, non-military applications of atomic
energy, the technology was slow in developing. In the spring of 1958 the AEC announced a change to its
procurement program. By the end of the year, the agency implemented a policy of purchasing only
“appropriate quantities of concentrate derived from ore reserves developed prior to 24 November 1958”
(Amundson 2002:107). It further announced a decision to continue price guarantees on concentrate, but
to put an end to guarantees on raw ore. The radical policy shift by the government sent shock waves
through the industry and new exploration efforts ended almost overnight (Amundson 2002:107). The
new policies marked a shift from a climate of development to allotment. Large uranium companies that
had government contracts for production from pre-November 1958 reserves tended to prosper, but those
companies without AEC contracts found themselves left out of the game. However, the agency continued
its long-standing efforts at promoting privatization and the development of the nuclear energy industry.
Although the national uranium rush was over by 1958, ore shipments to mills actually continued to
increase into the 1960s (Amundson 2002:107).

From the late 1950s onward, the AEC found itself in a difficult position. The government was
slowly taking steps to extract itself from the position it formerly held as the only entity legally capable of
procuring, enriching, and selling fissionable uranium suitable for use in atomic reactors. In August 1964,
Congress modified the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 to allow private utilities to purchase uranium directly
from mining and milling companies. Even under this program, electric producers still had to have the
refined yellowcake enriched at a government facility to make it usable as reactor fuel. The government
banned foreign imports of yellowcake, and implemented other policies aimed at keeping the uranium
industry alive during the transition from the days of government guaranteed prices and purchases, to what
everyone hoped would be a self-sustaining industry based on private enterprise (Amundson 2002).

Many in the uranium industry felt like the government had unjustly created and sponsored the
development of the industry, only to suddenly pull the rug out from under it. Serious restructuring was
required by many companies to meet the changing nature of the industry. To ease the impact of the
transition, the AEC instituted a deferment program that allowed companies to voluntarily “stretch out”
their production for government contracts signed for the period 1963-1966 through the period ending
1969. The AEC would then make additional purchases in 1969 and 1970 equal to the amount previously
deferred (Amundson 2002:108). This move was aimed directly at keeping the domestic uranium industry
viable until the needs of private power companies could replace the government sponsored market. Many
companies opted for the deferment, and actually had to begin a new phase of exploration to meet the
anticipated future demands of ore.

The long-standing policy of the AEC to support the uranium industry through production of
peace-time uranium reserves until private enterprise could produce its own market was risky. Although
there was no certainty, the estimated time for private nuclear energy corporations to take over ranged
from 1965 to 1970. In 1962 the AEC estimated nuclear power production capability for 1980 to be
40,000 megawatts of electricity. By 1968, however, the generation capability estimate was revised
upward to at least 150,000 to 170,000 megawatts of electricity for 1980 (Shumway 2002).

During the late 1960s, the slowly developing nuclear power industry finally emerged with enough
force to drive an increase in domestic uranium production – even surpassing the market created by the
MED during the war and by the AEC for strategic purposes during the middle 1950’s. This boom was
primarily due to the fact that by 1968, uranium reserves that were once thought to be inexhaustible were
proving insufficient to supply the anticipated needs of the projected electrical plants. “The result was a
mining boom of unprecedented dimensions. In 1967 and 1968 alone, uranium companies acquired
mineral rights to over sixteen million acres of federal, state, railroad, Indian and other lands. Drilling and
other exploratory work also reached a new high. In the peak [Cold War] boom year of 1957, companies
had drilled 9.2 million feet. The 1968 total was more than double that figure” (Shumway 1987:67).
Known uranium reserves were low, and demand was so high that there was a concerted effort to form a
uranium cartel, pricing the uranium ore at $40 per pound (Shumway 1987). Despite the impact of this
upswing in exploration in the late 1960s, the period from the end of the AEC contracts in 1966 to the last
days of the government buying program in 1970 were generally a time of consolidation and retrenchment.
In 1961, a total of 24 companies were operating 26 mills in the United States, but by 1970 this had been
reduced to 13 companies operating 17 mills. Many of the smaller operators who could not weather the
trend of decreasing profits and increasing costs of new exploration were forced to sell out to larger
companies (Amundson 2002:111).

A large, commercially inspired, rebound occurred in the uranium industry during the 1970s. As
mining and milling companies weathered the “stretch out” period and reconsolidated, the stage was set for
another mining boom that would bring another burst of prosperity to towns and companies whose
fortunes had been tied to the uranium cycle. A complex web of interconnected forces conspired to bring
about a shift in the price of uranium. These disparate forces included the formation of an international
uranium cartel, changes in the politics of reprocessing and enriching ore, various developments in
international export and production policies, and the oil crisis of the 1970s. These forces combined to
both limit production and increase demand. In early 1974, the price of yellowcake began to rise and over
the next three years the spot price went from eight dollars per pound to over forty dollars a pound. The
mid-century uranium boom grew from this surge in prices (Amundson 2002:137). Those companies that
had survived the shake-out created by the end of government buying programs were joined by other small
operators in a round of exploration and development that saw a temporary increase in mining activity
throughout Utah and other parts of the Colorado Plateau.

Although it appeared for a time that nuclear energy would be the backbone of domestic power
generation for the foreseeable future, social, political, and environmental concerns grew in the United
States and overseas regarding the possible dangers surrounding the use of radioactive materials for energy
production. These concerns were heightened in March 1979 with the Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The accident occurred when one of the plant’s turbines
shut down and technicians overrode the safety procedures in order to ensure that coolant did not overflow
the reactor. The result of their actions was that the reactor core melted and released low-grade radiation
into the air, at a dose level estimated at 1.4 mrems. Although this dose was actually less than what a
person would receive by living in a brick home rather than a lumber home (14 mrems) and significantly
less than the natural radiation dose received by choosing to live at the higher elevation of Denver,
Colorado instead of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (80 mrems), the very fact that an accident had occurred
served to fuel the fears of those who worried about a worst-possible case scenario. Following the
accident, ‘environmentalists’ turned the accident into the symbol for nuclear disaster, and created a public
demand for assurances of safety (Amundson 2002; Shumway 1987).

In the period since the 1979 Three-Mile Island and 1986 Chernobyl accidents, other concerns
regarding the production of nuclear power have risen to the forefront of the uranium argument. The
possibility of medical complications directly associated with the mining of uranium ore was first posited
in the late 1950s following a long-term study of illness rates amongst Czeck uranium miners. High rates
of cancer and other lung diseases were noted in the Navajo population, as well as those exposed to
radioactive fallout from nuclear tests (the Downwinders) beginning in the late 1960s, and studies
regarding the long-term effects of low-level uranium exposure continues to this day. Another serious
question raised pertains to the unsettled issue of how and where to store the highly radioactive by-
products of nuclear power generation, including spent fuel rods. Waste from the industry includes some
low-level radioactive materials that are routinely disposed of, primarily by burial, through contract with
privately operated hazardous waste facilities, such as Envirocare of Tooele County, Utah. Unresolved
questions persist in regards to a safe long-term answer to the storage of the more dangerous high-level
radioactive materials that have extremely long half-lives. Early on, the federal government began
investigating the feasibility of centralized underground repositories at both Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and
the DOE’s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad, New Mexico. An acceptable solution to the
problem has still not been found, and most of the extremely hazardous wastes are presently stored in
“temporary” above-ground regional facilities operated by the power generating companies. This issue is
one of current debate.

The nuclear power and uranium mining industries found themselves assailed from all sides as
public opinion and government policies became increasing hostile. Persistent, substantial construction
cost overruns, caused partly by ever-stricter federal safety requirements, rising opposition from
environmentalists, and increased paperwork and government regulations, along with the growing problem
of the disposition of nuclear waste have led most utility companies to seek other means for generating
electricity in the United States (Shumway 1987:68). Many utility companies cancelled planned nuclear
generating facilities scheduled for construction and put on hold any efforts to pursue additional plants in
the future. As these companies abandoned plans for future reactors, they began to dump stockpiled
reserves of uranium yellowcake. The uranium bubble burst as a glut developed and the bottom fell out of
the market. The demand for uranium fell precipitously, spurred partly by these changes in energy source
focus, but also partly because of perceived governmental ‘roadblocks’ through bureaucratic policies,
environmental legislation, and negative public perceptions. The price of yellowcake went into a steep
decline from a high near $50 a pound in 1977 to just $25 dollars a pound in 1982 (Amundson 2002:142).
Low grade domestic ore sources that were economically viable in a tight buying market could not
compete in the strong selling market that developed. By 1985, only four domestic mills remained in
operation. The decline continued throughout the 1990s and in 1992, the last conventional mill in the
United States ceased operations (Amundson 2002:174).

As the federal government withdrew economic support for the uranium industry and allowed the
unrestricted purchase of cheap, foreign uranium for U.S. reactors, the industry collapsed. Industry
reaction was to sue the government, demanding import restriction in order to aid the uranium market.
However,
The federal government decided the industry was no longer viable . . . (and) in a move designed to
aid international relations ... okayed the purchase of cheap Russian uranium for U.S. reactors. In
short, the federal government encouraged the creation, expansion, over-production, and demise of
the U.S. uranium industry and the towns that supported it” (Amundson 2002:176).

However, as current energy procurement costs reach all-time highs and create heavy economic burdens
across all parts of the United States, the highest political echelons within the country are calling for
renewed investment in nuclear power, suggesting a possible resurgence for the nations’ uranium mining
industry.

Utah’s Uranium Mining History

The history of the exploitation of radioactive minerals in Utah reflects in most ways the strong
trends observed above in relation to the general history of the industry. Uranium mining within the state
can be divided into three general stages or eras, the first centered around radium exploitation (up to 1923),
followed by vanadium mining (1923 to the early 1940’s), and concluding with the modern uranium era
(1940 to the present) (Sandersen 1963).

With the discovery of carnotite ore bodies in the area of the Colorado Plateau (previously
discussed), mining of the ore became, over time, a significant industry within Utah, particularly during
the years leading up to World War II and the later Cold War and industrial uranium booms. However,
outside of a few large mining companies, most of the initial prospecting was performed by small interests
and individuals who sought to find important and economically significant uranium deposits that would
guarantee them some hoped for degree of financial success.

During the period commencing from 1940 and continuing onward, much of Utah’s uranium
industry has been
Reminiscent of the California gold-rush days of a century before, both old pros and ‘city-fellers’
set out on foot, in jeeps, in airplanes and on burros in search of the modern-day version of the
‘Dutchman’s Gold’ (Sanderson 1963:280).

In 1956 the United States Bureau of Mines published a handbook intended for such public use
entitled “Facts Concerning Uranium Exploration and Production” (Crawford and Paone 1956). In this
pamphlet, Crawford and Paone note that “the uranium deposits of the Colorado Plateau are the major
source of uranium in the United States, therefore this area may be logically considered fertile ground for
the prospector. Ore bodies containing from a few tons to several million tons of uranium ore have been
discovered on the plateau. Exploration programs continue in many sections, including Elk Ridge, San
Rafael Swell, Moab-Inter River, Circle Cliffs, Abajo Mountains, Red House Cliffs, White Canyon,
Capital Reefs, and Comb Ridge, in Utah; Lisbon Valley and Sage Plain, in Utah and Colorado”
(Crawford and Paone 1956:16). The authors further stated that prospectors should look for uranium using
certain established criteria, such as outcrops which are stained bright yellow, heavy veins of black or dark
brown material, petrified wood found in sandstone deposits, and particularly in areas where uranium-
bearing ores had previously been identified, such as old mine workings where metallic minerals had
already been produced (Crawford and Paone 1956; Sandersen 1963). Prospectors were also advised to
learn to identify specific geologic formations which tended to have a high probability of containing
uranium-bearing ores. These formations, prevalent throughout the Utah region of the Colorado Plateau,
are identified as the Moss Back member of the Chinle, the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison formation
and the Shinarump conglomerate. All of these formations were considered to be prime prospecting
possibilities, although the areas within Utah of highest probability were located in Marysvale (Paiute
County), the Paradox Basin area, including San Juan County and on the eastern edge of the Henry
Mountains (Crawford and Paone 1956; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 1986).

As the interest in individual prospecting for uranium grew among Utah’s population, the
importance of properly filing mining claims became an issue. Utah’s general mining history begins with
the California gold rush. It was in the gold fields of California that nineteenth century claim rules had
their genesis (Bassett 1987:16). As mining efforts expanded into much of the rest of the western United
States in subsequent decades, miners carried with them this claim system. Significant reserves of precious
metals were located in Utah in the 1860s, which led to the first recorded claims and the formation of the
first mining district in the state on 17 September 1863 (Arrington 1963). These claims and action to
establish a district followed the processes developed earlier in California. The general system of Mining
laws in Utah were not officially codified until the Federal Mining Act of 1872 and the Utah Mining Law
of 1899, which defined the requirements for both filing and holding title to mining claims. This process
has been summarized by others in regard to the way it worked in the hard rock mining areas of the state:
When a discovery was located, the prospector had to post a location notice at the discovery
opening, indicating the name of the lode, the date of discovery, his (the miner’s) name, and the
distance and direction of the claim. . . . In addition he was required to mark the boundaries of the
claim within thirty days. . . . The claim could be no greater than 1500 feet in length, and could
extend no further than 300 feet on each side of the vein. Each corner had to be clearly marked,
wither with a stake or a tree, and although some states required the centerlines to be staked as well,
this was not required in Utah. . . . Also within thirty days of posting the location notice, the
claimant had to file, for the record, a copy of the notice of location ... with the elected recorder of
the mining district (or county after 1880). . . . Within ninety days of filing, the claimant was
required to perform fifty dollars of assessment work on the claim and at least one hundred dollars
annually thereafter.

Once five hundred dollars in improvements had been made ... the claimant was eligible to
purchase it ... provided he had a plat of the property produced and published his intention for sixty
days. In addition, there had to be evidence that a ‘prudent man’ could work the mine profitably.
Once approved, the land was patented and transferred to private ownership” (Bassett 1987:16-17).
Prospectors interested in mining uranium-bearing ores had to be aware of a few further legalities specific
to their industry and different from general mining law. As noted previously, while federal attempts to
withdraw all uranium-bearing lands from the public domain had earlier failed, the fact that uranium (and
vanadium) had been declared strategic metals in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 required that all mined
uranium ores had to be sold to the United States Government (Eichstaedt 1994). The Act stated that
“because uranium and thorium ores can be used as source materials in the production of atomic
energy, they are also subject to certain other controls . . . (which) apply for the most part to the
sale or transfer of uranium and thorium ores after they have been removed from the ground, and
generally will not interfere with normal prospecting and mining operations” (United States Atomic
Energy Commission and United States Geological Survey 1951:49).

The sale limitation applied to ore removed from lands controlled by the Native Americans as well
(Eichstaedt 1994). This market restriction was ‘erased’ by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, approved
August 30, 1954 which “removed the provision for reservation to the Government of uranium found in
public lands” (United States Atomic Energy Commission and United States Geological Survey 1951:48).
The only additional requirement placed upon uranium miners was that a “license from the Atomic Energy
Commission is needed to sell, transfer, or receive uranium and thorium ores which have been removed
from the ground, no matter where or when they were mined” (United States Atomic Energy Commission
and United States Geological Society 1951:50).

Although uranium prospecting and mining operations were established throughout southeastern
Utah, the most productive area overall within the state was the Lisbon Valley district, San Juan County,
along the geologically described Lisbon Valley anticline of the Paradox Basin (Mohammad 1986). The
first discovery of uranium-vanadium ores in the valley occurred in 1913 at the southeast end of the
anticline, with further discoveries reported within the general area in 1917, 1940 and 1941 (Chenoweth
1990). Uranium mining in the district continued on a fairly small scale, however, until the formation of
the Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947 and the subsequent creation of its domestic uranium
procurement program (Chenoweth 1990). Once the procurement process was in place, uranium-bearing
ores were mined more aggressively, although the ore produced was of a low grade. The amount of ore
being generated, however, justified the development of an ore-buying station in Monticello, Utah, which
became the most significant buying-station within the Utah boundaries. Total uranium-bearing ores
removed from the area during the period 1947 to 1951 were recorded as approximately 1,393 tons
(Chenoweth 1990).

Small, independent miners in Utah and elsewhere often struggled to find any economic success
due to the fact that the uranium ore was often deeply buried below substantial beds of sedimentary rock,
and the price paid for the ore was not high enough to allow the independent miner to make a profit.
Miners often complained that the “prices being paid by the AEC through private corporations are
inadequate to provide for any development of ore reserves outside of shallow beds” (Knight 2001:31).
The AEC responded to the situation by initiating an exploration and research program and through
government sponsored exploratory drilling that resulted in the completion of 500,000 feet of test drills in
three years (Knight 2001:31). The government also sponsored the construction from hundreds of miles of
dirt access roads that opened up huge tracts of previously isolated land in southern Utah. The
development of the road system would later facilitate Utah’s twentieth century boom in the tourist trade,
and the public became enamored of the newly accessible open spaces in southern Utah’s backcountry. In
spite of the federally financed incentives and government assistance programs, the common complaint
was that the much of the drilling and other exploration assistance benefited large, established mining
companies, and did little to further the interests of the small-time prospector and miner (Knight 2001:31).
In March 1951, the government provided an additional stimulus to the industry by raising federally fixed
prices on ore. “Prices for the lowest grade ore, 0.1 percent, went from fifty cents to $1.50 per pound
($11.00 per pound in 2005 dollars) – an increase of 300 percent. The highest grade of ore, 0.2 percent
and higher, increased from $2.00 to $3.50 ($15 to $26) per pound” (Knight 2001:31). The boost in prices
provided additional stimulus to exploration and development efforts throughout the state.

The uranium boom in Utah really began, however, in 1952, with Charlie Steen’s discovery of
unoxidized uranium minerals in his Mi Vida mine, near Moab, on July 6. Mr. Steen was drilling a core
hole in order to “test the Big Buck ore horizon in the Cutler formation. . . . at a depth of 70 feet, the coring
encountered a dark colored sandstone. This material was cored for a total thickness of 14 feet ... 100 feet
above the horizon he planned to test” (Chenoweth 1990:13). Although unrecognized as uranium-bearing
at first, when the deposit was analyzed it assayed at an average of 0.23 percent uranium, which was an
extremely high-grade ore. Further discoveries would contain as much as 0.47 percent uranium ore
(Chenoweth 1990).

“The news of the Steen discovery set off an extensive rush of claim-staking throughout the entire
southwestern flank of the Lisbon Valley,” thus beginning the boom period for Utah’s uranium mining
(Chenoweth 1990:14). The presence of such high-grade ores suggested that many could make their
fortune quickly, just as Mr. Steen did with the Mi Vida Mine. The presence of such ore bodies, in
conjunction with the high national demand for uranium fueled further mineral exploration throughout
Utah, and had prospectors laying claim to much of the plateau area within the state.

The surge in mining claims caused a few unforeseen difficulties, however. “In 1953, many mine
operators...discovered that their claims had been staked on lands already covered by federal oil and gas
leases. Public Law 250, signed into law by President Truman on August 12, 1953, provided for the
creation of valid mining claims on ground staked between July 31, 1939 and January 1, 1953. Claims
staked subsequent to January 1, 1953 were invalid” (Chenoweth 1990:17). However, due to the strategic
nature of the ore, and government demand for any ores produced, the Atomic Energy Commission issued
Domestic Uranium Circular 7, effective January 29, 1954, which allowed interested miners to lease back
mining claims already covered by the oil and gas leases. This allowance made it possible for prospectors
to protect their claims until Public Law 585 of August 13, 1954 came into effect. This law opened to
mining all lands previously closed due to the federal leases already in place (Chenoweth 1990).

Uranium prospecting continued at a record pace until the early 1960’s, when it appeared that the
United States Government demand for uranium was diminishing due to oversupply. At that time, the
Atomic Energy Commission began allowing miners to sell their ores on the open market, to utility
companies interested in producing nuclear-energy power plants. The federal government continued to
purchase a portion of the ores produced until 1970, but private sales accounted for most of the ore
distribution. With the advent of nuclear power plants, uranium production surged for another decade,
until public concern over the dangers of radioactivity curtailed the nuclear power industry.
 During the period 1948 to 1970, production records for the Lisbon Valley mining district
maintained by the United States Atomic Energy Commission reveal that 7,184,846 tons of uranium-
bearing ore were mined, producing 53,636,121 pounds of uranium at an average of 0.37 percent uranium
mineralization, a very rich concentration (Chenoweth 1990). Unfortunately, few of Utah’s other uranium
mining districts could match the ore quality and quantity of the Lisbon Valley district, and overall, “more
than 90 percent of Utah’s total uranium production has come from (the) San Juan County” (Mohammad
1986:5) portion of the Paradox Basin. Uranium production records for the entire state indicate that by
1962, the state had produced over 9 million tons of ore, which yielded approximately $250 million in
uranium and radium. The official government report indicates that this was the result of ore removed from
“literally thousands of deposits, many of which were mined as a single enterprise (Hilpert and Dasch
1964:125-126).

The socioeconomic effects on the region of southern Utah were profound. The example of Moab,
Utah, positioned in the heartland of Utah’s uranium mining area, although perhaps somewhat extreme, is
representative of the changes that came to many parts of the state. The 1940 federal census recorded
Moab’s population as 1,084. By 1960, only twenty years later, the population had more than tripled to
6,345 persons. Of that total, only 1,102 reported living in the same house as they had occupied in 1954,
and only 2,377 reported having been born in Utah (Knight 2001:32). The explosive population growth
severely stressed public services and infrastructure, creating serious problems in public school
accommodations, medical facilities, water and sewage treatment facilities, communication services, and
public safety (Knight 2001). In the four years following Steen’s 1952 strike, the city’s administrative
budget increased 600 percent, and growth demands lead to a 1,200 percent increase in allocations for
public safety (Amundson 2002:69). The uranium boom served to transform many of the small
communities in the southern region of the state from quiet, homogenous, predominantly Mormon
agricultural communities, to more complex, heterogeneous towns with more diversified economies.

Utah consistently ranks in the top four states for the domestic production of uranium. The
importance of this heavy metallic element was significantly and permanently changed during the World
War II period with the development of nuclear weapons for military applications as well as the pioneering
of nuclear reactors as a source of energy. The uranium industry underwent a major boom during the
1950s, largely in response to government sponsored exploration, milling and acquisitions programs. The
Cold War period was dominated by federal government policies that significantly impacted the
economics of the industry. By the mid-1960s this boom-cycle was over as the market collapsed in
response to the end of government purchasing and the increasing availability of cheaper foreign sources
for commercial reactors. Throughout the period of exploration and development of uranium in the state,
activity was strongly influenced by both government manipulation of the uranium market, and to a lesser
degree by other aspects of the law of supply and demand, and mining activities fluctuated accordingly. A
record high production of uranium oxide was reached in 1958 with the production of 6.1 million pounds
(Neff 1981:217). Although the uranium industry at present is seeing little activity in Utah, it has been a
significant factor in various parts of the state in the past. Recently, however, there has been an increase in
uranium exploration due to the price increase of the mineral. In the last five years the price of uranium has
more than tripled from less than $10/pound to over $30/pound today. Since the beginning of 2005, over
6,000 mining claims have been staked in southeastern Utah. Although claimants are not required to file
notices identifying exactly what mineral is being prospected, most of these claims cover either known
uranium resources or potential exploration plays (geology.utah.gov. 2005). Thus, if the national energy
policy does once again swing toward a reliance on nuclear power, and public acceptance for building new
nuclear power plants can be generated, there is a possibility that Utah’s uranium mining industry will
once again expand during the foreseeable future.

Uranium Mining in Emery County

The Native Americans present in the region before European contact were the first people to
exploit uranium in Emery County, although they used the mineral-bearing carnotite ores to create bright
red and yellow war paints (Sorenson 1963). Indirectly, uranium mining in the area probably began as a
byproduct of hard-rock mining in the last half of the nineteenth century. “To those early miners,
pitchblende was noting more than a dull black substance, apparently worthless, which clung persistently
to mining tools and was thrown unceremoniously on the waste pile” (Sorenson 1963:2). The value of
these waste materials was noted by Dr. Richard Pearce in 1871, who recognized uranium ore within the
tailings, and for a short period several local mines produced uranium on a small scale. All of the ores
recovered from this effort were shipped overseas and used as a dye colorant, in the manufacture of glass,
pottery, and steel plate, and for photographic experimentation (Sorenson 1963).

While uranium claims were staked at Temple Mountain as early as 1898 (Finken 1977), no
organized mining district was ever officially formed within the San Rafael survey area. At the turn of the
century, most San Rafael surface deposits of uranium ore were originally discovered by sheep herders as
they moved their herds over the Swell. Judge J.W. Warf, from Price, Utah, claimed the earliest identified
deposits, eventually recovering approximately 30,000 pounds of ore. Other widespread deposits were
also identified within the early 1900s, in areas ranging from west of the La Sal Mountains, around Grand
River north of Moab, at Mill Creek, near Cold Creek, and on Temple Mountain. According to Sorenson
(1963), by 1906, approximately 200 tons of ore were mined annually in Colorado and Utah. A large
percentage of that material was recovered from the San Rafael Swell and Emery County environs, all of
which was shipped to Germany for radium research and use in medical treatments.

As noted above, the advent of the atomic age resulted in a sharp increase in demand for uranium.
In order to meet the requirements of Cold War weapons programs, the Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) instituted purchase and bonus programs in order to stimulate local exploration and boost domestic
supply of the mineral. Within Emery County, the “Temple Mountain and Tidwell Draw areas ... had
produced uranium ores during the radium boom in the twentieth century. At that time only the richest
ore was worth shipping; lower grade material was simply dumped near the mine entrance” (Geary
1996:330). During the late 1940s these tailings were hauled to the AEC processing mill at Monticello,
Utah, and in 1949 several old mines in the Temple Mountain district were reopened, most of which were
eventually controlled by the Consolidated Mining Company. By 1950, ore shipments from these mines
reached 100 tons per day (Geary 1996).

General prospecting within the county began in earnest in 1948, reaching a “fever” pitch in 1949,
when 910 claims were filed with the county recorder. An additional 410 claims were placed on record
during the first quarter of 1950. After Charles Steen’s 1954 discovery of the Mi Vida ore body near
Moab, claims were recorded at a frenetic pace, with 2,541 claims placed during the first quarter alone.
Eventually more than 50,000 Emery County claims were recorded between 1950 and 1956. Owen
McClenahan of Castle Dale, an active prospector within the area, described the uranium rush in these
terms:

“Men by the thousands flocked into these erosional wastelands in old jalopy automobiles and
army surplus jeeps. Here they would camp, and then proceed by foot in all directions climbing steep
slopes until they reached the mineralized sandstones. There the ones without Geiger counters would take
samples to be checked later. Those with counters would follow the mineralized areas until they had a
reading from their counters which was a loud response of amplified clicking reminding one of a
rattlesnake showing its annoyance to man
As a rule one of the worst things that could happen to a prospector would be to find just enough to
raise his hope, his dreams, and encourage his irresponsibility to raise money in any devious way
he could. Many men lost everything they owned, including their wife and family” (Geary
1996:331).

Most of the uranium ore deposits discovered during this period were small, only containing a few
tons of marketable ore. Larger and more profitable finds consisted of deposits along the Muddy Creek
drainage in the southern part of the Swell, within Tomsich Butte, at Green Vein Mesa, and in Reds
Canyon, where the Lucky Strike mine was developed (Geary 1996). Near Tomsich Butte, the Dirty Devil
claims produced moderate to significant amounts of ore, while the Green Dragon and Blue Bird claims
remained prospects only (Newsome and Tipps 1993). “Other locations that produced marketable ore
during the early uranium rush period included the Dexter claims on Calf Mesa and the nearby Lone Tree
claims, the Wickiup claims, the Consolidated claims near Family Butte, and several claims in the Tidwell
Draw area” (Geary 1996:332). Perhaps the most celebrated find, with the exception of the Temple
Mountain ore body, was Vernon J. Pick’s location of the Delta-Hidden Splendor deposit in 1952. After
profitably working his claims for two years, Pick sold the workings to the Atlas Corporation for the sum
of $9 million. Unfortunately, Atlas only recovered about $2 million worth of ore in the next three years,
and eventually closed the mine in 1957 (Geary 1996). In 1956, the AEC announced that the supply of
stockpiled uranium had reached the point of “plenty,” and producers were advised not to expand
(Sorenson 1963). By 1960, virtually all uranium prospecting in the county had ceased (Geary 1996),
although minimal exploration continued to be carried out by a select few prospectors.

A growing need for “cheap” energy beginning during the late 1960s and continuing through the
1980s, re-energized uranium exploration in the county as interest increased in the development of nuclear
power throughout the United States. New claims for many of the abandoned prospects were relocated
during this period, with most new filings being recorded by energy companies or large numbers of
investors. However, concerns regarding the dangers inherent in both the production of nuclear energy,
and the subsequent safety issues surrounding the storage of spent fuel, quickly eclipsed public perceptions
of energy benefits gained, and demand for uranium quickly fell. While prospectors hope that future
demand for uranium will increase again in the future, most mining claims within Emery County are
currently inactive or closed – as of August 2005, only six claim groups are active. As noted above,
however, if the national energy policy is adjusted toward nuclear production, and public concerns are
eased sufficiently that the nation’s population supports the construction of new nuclear power facilities,
uranium mining within the county and state could once again become a revitalized industry.
 Survey Results

Site Designations

DOGM specified mine openings to be surveyed as part of this project because they pose physical
safety hazards proposed for closure and/or reclamation activity. Each was examined per the methodology
described previously, and recorded accordingly. All but one of the sites were newly recorded; at the
single previously recorded site we adjusted the previous site boundaries. We also recorded numerous
roads and other mine-related sites.

A total of 91 archaeological sites and 21 isolated features are impacted by the project area
(Appendix B). Fifty-six of the sites and all of the isolated features encompass the 183 mine openings
identified by DOGM tag numbers, and four additional openings without tag numbers. Site boundaries
were determined by proximity and associations of openings, other mine features, and artifacts, with
breaks between such features and artifact distributions constituting the areas between sites. Several of the
mine sites include short segments of old mine roads directly associated with the openings in those sites,
and some include buildings or other habitation remains within the site boundaries. However, many of the
old roads leading up to mine locations are quite long, and our strategy was to record these longer roads as
separate sites. We recorded a total of 31 mine roads (311 linear acres) and two structural sites, separate
from mine openings. In most cases these old mine roads provide the most logical access route for DOGM
personnel for mine closure work. We were more selective, however, in the documentation of historic
habitation, mining features, or trash scatters. Such sites located along well traveled roads were not
documented. Only when the road was not well traveled but was the likely access route for closure was
the associated building site documented. The two structural sites which were recorded consisted solely of
historic buildings and artifacts clearly related to mining, but located along a proposed access route/old
mine road well away from the mine openings. In addition to the historic sites, 2 prehistoric sites were
also identified and recorded during the survey.

The sites are summarized in Appendix B with a summary correlation of site numbers to DOGM
tag numbers, NRHP recommendations, and proposed mitigation procedures for NRHP-eligible sites. Site
sketch maps are presented in Appendix C.

All of the mines are unpatented (only four commonly known mine names are known), and
archaeological site boundaries were drawn primarily on the basis of topography and proximity between
openings. Some archaeological sites include multiple mine claims. This is a result of overlapping claims
resulting in multiple associated, though not necessarily contemporaneous mining operations, as well as
the nature of mining efforts following uranium veins that pass through multiple claims. A summary of
information specific to individual claims is presented in Appendix D.

Access Roads

As mentioned above, many of the mine sites are accessible by well traveled roads, while access
into others is likely to be along old mine roads. However, some mine sites must be accessed by a
combination of old mine roads and newly surveyed cross-country routes. Other mine sites do not
intersect directly any road of modern or historic use. In these cases an access route was surveyed into the
site area from the nearest convenient road in case mechanical closure is chosen as the preferred method of
site closure. Often a drainage bottom was selected for the access, in order to keep surface impacts to a
minimum. Each access route inventory covered an area 30 meters wide and was surveyed by two or three
crew members. No new sites or isolated finds were documented in these access roads. A total of 69
linear acres of cross-country access roads were inventoried.

Site Descriptions and National Register Evaluations

Ninety-one archaeological sites, including one previously recorded site, were defined and
evaluated and are described below in outline format. The site locations are shown in Appendix A.
Summary information on each site, including National Register status recommendations is presented in
Appendix B. Site sketch plan maps identifying the archaeological features are included as Appendix C.

Fifty-one of the 91 total sites are recommended as eligible for the National Register of Historic
Places (NRHP). None of the mines recorded as isolated features are considered to be eligible for the
NRHP. The eligible sites include a total of 154 openings (83.2% of all openings surveyed) including four
untagged openings. The largest two sites encompass 19 openings (Lucky Strike) and 10 openings
(Tomsich Butte) respectively. Many of the sites include only a single, or perhaps two or three, openings.
These smaller sites are considered to be important examples of mines which are representative of the
small-scale uranium mining effort typical in the region if they retain sufficient integrity and contain
multiple features.

Most of the NRHP-eligible sites qualify under criteria A and/or C. Only a few qualify under
Criterion D, and one qualifies under Criterion B.

We believe that the mining sites recommended as eligible to the NRHP contribute to the overall
understanding of mining activities in the San Rafael region. The mines in the project area resulted from
exploration and extraction activities associated with the uranium mining boom in the middle part of the
twentieth century in the western United States. Although most of the sites are relatively modest in scope,
most that retain integrity and have the ability to convey aspects significant to the regional mining history
or which have the potential to yield additional archaeological and historic information are recommended
as contributing resources to a regional historic context associated with the theme of uranium mining as a
strategic resource during the post World War II and Cold War eras, and particularly as a facet of the
American interest in developing uranium as a nuclear energy source. At a local level, uranium mining
played an important role in Emery County (as well as in other southeastern Utah counties) from the late
1940s through the early 1970s, and in some respects influenced the course of local history and economic
development. The significance of the sites has been assessed within this broader regional and national
context.

Mine Sites

The discussion of the mining sites is organized numerically by archaeological site numbers,
which generally were assigned from east to west and north to south across the project area. The first site,
42EM2329, however, is not in this north-south order, but rather is placed there as the numerically first
site. Mine sites are summarized first, followed by Department of Defense tunnels, structural, and historic
road sites. State tag number(s) are also noted for each site. Each site designated by a specific
archaeological site number may include one, or more than one, numbered opening as identified on the
DOGM inventory. Isolated feature data is summarized following the discussion of the archaeological
sites.

Site Number: 42EM2329 (Dirty Devil)

Possible Claim Name(s): Coco #1, Dirty Devil #1/2/3, Dirty Devil Fraction, Milan #3, Creole
#1/2/3/4/5/6, Red Mountain #1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10

State Tag Number(s): 4240835HO001, 4240835HO002, 4240835HO003, 4240835HO004,

4240835HO005, 4240835HO006, 4240835HO007, 4240835HO008, 4240835HO009, 4240835IO001

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This site was originally recorded in 1993 by P-III Associates, Inc. Inexplicably, the
site was recorded as consisting of all mining features within their entire 1700 by 825 m inventory area.
During the present survey we redefined the site to include only the Dirty Devil uranium mine, the largest
site present within the original survey area, and have given site numbers to Features 16 (42EM3514), and
17 - 18 (42EM3515) which are clearly separate sites. As now defined, the site measures 470 by 70 m and
includes 18 features identified during the original survey. These include a habitation structure, an
outhouse, a dugout/powder magazine, 12 adits, 2 waste piles, an ore car trestle, and scattered trash.
Features added during the present survey include an ore chute, a rock alignment, and road segments.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and C. This site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one of the major uranium prospecting and mining efforts
in this portion of the San Rafael Swell region, and was important in providing the United States with the
uranium necessary to propel the country into the nuclear age. The mine also made significant
contributions to the economic development of the state. Ore mined from the site was shipped to three
locations in Utah – the Vitro Chemical Company in Salt Lake City, United States Vanadium at
Thompson, and the Atomic Energy Commission Plant at Monticello. Consequently the economic
contribution of this site extended far beyond both the local mining communities and the nearby towns of
Green River and Hanksville. Overall the impact of these particular facilities to the overall local history
would have been substantial. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.
Criterion C: The site involves a typical medium-scale mining enterprise, with apparatus in place which
are good, distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. The site possesses a significant concentration of buildings, structures, and objects, associated in
time and space, that convey an overall image of radioactive ore extraction and mining community life
throughout the first part of the twentieth century. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is
fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The extensive size nature of the site and its associated features and other remains contain
features and artifacts which possess tremendous research value. The features and associated debris
composing the habitation and administrative working areas have the potential to provide significant
information on the size, composition, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class of the people that occupied the
site, and may also provide insights into the everyday activities that took place there. The mine shafts,
adits, tailings piles, equipment, and machinery present have the potential to yield considerable
information on the methods and techniques used to extract the ore, can supplement information available
in archival literature, provide more specific information on the dates of occupation, and contribute
specifically to the understanding of the local mining history and radioactive ore extraction processes.
Therefore, the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Access: A graded road runs to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3492

Possible Claim Name(s): Yankee #6/8/10/12/14

State Tag Number(s): 4201110HO001, 4201110HO002

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine site located on the east facing slope of a mesa in
Buckhorn Wash Canyon about one mile north of the San Rafael River. The site is about 50 by 40 m in
size and consists of horizontal openings and associated waste piles. Associated debris is sparse and
consists of milled lumber and a tin can.

Two horizontal openings are present. 4201110HO001 has a timber framed opening measuring 8 ft wide
by 6 ft tall. 4201110HO002 is a small 2.5 wide by 3 ft high opening that extends into the hillside
approximately 20 ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is recommended Eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. The
site retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds from other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site is accessed by driving south through Buckhorn Wash and then by foot up the slope to the
openings.

Site Number: 42EM3493

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4201131HO001, 4201131HO002

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine on the slope above Cane Wash. The site is 45 by 75 m in
size and consists of two horizontal openings at the base of a cliff, an associated waste dump on the slope
below, and a fair amount of wood debris on the slope including a collapsed timber A-frame structure and
the remnants of a wood plank platform. An old mine road (42EM3545) leads up to the site. There is a
possible ore bin, platform, and loading chute associated with these openings but the exact type of features
and their dimensions are unknown due to their fragmented nature.

Adit 42001131HO001 measures 8 ft by 6ft and extends into the slope approximately 15 ft.

Adit 4201131HO002 is 5 ft tall and 4 ft wide, depth unknown.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. This site retains integrity of location and setting, but little
in the way of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. However, the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
negligible, both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Although remnant
wood debris on the site suggests a former presence of limited mining structures, their fragmentary state
makes it impossible to identify any structural form or function. Therefore the site is not eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road runs near the site and ends at the edge of a Wilderness Study Area. Access
from there is by foot.

Site Number: 42EM3494

Possible Claim Name(s): Arrowhead and Arrowhead Annex, CM #32/34/35/36, Coconino

#507/509/511/513/515/532/533/534/535/536, Dexter #13/14/30/31

State Tag Number(s): 4201132HO001, 4201132HO002

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located high up on the talus slope on the southeast side
of Calf Mesa. The site measures 30 by 10 m and consists of two horizontal openings, a waste pile on the
slope below one of the openings, and sparse mining related debris. Artifacts include scrap metal, milled
lumber, nails, wood fragments, and a fuel can.

4201132HO001 is a shallow opening that extends 10 ft into the hillside. It measures 10 ft by 6 ft and then
narrows to 6 ft by 4 ft.

4201132HO002 extends approximately 30 ft into the hillside. At the 10 ft mark, there is a small prospect
extending 3 ft to the east. 4201132HO002 measures 7.5 ft by 5 ft.
National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. This site retains integrity of location, setting, design, and
workmanship, but little in the way of integrity of materials, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This small-scale mining endeavor is clearly is associated with the general development of
uranium mining in Emery County, but the extremely liminted level of effort expended in the development
of this mine suggests that the impact of this particular site on the overall mining history would have been
negligible. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: No information regarding any individuals of local, state or national significance could be
identified at any extent in terms of association with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not
eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Artifacts remaining on the site provide no insight into structural features which
might have been present when exploration/ore extraction was actively taking place, and the overall
integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features, and the poor condition of
other remains demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from
either additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A dirt road runs past the site on the east and an access route was inventoried from the road west
to the base of the talus slope. From here the site must be reached by foot.

Site Number: 42EM3495

Possible Claim Name(s): Blue Ribbin #7/8/9/10/11/12, King #2/66/67, Coconino #40/528/529/530/531,
Double Deck #15/16, Big Shoot No. I/II, Neutron #4/6/7/8/9/

State Tag Number(s): 4201133HO001, 4201133HO002, 4201133HO003, 4201133HO004

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located at the base of the cliff face on the west side of
Calf Mesa. The site is 220 by 50 m in size and consists of four horizontal openings, an intact ore bin, a
mostly collapsed loading chute, and a log platform. Artifacts associated with the site are generally sparse
and consist of wood debris including milled lumber and beams, and sheet metal. An old mine road
(42EM3546) is cut on the slope below the openings and leads up to the site.
There are four horizontal openings at the site. 4201133HO001 is 9 ft wide and 7 ft tall. It extends into
the hillside 40 ft. 4201133HO002 is 7 ft wide by 7 ft tall and has a timber framed opening. The opening
extends into the hillside for thirty feet. 4201133HO003 is 7 ft wide by 6 ft high and extends into the
hillside 15 ft, then turns east and connects with 4201133HO004. 4201133HO004 is 9 ft wide by 6.5 ft
tall. Ten feet into the opening it splits into three tunnels; one going west to connect with 4201133HO003,
one going north for only 10 ft and ending, and one going east for 15 to 20 ft. After 15 to 20 ft, this tunnel
begins to turn north.

The ore bin is located on the slope below 4201133HO004 just above the road. It has a unique
construction of 2 x 6” boards laid horizontally and alternating with short-cut 2x6”s placed at the ends and
middle positions. The interior walls are covered with cut unfinished posts of irregular lengths nailed
vertically. The ore bin is approximately 14 ft high and 12 ft wide. The floor is composed of 2 x 12”
boards nailed to a steep angled frame. A 2.5 ft by 5 ft long chute is built in the center of the bin. The bin
is supported by large squared timbers and is built on top of a 12 ft square, 8 ft Tall platform made of
cribbed logs filled with dirt and rock. Associated artifacts include ore track section and wire.

The loading chute is mostly collapsed and consists of abundant nailed boards lying on the slope. One
intact section of the chute consists of 3’4” long 2x6” boards nailed to long parallel 2x6” boards. The up
slope portion of the chute is more intact and consists of a 3 ft wide base made of 3 parallel 2x12” planks
and 2.5 ft high wall with 2x6” boards nailed to the top of the walls. The chute is attached to a 12 ft wide
7 ft tall platform constructed of cribbed squared timbers in front of 4201133HO004.

National Register Assessment: This site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.
Access: A graded road runs east of the site. An access route was inventoried to the west for a short
distance to the severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3496

Possible Claim Name(s): CM #27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36, Coconino

#2/4/6/8/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/51/53, Dexter #1/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/28/29/30/32/33, Lucky
Seven, Lucky Seven #1, Arrowhead #2

State Tag Number(s): 4211105HO001, 4211105HO002

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine high up on the slope on the south end of Calf Mesa. The
site is 20 by 30 m and consists of two horizontal openings, associated waste piles on the slope below the
openings, and some mining debris. An old mine road (42EM3547) leads up to the site. Both openings are
connected by an old mine road that still exists in some places. Some portions of the road have been
completely destroyed by rock-fall or erosion.

This site has two openings: 421105HO001 and 421105HO002. Opening 421105HO001 extends into the
hillside in three distinct lobes. The opening size is 5.5 ft wide by 5 ft high. There are no arifacts
associated with this opening. The three lobes in the opening extend to the north, east, and west. The north
lobe extends into the hillside 20 ft. The east lobe extends 10 ft into the hillside and the west lobe extends
6 ft into the hillside.

421105HO002 is 4ft wide by 5 ft high. At 8 ft into the hill, 421105HO002 gradually turns towards the
east. It’s depth is unknown.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a somewhat limited mine working which exhibits two differing methods
of mineral exploration and extraction. Although both of the openings are relatively small, one of the adits
extends straight back into the bedrock, while the second exhibits a rather unique tri-lobed form, with
lobes of 6 ft, 10 ft, and 20 ft, respectively. Althugh the general integrity of the existing site features is
poor, the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A dirt road that turns west off of a graded road runs near the site which turns into a very eroded
mine road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3497

Possible Claim Name(s): CM #32/33/34/35/36, Coconino #2/4/6/8/41/42/43/44/46/48, Dexter

#1/11/12/13/28/29/30/32/33, Lucky Seven

State Tag Number(s): 4211105IO001, 4211105HO003, 4211105HO004, 4211105HO005,

4211105HO006, 4211105HO007, 4211105HO008

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly large uranium mine on the south edge of Calf Mesa. The site measures
300 by 190 in size and includes mine features on top of the mesa, on the upper slope below the cliff face,
and at the base of the mesa. Features within the site include six horizontal openings and one inclined
opening, two massive waste piles, two collapsed loading chutes, a small concrete foundation, a standing
metal ore bin, a collapsed wood ore bin, and two loading platforms. Artifacts observed on the site include
wood and metal debris, metal pipe, cable, tin cans, hose, wire, ore bucket, car hoist engine, and rebar.
The openings can be accessed by a mine road (42EM3547) that cuts across the slope below the openings.
There is also a currently inaccessible mine road (42EM3510) that runs around the back of the mesa to the
inclined opening on top.

4211105HO003 consists of a 6.5 by 5 ft opening with a post frame. 4211105HO004 has a wood post
frame at the entrance. Support beams and metal pipes are present inside the adit. A completely collapsed
loading chute lies below the opening and a partially intact log platform. The chute is about 40 ft long and
3.5 ft wide. Rebar ends extend out of the sides of the chute every 3 ft the length of the chute. A collapsed
wood ore bin 20 by 15 ft lies at the end of the chute. A 9 by 12 ft loading platform is present in front of
4211105HO005 constructed of cribbed logs and RR ties with sheet metal on top that is covered with soil.
Cable is attached to both sides of the adit and extends out to the platform. 4211105HO006 is a 7 by 8 ft
opening half filled with rock debris. 4211105HO007 has a 10 by 6 ft entrance with one large short timber
roof support and some wood debris. 4211105HO008 is a 9 by 6 ft opening that has a winch down to
4211105HO006. 4211105IO001 is located on top of the mesa. It is a 7 by 7 ft opening at the end of a 7 ft
wide and 45 ft long trench. Inside the opening is wood debris, plastic hose, and a 2” diameter metal pipe
wired to upright posts near the top of the roof which extends into the adit. North of this opening is a 23 ft
long collapsed loading chute constructed of 2x8” by 5 ft long boards nailed side by side on a wood
frame and covered with sheets of heavy sheet metal. It is supported by large timbers and cable. An ore
bucket and car hoist engine are also present in this area. A cable runs from the top of the mesa down to a
9 by 7 ft metal ore bin at the base of the mesa that is set into a concrete foundation. The top is 13 ft high
and the opening at the bottom of the bin is 40” by 16”. “Calf Mesa Uranium” is painted its sides and
posts. A 4 by 7 ft concrete foundation near the bin is “U” shaped with 4 sets of upright bolts and
imbedded chain.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history is uncertain. Given its
relatively large and complex associations, it must be assumed that the impact was more than the majority
of uranium mining operations in the region. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A dirt road that turns west off of a graded road runs near the site which turns into a very eroded
mine road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3498

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4211336HO001, 4211336HO002, 4211336HO003

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA
Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine that is located high up on a talus slope above and south
of Black Dragon Wash. The site is 20 by 40 m in size and includes three horizontal openings, a small
trash scatter including lumber, metal, rubber and burlap artifacts. There is a large network of partially
buried pipes and a large air compressor or pump of some sort. Openings 4211336HO001,
4211336HO002, and 4211336HO003 share the same massive waste pile which has eroded down slope. A
long switchback road (42EM3549) leads up to the site from the west.

There are three horizontal mine openings associated with this site, the mines are labeled 4211336HO001,
4211336HO002, and 4211336HO003. Opening 4211336HO001 is a shallow horizontal opening that
extends 10 ft into the hillside. The opening is 10 ft wide and 8 ft tall. It is framed by a wooden post and
lintel system. The boards in the frame have been nailed together and secured by bailing wire.

Opening 4211336HO002 is 6.5 ft tall and 7.5 ft wide. The opening is at a slight incline, extending into
the cliff approximately 60 ft. There are two 2 ft by 6 ft beams and four small shims supporting the mine
opening. Opening 4211336HO003 measures 6 ft by 7ft and extends 50 ft into the cliff. Several 6” by 6”
by 6 ft beams support the opening vertically and horizontally. There are several wooden shims in between
the rock and the beams.

Outside all of the openings is a collapsed loading chute of unknown dimensions. Directly in front of the
opening are the remains of thin cut wooden slats, wire, and metal rebar. This may be the remnants of a
fence.

National Register Assessment: This site is eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although this particular mining effort was not sufficiently large to independently impact the
overall mining history or uranium ore production of the region, the site still represents a good example of
the small scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the area.
Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: No individuals of local, state or national significance are associated to any extent with the
mining efforts at this particular site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The three mine openings represent a relatively typical limited mine working for the area.
All three of the adits exhibit varying levels of wood support framing, and two of the adits extend greater
than 50 ft into the bedrock. A purpose-built retaining wall and remnant buried pipes present on the site
provide insight into specific mining and construction methods employed there. Although the mine
openings and retaining wall retain fairly good integrity of construction, the general condition of the other
site features is poor. The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A severely eroded mine road that turns off a two track runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3499

Possible Claim Name(s): Navajo #32/37, Pay #48

State Tag Number(s): 4221323HO001

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: The is a very small site consisting of a single horizontal uranium mine opening in the
bottom of an unnamed canyon in the San Rafael Reef. The site is no more than 10 by 5 m in size. The
mine opening is located at the base of a large rock outcrop on the edge of the drainage and consists of a
unique opening with a large timber frame and thick wood planks with large rocks stacked high on both
sides of the framed portal and on the roof. Artifacts and debris associated with the site are confined to the
inside of the mine opening and include ore tracks, large timbers, a tire rim and tire, an oil can and metal
pipe. No waste dump is present.

Opening 4221323HO001 has a large timber frame measuring 5 ft wide by 7 ft high. There are several
thick wooden planks on both sides of the opening supporting rocks stacked 6 or 7 ft high on both sides of
the entrance. I nside the opening are several timbers wedged in the roof of the opening that form a
retaining wall.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with an interesting portal that is
relatively distinct in construct, perhaps to period of use and certainly for construction methods, that sets it
apart from other openings in the region. The integrity of the existing site features is fair at best. The site
is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two track road leads up to the mouth of the canyon. From here the site must be reached by foot.

Site Number: 42EM3500

Possible Claim Name(s): Navajo #32/37, Pay #48

State Tag Number(s): 4221323IO001, 4221323VO001

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a moderate sized uranium mine complex located in the bottom and steep talus
slope in an unnamed canyon. The site is 200 by 150 m in size and consists of two mine openings with
associated massive waste piles, and an ore bin on the steep talus slope above three collapsed wood frame
structures, a collapsed outhouse, and a trash scatter on a flat area on the north side of the site. Artifacts
and debris associated with the site includes wood debris, metal, nails, bed frames and springs, kerosene
cans, 50 gallon drums, a washing machine, tin cans, and bottle glass. A mine road runs up from the
drainage to the openings on the slope.

Two mine shafts are present at the site one is vertical and one is inclined. 4221323VO001 is a 12 ft wide
by 15 ft high shaft that is slightly inclined. No associated artifacts or features are present. 4221323IO001
is a partially collapsed inclined opening that is 5 ft wide and 1 ft high. Next to 4221323O001 is a
partially collapsed ore bin measuring 15 ft by 12 ft in size that is constructed of large timbers and 2x12”
planks. The sides of the ore bin are 7 ft high and constructed of 2x12s. There is an opening on one side
at the base. A wood ladder has been anchored on the slope next to the bin.

There are three completely collapsed 15 ft square wood frame structures and a 4 ft by 6 ft collapsed
outhouse constructed of 2x4” boards and planks that are located on a flat area by the drainage on the north
end of the site.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two track road leads up to the mouth of the canyon. From here the site must be reached by foot.

Site Number: 42EM3501

Possible Claim Name(s): Hope #3/4, Navajo #63/64/65/66/67, Flaming Star #4/5/6, Desert Rose
#378/379/380/381/382/383/384/385/386

State Tag Number(s): 4221334HO001, 4221335HO001, 4221335IO001, Untagged #1, Untagged #2

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: The site is moderate sized uranium mine located in an unnamed canyon in the San
Rafael Reef. The site is 220 by 100 m in size and consists of four horizontal openings, one inclined
opening, waste piles, a prospect, the remnants of a possible dugout, a mine road, and a light trash and
debris scatter. Artifacts include wood debris, metal, drills, a machinery part, and an oil can.

A possible dugout is situated on the northern side of the drainage. It is 2 ft deep and 10 ft wide by 10 ft
long. There are no associated artifacts or building materials present.

There are three tagged openings at this site: 4221335HO001, 4221335HO002, and 421335IO001.
Opening 421335HO001 is located at the bottom of the cliff on the edge of the drainage. It has a 6 ft x 2 ft
opening that has mostly been filled in. A drill was found near it.

421335HO002 is located along a fissure along a rock cliff on the south side of the site. It has timber wall
support posts. Associated debris consists of large timbers, round posts, wood planks, and corrugated metal.

Opening 421335IO001 has a 15 ft by 8 ft opening with several timber wall supports inside. Artifacts
associated with this opening include wire, a drill, machinery part, and a cable.
There are two untagged openings along the same fissure as 421335HO002. One has a 5 by 4 ft opening
and is about 30 ft deep. The other has a 6 by 6 ft opening and unknown depth. There is one 2x8” wood
plank near the opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two track road leads up to the mouth of the canyon. From here the site must be reached by foot.

Site Number: 42EM3502

Possible Claim Name(s): Wickiup #1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19

State Tag Number(s): 4221121HO001, 4221121HO002

Map Reference: The Wickiup Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine that consists of two horizontal mine openings with
associated waste piles at the base of the cliff on the west side of a high mesa. The site is 100 by 130 m in
size. Associated debris is scattered near the openings and on the slope below the openings and includes
wood debris, metal drums, gasoline and oil cans, metal pipes, sheet metal, seat springs and truck parts. A
1958 Kansas license plate was also found in association with the truck parts, suggesting that the mine is
associated with the development of uranium for national security. A severely eroded mine road
(42EM3551) leads up to the openings and continues to the north.
Opening 4221121HO001 is a partially covered in opening with timber frame cribbing. Most artifacts are
found below the opening on the waste pile, which measures 30 ft by 60 ft.

Opening 4221121HO002 has heavy timber frame and interior roof supports. There is some wood debris
scattered around the site. The waste pile measures 30 ft by 40 ft with an average thickness of 3 ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. Additionally, the mine represents a
good example of the small scale enterprise which attracted prospectors from all parts of the country and
comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: This site consists of a typical style, limited mine working not exhibiting any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods.
Overall, the mine lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other
such openings in the region. The integrity of the existing features on the site is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two-track road runs up to the talus slope below the mine where it turns into a severely eroded
mine road that goes up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3503

Possible Claim Name(s): Wickiup #1

State Tag Number(s): 4221122HO001, 4221122HO002, 4221122HO003

Map Reference: The Wickiup Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2
Site Description: This is a small uranium mine that consists of three relatively shallow openings situated
below the upper cliff face of a high mesa. Eroded ore dumps associated with the openings are on the
slope below. The site is approximately 250 by 60 m in size. No artifacts were observed within the site
boundaries. A severely eroded mine road (42EM3555) exiting off a well-used two-track goes up the side
of the steep talus slope of the mesa, leading to the openings.

Opening 4221122HO001 is the first opening at the top of the road, and is about 40 ft deep. Its waste
dump is the largest of the three at ca. 100 by 50 ft and averaging 2 ft thick, but it is being badly eroded.

Opening 4221122HO002 is about 45 ft deep. It has a small and highly eroded waste dump.

Opening 4221122HO003 is at the northeastern end of the site. At the opening it splits into two drifts, ca.
10 and 15 ft deep. The northern drift has a wooden frame around it ca. 6 ft tall with various wood shims
and roof supports on top of horizontal timbers at the opening. The waste dump in front of the opening is
ca. 25 by 75 ft, and half a foot thick.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This group of three mine openings is clearly associated with the general development of
uranium mining in Emery County and is a good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised
the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Although the impact of this particular mining
effort to the overall history would have been minimal, the level of effort evident from the depth of the
adits and associated waste piles is significant in terms of its relatively small size. Therefore, this site is
eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two-track road leads up to the base of the mesa below the site where it turns into a severely
eroded mine road that runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3504 (Copper Globe)

Possible Claim Name(s): CG #2/3/4/5/6, Dike #78/79/80/81/111, Dome Copper, Dome Copper #1/2,
Princess Pat, Copper Globe, Copper Globe #1

State Tag Number(s): 4230921HO001, 4230921HO002, 4230921HO003, 4230921VO001,

4230921VO002, 4230921VO003

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 3

Site Description: This is a fairly large copper mine known as “Copper Globe,” located at the base of a
large dome-shaped topographical feature. The site measures 420 by 220 m and consists of three vertical
openings, three horizontal openings and several constructed features including two dugouts, a stone
foundation, three stone walls, a wood shed, a single room structure, and a small mine building. Some
have been restored and preserved. All of the horizontal openings extend into the base of the topographic
dome. The mine openings are located at random spots surrounding the dome. Their function is open to
speculation, due to the shallow nature of two of the three vertical openings. There are also some historic
inscriptions on at the base of the dome that may be associated with the mine. A second component of the
site consists of a small Fremont rock art panel at the base of the dome that includes a classic pecked
Fremont anthropomorph. No prehistoric materials were observed at the site. An historic plaque (that
contains no information about the mine) and a parking area are located across from the site. This mine
was active during the turn of the 20th century, and was one of the first hard-rock mines in the county. It
was never commercially successful however, and the claims were tied up in court for several years.

There are three mine shafts and three adits at the site. Opening 4230921VO001 measures 5 ft wide by 7
ft long and is 1100 ft deep. It is surrounded by a tall chain link fence. Scraps of milled lumber, tar paper,
and pieces of rebar are associated with this opening.

Opening 4230921VO002 is framed by wood beams and measures 4 ft wide by 5 ft long. There is a ladder
that descends into the opening approximately 15 ft. 4230921VO002 has a head frame made of made of
steel and square posts that are 4x5” in diameter by 10 ft long. Four hinges are attached to each corner of
the opening, suggesting that a door or hatch may have covered this shaft at one time. Associated artifacts
at this opening include milled lumber fragments and several metal artifacts, including a metal pipe and a
metal winch with metal frames and cable.

Opening 4230921VO003 measures 6 ft wide, 8 ft long and 8 ft deep. There is a wood fence around the
opening. The remnants of a possible head frame and other scraps of milled lumber are associated with
this opening. The remains of the head frame consist of two horizontal head beams nailed to a vertical
beam.

Opening 4230921HO001 measures 7 ft wide by 5 ft tall. 4230921HO001 extends into the base of the
rock dome at a slight incline. There is evidence that water from the adjacent drainage has periodically
flowed into this opening. There are no associated artifacts, which is likely due to the heavy tourist traffic
that this area receives.
Opening 4230921HO002 is 6 ft tall by 7 ft wide. The opening extends into the rock dome approximately
50 ft and then turns to the south. There are no artifacts associated with this opening.

Opening 4230921HO003 is 5 ft tall by 3 ft wide, and goes back 20 ft. 4230921HO003 is framed by 2x4”
boards held together by modern screws and nails. Hinges screwed to the frame suggest that a door
covered the opening.

There are a number of buildings and structures at the site. Feature 1 is a dugout with the upper walls
made of wooden planks. It has a pitched roof and a 2 ft wide doorway. The back half of the structure is
only half dug forming an upper storage area rather than living space. A rock and mortar stove is located
against this storage area. Interior living space within the dugout measures 9 ft by 6ft. The total enclosed
area equals 6.5 ft by 15 ft.

Feature 2 is a 25 ft by 10 ft by 3 ft high stone foundation comprised of unworked stone and mortar with
up to four courses of stone. There are two narrow openings (15” and 2.5 ft), one possible window
opening, and a 5 ft wide opening on one side at the end of the foundation. This is probably a mine related
structure of some kind, but its function is unknown.

Feature 3 is a 4 ft high masonry wall composed of cemented unworked rocks. The wall is in front of two
small alcoves 27 ft long. The south half of the wall is collapsed. One alcove has squared cut outs for
wood posts in the rock wall.

Feature 4 is a wood frame shed measuring 9 ft by 8ft. It is covered with 1x12” wood planks patched with
metal strips, plywood, and fuel can lids. The shed is built on a foundation of large posts. The roof is
covered with asphalt shingle paper.

Feature 5 is a large dugout structure with rock and masonry walls and a dirt roof. It has been remodeled
by constructing planks and plywood side walls inside the outer walls. It has a built-in rock fireplace
against the center of the back (west) wall. There is a stove pipe hole on the northern side of the building
as well, but no stove is present. There are three windows and a front door. The interior furniture includes
bunk beds, a home-made bed frame, 3 tables, a shelf unit, and shelves. The floor is made of cemented
flagstones which continue outside in front of the house forming a porch area.

Feature 6 is a collapsed outhouse constructed of 2x4s and plywood located west of Feature 5.

Feature 7 is a wood frame mining structure covered with corrugated tin. Dimensions for this structure are
21 ft by 9 ft, with a 7 ft opening on one end. There is a 50 gallon barrel with a funnel, welded to the
frame of the structure. Wood debris, corrugated tin, chicken wire, and fencing posts are present in the
interior.

Feature 8 is a 12 ft by 15 ft wood frame structure east of the main mine area. It is covered with boards
and plywood. There is a plywood fiber board roof covered with corrugated metal, sheet metal, and tar
paper. The floor of the structure is made of cemented flagstones. Inside the structure are bed frames, bed
springs, and other items of trash. Along one wall is a cemented rock fireplace with a stove pipe. Added
on to one side is a 7 ft square metal covered shed containing two 50 gallon drums.
A retaining wall of juniper tree trunks and boulders is present 6 ft east of 4230921HO001. Approximately 30
ft northeast of 4230921HO001 is a dry-laid masonry wall measuring 6 ft long. The width of this wall is
obscured by sand dunes. Twenty feet northeast of the rock wall is a small wash with a dam made of juniper
logs and rocks which measures 8 ft long by 2 ft wide. Directly north of 4230921HO002 is a possible dry laid
masonry wall.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, C, and D. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site is of unique interest to the area as it functioned as a copper mine rather than the
typical uranium mining efforts throughout the county. The impact of this particular mining effort to the
overall history of copper mining is minimal, but as one of the few named mines in the region and the
known history of its use, it has particular interest and significance. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: The individuals associated with the development of the Copper Globe are not of any
particular importance at the local, state or national levels. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a limited mine working compared to those in larger mining districts, but
for the San Rafael Swell area the effort is comparibly more substantial. In particular it has facilities in
place that are good, distinctive representations of mining facilities, taking in period of use and
construction methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair, with some effort at
remodeling by local historical groups. Therefore the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The historic mining facilities are unlikely to produce additional data except through records
research. However, the prehistoric and historic rock art are important graphic remains that do have
potential for retrieving additional information of significance. The site is eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3505

Possible Claim Name(s): Green Vein, Green Vein #2, Sunday #1/2/3/6/7/8, W
#52/56/58/127/128/129/137/139/141/354, East Conrad #1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8,

State Tag Number(s): 4231019HO001, 4231019HO002, 4231019HO003, 4231019HO004,

4231019HO005, 4231030HO001

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly large uranium mine complex located on the slope of a mesa west of
Rods Valley and about two miles north of Family Butte. The site is 75 by 50 m in size and consists of 6
horizontal openings and associated waste piles, two loading chutes, an ore bin, a loading platform, an
earthen platform, a leveled area, and a general trash scatter. Artifacts observed at the site include wood
debris, corrugated tin, metal pipes, meat cans, nails, metal fragments, sanitary cans, tobacco tin, bed
springs, and 50 gallon drums. The debris and features indicate that there was a mining camp here
although there is no bunkhouse present. It may have been removed or dismantled. An access road
emerges out of the drainage below the site and runs up the slope and along the base of the openings on the
east side of the site.

There are 6 horizontal openings at the site. Opening4231030HO001 has a 7 ft wide by 8 ft wide opening
with a framework that goes back at least 15 ft. Associated artifacts include milled lumber, wire, a small
piece of sheet metal, and a small section of rubber hose. An intact loading chute is located below the
opening. It is unique, being constructed of halved 50 gallon drums resting on a wood plank base with a
support post in the center. The upper end is attached to a pole framework with a short wood plank ramp
leading to the chute. The other end of the chute is attached to a 12 ft square ore bin with a bottom portal.
The ore bin is constructed of planks and lined with metal and rests on a pole framework about 6-7 ft
above the ground. Just east of the chute, near the bottom of the slope, is a 9 x 12 ft leveled area. The
southwest corner is lined with rocks.

4231019HO001 has a 6 by 8 ft opening.

4231019HO002 has a 6 by 5 ft opening with a post and lintel frame constructed of large vertical round
posts and a horizontal 4x8” board at the top. Other roof support posts are present inside the opening.

4231019HO003 has a 6 by 4 ft opening with a post and timber frame. Additional roof support posts are
present inside the opening. There is a collapsed loading chute on the slope below the opening with a
partially intact loading platform at the bottom of the slope. The chute is constructed of barrels welded
together. The loading platform consist of a plank platform constructed on a timber framework. On the
slope below the platform is a 12 by 15 ft platform with rock retaining walls on the downhill sides.

4231019HO004 has a 6 by 6 ft opening with one shimmed vertical roof support post on one side of the
opening and one short vertical support post on the other side with boards on top. Associated artifacts
include wood debris and wire cable.

4231019HO005 has a 4 by 6 ft opening that has a vertical support post and 2x4” shims. Inside the
opening are other round roof support posts. Associated artifacts include a lumber pile of various pieces
of squared timbers, round posts, boards, wire, sheet metal, and a 50 gallon drum lid.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. The impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning of a well-used dirt road and driving up a drainage to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3506

Possible Claim Name(s): Strike #1, Sunday #4/5/9, W #108/110/125/126/148/149

State Tag Number(s): 4231020HO001, 4231020HO002,

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a large uranium mining complex located on the slope and at the base of a mesa
west of Rods Valley. The site is 160 by 110 m in size and consists of two horizontal openings, a massive
waste pile, a loading chute, a standing outhouse, a tent platform, a small unknown collapsed wood
feature, and a large trash scatter. One of the openings is small and was probably utilized as a powder
magazine. Associated debris and artifacts include 50 gallon drums, car parts, wood debris, glass, tin cans,
metal fragments, bed springs, tires, blasting powder cans, nails, wire, and metal pipes. The trash and
other features indicates that the site was once a habitation area for miners working at the site but no
habitation structure or bunkhouse is present. It may have been dismantled and removed.

4231020HO001 is 7 ft wide and 10 ft high and goes back about 10 ft. The front has a wood plank and
timber wall on a timber frame, with a metal door 4 ft wide and 7 ft tall. Inside is a storage room with
wood shelves against the south wall a wooden roof on a timber frame patched together. This was
probably utilized as a powder magazine.

4231020HO002 has an 8 ft by 8 ft opening covered by an 8 ft by 8ft roof constructed with 2x14” planks.
A tin air vent pipe 12” in diameter goes down the adit. Inside the opening is a long metal 1” metal pipe, a
piece of canvas, and a cardboard box with “Butch Mesa Mining 70401” written on the side. On the right
side of the adit is a drift going northeast. Its east wall has collapsed and opened up, so that it is visible on
the outside on the north side of the main opening.
The loading chute is below 4231020HO002. It is attached to a log-walled loading platform at the top of
the slope. The chute has 4-5 ft high plank walls made of 2x12” planks supported by 2x4s and posts. The
base is lined with metal sheets.

One standing outhouse is present on the south edge of the site. It has a shed roof and is 6 ft square with a
3 ft wide doorway. It is covered with tar paper.

An unknown feature on the south side of the site consists of nailed wood debris that may have been a
small shed.

The final feature consists of a 15 by 12 ft prepared flat area that may have been a tent platform or an area
where a structure once stood. This area is 10 m east of the outhouse. There is a bedspring about 8 m away.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. In relative terms, the site constitutes a rather large complex for the area, and
the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history of the uranium industry would have been
somewhat more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most regional mining sites. This site is
therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical restricted mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3507

Possible Claim Name(s): Hertz #1/2/3, W #145

State Tag Number(s): 4231030HO002, 4231030HO003, 4231030HO004

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM
Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly large uranium mine located high up on the west facing slope of a mesa
about one mile north of the Family Butte. The site is 110 by 120 m in size and consists of three horizontal
openings, a massive waste dump, a horizontal prospect, and a partially collapsed loading chute.
Artifacts associated with the site includes a wood ladder, steel cable, ore track ties, nails, wood debris,
metal fragments, rubber hose, and metal pipe. A severely eroded mine road (42EM3553) cuts across the
slope and leads up to the site. Structural debris and an abandoned car on the flats below indicate that
there was a mining camp associated with the site. This area was not visited however, as it was outside the
site boundary.

There are three horizontal openings at the site. 4231030HO002 is mostly collapsed with a 1 by 2 ft
opening. 4231030HO003 has a 7 by 4 ft opening framed with large posts that are partially buried. A tree
trunk with barbed wire wrapped around it is in front of the opening. Iinterior roof supports are visible. A
drill, bolt, metal pipe, and ore tracks are outside the opening. A collapsed loading chute is present on the
slope below the opening with part of the chute resting on the slope next to the opening. The collapsed
section is constructed of plank walls and metal covered base supported by round posts. A small intact
section of the chute resting on the slope consists of a metal covered wood plank base. 4231030HO004 is a
partially filled 6 by 3 ft. opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. Within the local uranium mining context, this mine constitutes an
intermediate-size complex for the area. The impact of this particular mining endeavor on the overall
history of the uranium industry would have been somewhat greater than the small-scale efforts typical of
most of the mines within the San Rafael region. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site constitutes a typical limited mine working, but retains facilities in place that are
good, distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities considering period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The relatively small and limited nature of the site, associated features, and other remains,
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.
Access: A well-used dirt road runs east of the site. A severely eroded mine road turns west off this road
and runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3508

Possible Claim Name(s): Consol #3/4/5/6/7, Hertz #5

State Tag Number(s): 4231031HO001, 4231031HO002, 4231031HO003, 4231031HO004, 431031HO005

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a large uranium mine located at the base and the south slope of a mesa and just
north of the Family Butte. The site is 250 by 150 m in size and consists of five horizontal openings,
associated waste piles, loading chute, a large collapsed wood frame structure, a rock feature, a collapsed
shed, and an outhouse foundation. The trash scatter associated with the site is large and consists of
household debris, and mining related items such as wire, blasting powder can, 50 gallon barrels, metal
pipe, and rubber hose. Also present is a rusted-out car body.

4231031HO001 has a small wall support post at the entrance.

4231031HO002 is a 15 by 6 ft opening which appears to be the result of the collapse of a wall that opened
up a drift.

4231031HO003 is a 10 ft wide by 5.5 ft. high opening that goes back 10 ft, then narrows to a 6 ft high by
4 ft wide adit that splits into two tunnels 20 ft from where the tunnel narrows. Associated artifacts
include 15 or more milled wood posts or RR ties.

4231031HO004 has wood debris of posts and thick wood at the opening, probably representing a
collapsed door. Similar wood debris is present on the road outside the opening.

4231031HO005 has a 5 by 6 ft opening. A few pieces of milled wood are present between
4231031HO004 and 4231031HO005.

Feature 1 is a loading chute on the slope, 6 m from 4231031HO001 that is made of 2x12” side boards
nailed to upright 2x6” posts. There is sheet metal on the base of the lower sides.

Feature 2 consists of a 30 ft by 10 ft collapsed, wood frame, three-room, structure. One room measures
20 ft by 10 ft; a second is 10 ft by 10 ft and has a small porch attached. A larger room with a wooden
floor was added on to the feature.

Feature 3 consists a “U” shaped stack of rocks measuring 4 ft by 4 ft. The function of this feature is
unknown.
Feature 4 is a 10 ft by 12 ft collapsed structure, possibly a shed, with tar paper, and stove pipe. Juniper
posts were utilized as part of the foundation.

Feature 5 is an outhouse foundation measuring 3 ft by 3 ft in size. Wood debris and corrugated tin are
association with the feature.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: Although the site involves a typical limited mine working, its association with the habitation
facilities completes a nice little package that demonstrates well the distinctive characteristics relative to
uranium mining during the 1950s. Generally, however, the integrity of the existing site features is fair at
best. The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road runs up to the site from the south.

Site Number: 42EM3509

Possible Claim Name(s): J and M Claim #6/7/10/12, Lucky 7 #2

State Tag Number(s): 4230932HO002, 4230932HO003

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located on the south facing slope at the base of a cliff
near the head of a canyon. The site is 110 by 35 m in size and consists of two horizontal openings, an
associated waste pile, and a wooden storage feature that may have been utilized as a powder magazine.
Debris associated with the site includes small diameter metal pipes, drills, wood debris, oil cans, and a
shovel. A mine road (42EM3556) leads up to the site.

4230932HO002 is 5.5 ft wide and 6 ft high. It has a post and plank frame at the opening.
4230932HO003 is 8.5 ft high, 7 ft wide and has a depth of 40+ ft. It has several wood wall braces at the
top of the opening, a metal tube inside, and a metal pipe just outside the opening.

Feature 1 is a small wood storage box built into the slope on the southeast edge of the site. The walls are
wood planks encompassing an area 7 ft long, 4 ft wide, and 5 ft high. A center opening is 2 ft wide and
covered with a hinged door. A latch enabled the door to be locked. A 3 ft high wood extension on the
top of the feature keeps the slope from slumping in on top of it. It probably functioned as a powder
magazine.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site constitutes a typical limited mine working. Although the general integrity of the
exsisting site features is fair to poor, the site retains relatively intact facilities that are good, distinctive
representations of uranium mining facilities considering period of use and construction methods. The site
is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by driving up a drainage on the north side of Reds Canyon road up to the
severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3510

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4230933HO001, 4230933HO002 (the 424 prefix listed in the AMR Inventory
Opening Form is incorrect)
Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine that consists of two horizontal openings, associated
waste piles, and a mostly collapsed ore chute. The site is 20 by 40 m in size and is located high up on a
steep south facing slope at the base of a cliff in a canyon west of Reds Canyon south of Link Flats.
Debris associated with the site includes cable and wood debris along with corrugated metal and wood
debris from the chute. A mine road (42EM3556) leads up to the site.

4230933HO001 is 6 ft high and 5 ft wide and contains some cardboard. A small waste pile associated with
the adit extends beyond the opening and down the cliff face. 4230933HO002 is 4 ft wide and 5 ft high.
Inside the opening is a wooden crate and pieces of milled lumber. An ore chute that is mostly collapsed is
perched on the steep slope below the opening. The upper portion of the chute somewhat intact while the
lower portion is collapsed. It is constructed of 2x9” and 2x6” boards and 2x4” posts. The base is lined with
corrugated tin. A very small waste pile lies underneath the collapsed portion of the ore chute.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working. The individual mine openings and one
remnant constructed feature do not exhibit any particularly distinctive characteristic relative to uranium
mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and in general lacks any distinguishing
characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such openings in the region. Generally the
integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by driving up a drainage on the north side of Reds Canyon road up to the
severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.
Site Number: 42EM3511

Possible Claim Name(s): Carl #1/2/3, Green Dragon #3/4, Monarch #3/4

State Tag Number(s): 4240824HO002

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine that consists of a single opening and associated
waste pile on the north facing slope of a high mesa just north of Tomsich Butte. The site surface
measures 40 by 20 m in size, which includes the opening, a bulldozed terrace in front of the opening, and
the waste pile on the slope below the opening. Artifacts are sparse and consist of a wood crate just inside
the opening, a 2” diameter metal pipe, and a small metal box outside the opening. An old mining road
(42EM3557) leads to the mine.

HO4240824HO002 is a 9 by 10 ft opening, that extends into the bedrock an estimated 180 ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in extending the adit to 180 ft is significant.
The mine represents a good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the
uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, but its
considerably greater-than-usual depth sets it apart from the hundreds of other mine openings in the region.
Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the NRHP
under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning west off of Reds Canyon road onto a dirt road and following
it to the severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.
Site Number: 42EM3512

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4240825HO001, 4240825HO002, 4240825HO003

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine situated high up on the south side of a tall butte north of
Tomsich Butte. The site measures 30 by 10 m in size and consists of three horizontal associated openings
marked by scattered pieces of milled lumber and metal fragments. One small waste pile remains on the
slope below one adit (4240825HO001). Waste piles below the other two openings have mostly eroded
away. A collapsed wood feature that may have been a loading platform or retaining wall is present at one
of the openings (4240825HO002). A long mining road (42EM3558) leads up to the mine.

4240825HO001 is a horizontal opening with several associated pieces of wood.

4240825HO002 has approximately 15-20 pieces of milled lumber held together by wire nails. This
opening has little or no waste pile.

4240825HO003 has no associated artifacts or waste pile.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, and design, but little in the way of integrity of materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the concntration of the three adits with evidence of associated
constructed features represents a significant effort. Thus, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A severely eroded mine road that turns west off of Reds Canyon road leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3513

Possible Claim Name(s): Green Dragon #3/4

State Tag Number(s): 4240825HO004

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine that is located on the steep slope of a mesa about
one mile north of Tomsich Butte. The site is 70 by 20 m in size and consists of a single adit with a
massive associated waste pile measuring 40 ft by 200 ft by 3 ft thick. Debris observed at the site consists
of some milled wood and a piece of metal. An old mining road (42EM3559) leads up to the mine from the
south.

4240825HO004 has a 10 ft high and 7 to 8 ft wide opening framed by square cut beams. It is 80+ ft.
deep. A couple of wooden planks are present inside the opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, and design, but little in the way of integrity of materials,
workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in extending the adit to greater than 80 ft is
significant. The mine represents a good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised the
majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, but its
greater-than-usual depth sets it apart from the hundreds of other mine openings in the region. Generally
the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion
C.
Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning west off of Reds Canyon road onto a dirt road and following
it to the severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3514

Possible Claim Name(s): Coco #2, Dirty Devil #3, Hanni #2, Sam #3/4/5/7/8

State Tag Number(s): 4240825HO005

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine that consists of a single horizontal opening with a
very small associated waste pile on the slope below the opening, and a short bulldozed mining road that
leads up to the mine. The site is located at the base of a northeast facing cliff on the east side of Tomsich
Butte. The site is 30 by 20 m in size and the road is 170 m long. No debris or artifacts were observed at
the site. Inexplicably, this site was included as Feature 16 in the original recording of 42EM2329, but it is
clearly a separate site.

The single opening (4240825HO004) is 10 ft wide by 2.5 ft tall and appears to have been partially filled
through erosional processes. Measured depth equals 30 ft.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site retains integrity of location and setting, but little
in the way of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This extremely minor site is clearly associated with the general development of small-scale
uranium mining in Emery County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history
would have been negligible both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore
not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Erosion has rendered the integrity of the existing site to be poor. Therefore the
site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a short bulldozed mine road that turns off of Reds Canyon
road.

Site Number: 42EM3515

Possible Claim Name(s): Coco #2, Dirty Devil #3, Hanni #2, Sam #3/4/5/7/8

State Tag Number(s): 4240825HO006, 4240825HO007

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This uranium mine is located high on the north side of Tomsich Butte. The site
consists of two horizontal openings and associated waste piles on the slope below the openings. The site
is 100 by 40 m in size. Sparse debris associated with the site includes ore track, cable, and large poles. A
long mine road (42EM3560) leads up to the site. Inexplicably, this site was included as Feature 17 and 18
in the original recording of 42EM2329, but it is clearly a separate site.

4240825HO006 is 10 ft by 11 ft in size with a depth of 100+ ft. 4240825HO007 measures 10 ft by 8.5

ft, is 60+ ft deep, and has interior roof support beams. A rubber hose was noted near the opening. Ore
track, cable, and large poles are present on the slope below the opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in extending the two adits to depths of greater
than 100 ft and 60 ft, respectively, is significant. The mine represents a good example of the small scale
enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is
eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. .

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.
Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mining enterprise not exhibiting any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, but
the construction of two, relatively deep adits sets it apart from the hundreds of other mine openings in the
region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. The site is eligible for the NRHP
under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning west off of Reds Canyon road onto the severely eroded mine
road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3516

Possible Claim Name(s): Creole #3/4/5, Monument #1/2/3/4

State Tag Number(s): 4240826HO001, 4240826HO002, 4240826HO003

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This uranium mining effort is located on a narrow bulldozed terrace at the base of a
west facing sandstone cliff west of Reds Canyon in the San Rafael Swell. The site measures 35 by 15 m
in size and consists of three openings and a partially collapsed wooden feature situated on the edge of the
slope. Trash associated with the site is sparse and consists of wood debris including large planks and
posts, and metal pipes, rubber hose, wire, and machinery lubricant cans. Waste piles are present on the
slope below the mine openings. A mine road (42EM3557) runs up to the site from the west.

4240826HO001 is a 17 ft by 8.5 ft opening with a single large roof support post. Associated debris
includes some large planks, cut posts, metal pipe and hose, wire, and a lubricant can. A partially
collapsed rectangular wooden feature that is 2 ft wide, 8 ft long, and 2 ft high is located at the top of the
slope in front of this opening. The waste pile has an average estimated width of 45 ft, length of 50 ft, and
thickness of 2 ft.

4240826HO002 has an opening measuring 13 ft by 10.5 ft. Vertical wood posts and supporting
horizontal cross beams with shims and wood additions frame the opening. Interior beams support the
roof. Small diameter pipes are present on the ground inside the mine. The waste pile for this adit is
combined with that of 4240826HO001.

4240826HO003 is an 8 ft by 8 ft opening with a post frame support 12 ft inside the entrance. This addit is
connected to opening 4240826HO002. The associated dump has an average estimated width of 15 ft, a
length of 50 ft, and thickness of 3 ft. Wood planks are present on the slope.
National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of ore production and results achieved, the effort involved in the construction of
adjoining adits and roof braceing was relatively significant. In general, the mine represents a good
example of a typical, small scale enterprise which characteristic of the majority of the uranium mining
effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information tying any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types or period of use, but the construction of the
connected openings is somewhat unique and sets this site apart from the hundreds of other mine openings
in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning west off of Reds Canyon road onto a dirt road and following
it to the severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3517

Possible Claim Name(s): Creole #1/2/3/4/5/6, Red Mountain #1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10

State Tag Number(s): 4240835HO010, 4240835HO011

Map Reference: Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a moderate sized uranium mine site located on a talus slope and at the base of
the slope at the mouth of an unnamed canyon. The site is 260 by 80 m in size and consists of two
horizontal mine openings, a waste dump, a loading chute, an ore bin, a wooden dugout, a large metal
container, a metal tank on wheels, a bulldozed area, and an associated artifact scatter. Artifacts include
wood debris, an oil can, wire, electric cord, metal pipe, bed frame, and furniture debris. A mine road
(42EM3561) leads up to the site from the south.
This site has two mine openings: 4240835HO010 and 4240835HO011. Opening 4240835HO010
measures 9 ft by 9 ft in size. Several wooden stakes, with attached wire pieces, are imbedded in the roof.
Inside 4240835HO010 is a paper bag that once held 50 pounds of “nitro carbo nitrate.” A partially
collapsed loading chute extends from the opening to an ore bin sitting on the edge of the road below the
opening. The ore bin measures 10 ft by 10 ft in size, is constructed of large timbers and large planks, and
is wrapped with metal cables to hold it together.

Opening 4240835HO011 measures 7 ft by 8 ft and is 30 ft deep. It has a 7 ft tall post frame. An interior
support frame is located 15 ft inside the opening.

On the west side of the site is a 6 ft by 6 ft by 5 ft high dugout/powder magazine with a 2 ft wide hinged
door. It is constructed of 2x12” planks nailed to upright corner posts.

National Register Assessment: The site is recommended Eligible to the NRHP. This site retains
integrity of location and setting, and to some degree also integrity of design, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by taking Reds Canyon road south to Muddy Creek, crossing the creek
and following a severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3518

Possible Claim Name(s): Dirty Devil Fraction #1, Hanni #12, Creole #1/2/3/4/5/6, Red Mountain
#1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10

State Tag Number(s): 4240835HO012, 4240835HO013

Map Reference: Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine complex with two horizontal openings, an associated
waste pile, an ore chute, and an ore bin. The site measures approximately 50 by 50 m in size, and is
situated at the base of a cliff above a steep talus slope. Associated artifacts are generally sparse but
include wood debris, an iron rod, wire, nails, cable, and metal pipes. An old mine road (42EM3561) cuts
across the talus slope to the ore bin below the openings.

There are two horizontal openings at this site: 4240835HO012 and 4240835HO013. 4240835HO012 has
a 6 ft by 6 ft opening. Two metal pipes were found, one at the opening and one just outside of it.
4240835HO013 also measures 6 ft by 6 ft in size.

The ore bin on the site is intact and measures 10 ft by 20 ft. It is constructed on a slope which ends 8 ft
above the road level. The bin is constructed of large timbers, 2x12” planks and 4x10” boards.

The loading chute is mostly intact. Its base and sides are constructed from 2x12” planks with sheet metal
covering the base.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. Although the actual site size is small, within the local uranium mining
context, the impact of this particular mining endeavor on the overall history of the uranium industry
would have been somewhat greater than most of the other the small-scale efforts typical of most of the
mines within the San Rafael region. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: This site is a typical, small-scale, limited mine working which retains intact and/or mostly
intact facilities in place that are good, distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in
period of use and construction methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair.
Therefore the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by taking Reds Canyon road south to Muddy Creek, crossing the creek
and following a severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.
Site Number: 42EM3519

Possible Claim Name(s): Coco #2, Dirty Devil #3/5, Dirty Devil Fraction #3,, Hanni #1/2, Hanni
Fraction #1, Sam #2/3/4/5/6/7

State Tag Number(s): 4240836HO001, 4240836HO002, 4240836HO003, 4240836HO004, 4240836HO005

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly large uranium mine that belongs to the Dirty Devil mine complex. It is
located at the top of a steep slope on the lower south side of Tomsich Butte. The site is 170 by 90 m in
size and consists of five horizontal adits, massive waste piles, an intact loading chute and ore bin, and a
loading platform. A short mine road leads up to the two openings on the east side of the site. Artifacts
and debris at the site consist of large diameter metal pipes, RR ties, a 50 gallon metal drum, rubber hose,
mining equipment, and wood debris.

4240836HO001: The opening is 6 ft high and 14.5 ft wide with a depth of 40+ ft. Within the adit are
large diameter pipes and a work bench. Vertical roof support posts are also present inside the adit and at
the opening. Outside the opening, along the base of the cliff, buried and collapsed rail road ties lead to a
loading platform composed of 2x12’’ boards supported by two vertical posts and a vertical half buried
drill. A board retaining wall forms the sides of the loading platform.

4240836HO002: The opening is 9.5 ft high and 13 ft wide with a depth of 30 ft. There is a large vertical
post on one side of the opening supporting a large horizontal timber. Two inch diameter metal pipes are
wired to the roof of the adit and extend back into the adit.

4240836HO003: The opening measures 11 ft high and 14 ft wide with a depth of 100+ ft.

4240836HO004: The opening is 7.5 ft high and 9 ft high with a depth of 80+ ft. An intact loading chute
with attached ore bin is located on the slope below the opening. The chute, approximately 75 ft long and
4 ft wide, is constructed of wood planks on vertical support posts. The base and lower interior sides are
covered with sheet metal. The ore bin is constructed of large timbers and wood planks and measrues 18 ft
by 12 ft. A 15 ft long by 3 ft wide chute extends out of the center front of the ore bin; several large
diameter pipes are lying inside it.

4240836HO005: The opening is 6.5 ft high by 9 ft wide and has a depth of 18 ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. Within the local uranium mining context, this mine constitutes a larger-size
complex that what is generally common in the region. The impact of this particular mining endeavor on
the overall history of the uranium industry would have been substantially greater than the small-scale
efforts typical of most of the mines within the San Rafael area. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following Reds Canyon road south to Tomsich Butte. A short access
road runs to the base of the mine.

Site Number: 42EM3520

Possible Claim Name(s): Lucky 7 #2/3/4, J and M Claim #3/4/5/6/9/10/11

State Tag Number(s): 4240904HO001

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine located high up on the slope of a mesa in Reds
Canyon. The site measures 60 by 40 m in size and consists of a single horizontal opening, a small
associated waste pile on the slope below the opening, and sparse mining debris that includes a rubber hose
and pile of milled lumber. A mine road (42EM3556) leads up to the site from the canyon below.

The opening (4240904HO001) is partially covered with eroded soil. It is 7 ft wide and 3 ft high with an
inside height of 6 ft. A square post with a 2x10” lintel frames the opening.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site retains integrity of location and setting, but little
in the way of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by driving up a drainage on the north side of Reds Canyon road up to the
severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3521 (Lucky Strike)

Possible Claim Name(s): Lucky Strike #5/6/8/9/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18

State Tag Number(s): 4240905HO001

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine on the east facing slope of a mesa in Reds Canyon
southeast of the Lucky Strike Mine. The site is 15 by 20 m in size and consists of a single horizontal
opening with an associated waste pile, an intact loading chute, and sparse mining debris consisting of
milled lumber and wire. A long switchback mine road (42EM3555) leads up to the mine from the canyon
below.

The adit (4240905HO001) has a 6 by 8 ft opening. Eight feet into the adit are two drifts. One goes to the
north and another to the south. The main tunnel goes east. Three roof support beams are located inside
the opening.

A loading chute in front of the opening measures 40 ft long by 1.5 ft wide. The chute is constructed of
corrugated metal and 50 gallon drums cut in half and nailed to a wooden frame.
National Register Assessment: This site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and C. This site
retains integrity of location and setting, and to some degree also integrity of design, materials,
workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. The size and condition of the remnant features suggests that the impact of this
particular mining endeavor on the overall history of the uranium industry would have been somewhat
greater than the small-scale efforts typical of most of the mines within the San Rafael region. This site is
therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but the remnant constructed features in
place are good, distinctive representations of uranium mining accoutrements, considering period of use
and construction methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site
is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by turning east onto an old mine road off of a well-used dirt road that
goes to the Lucky Strike mine. The mine road leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3522 (Lucky Strike)

Possible Claim Name(s): Lucky Strike #5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18, J and M Claim #1

State Tag Number(s): 4240905HO003, 4240905HO004, 4240905HO005, 4240905HO006,

4240905HO007, 4240905HO008, 4240905HO009, 4240905HO010, 4240905HO011, 4240905HO012,
4240905HO013, 4240905HO014, 4240905HO015, 4240905HO016, 4240905HO017, 4240905HO018,
4240905HO019, 4240905HO020, 4240905HO021

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 3

Site Description: This is the Lucky Strike uranium mine that is located off Reds Canyon in the San
Rafael Swell. The site is composed of a number of horizontal adits and associated features within a 500
by 200 m area. The mine features are concentrated in two main areas connected by several haul roads
that have been cut into the slope of the mesa above and below the mine openings. Two immense waste
piles present in each of the two mine areas are indicative of the intensity of the mine activity at this
location. A generally light scatter of artifacts and debris is scattered across the site and includes wire,
cable, railroad ties, milled lumber, wood beams, 50-gallon barrels, metal pipes, and corrugated metal.
Standing structures along the road 200 to 300 m from the mining features were not recorded, but are
presumed to be associated with the mine. The mine was developed in 1950 by prospectors from Ferron,
Utah, as part of the effort to stockpile uranium for weapons development.

The site includes 17 horizontal openings. Six of the openings (4240905HO003 to 4240905HO008) are
located in a short, narrow box canyon that is west of the main group of openings (4240905HO009 to
4240905HO021) that comprise the site.

4240905HO003 is a large, bifurcated opening. The left side runs about 40 ft deep, while the right side
turns sharply and continues to an unknown depth. Associated artifacts include a small piece of milled
lumber wrapped with wire, four 1 ft diameter by 8 ft long pipes that extend 30 ft into the opening, and one
10 ft long metal post which measures 3” in diameter. The waste pile, like all of those in this group, are
consolidated into one massive waste dump.

4240905HO004 has an 8.5 ft by 6.5 ft opening. Two 1 ft diameter pipes extend into the adit. Other
artifacts include a coffee can and a small diameter pipe.

4240905HO005 consists of a 3 ft by 7 ft opening which is completely blocked by rock debris.

A timber platform, frame, and 12 ft long roof segment are present at opening number 4240905HO006. All
have been partially burned.

4240905HO007 is completely blocked by a dirt/rock pile.

4240905HO008 measures 12 ft by 8 ft. The opening is partially timber framed, but a metal gate and dirt
pile block the opening.

4240905HO009 is a 9.5 ft by 16 ft opening. An eroded, associated waste dump is located on the slope
below. The waste dump measures 25 ft wide by 25 ft long and has an average thickness of about 4 ft.

4240905HO010 consists of a 6.5 ft by 5.5 ft opening. A cut-timber post sits outside of the opening. No
associated waste dump is evident.

4240905HO011 measures 11 ft wide by 6.5 ft high at the opening but opens up to 15 ft wide inside the adit.
The workings extend to at least 100 ft in depth, and are separated from 4240905HO012 by a 5 ft by 5 ft
pillar right of the adit. Large boulders surround the opening, which appears to be connected to
4240905HO013. The roof of the adit is supported by square posts. A large waste pile is located
approximately 50 ft northeast of the entrance. Associated artifacts include buckets, machinery debris, and
collar supports at the entrance. The opening has been partially filled by erosional sediments.

4240905HO012 is a 10 ft by 7 ft opening with a waste pile on the slope below. The remnants of an ore
chute were located half-way down the slope.

4240905HO013 has two openings and contains the remnants of a large timber frame with roof-support
timbers above them. Metal barrels are present inside the southern opening. Associated artifacts include
an “I” beam section, wood debris, sheet metal, a wood crate, a drill, and a cinder block. No associated
waste dump is evident.
Inside 4240905HO014 is a work table with associated wooden crates, a fuel can, mason jar fragment, and
a metal clamp. 4240905HO014 connects with 4240905HO013. No waste dump is evident.

4240905HO015 has an ore chute on the slope below the opening. Associated artifacts consist of a long
metal bar, cut timber, and a small diameter metal pipe.

4240905HO017 has a 5 ft by 5 ft opening. Associated artifacts include heavy gauge wire and metal cable.

4240905HO018 consists of a 5 ft by 5 ft opening. The associated waste dump is composed of sheet wash
on the slope below.

4240905HO019 consists of a 5 ft by 5.5 ft opening. The associated waste dump is consolidated with the
that from 4240905HO021.

4240905HO020 is a 6.5 ft by 7.5 ft opening. No associated waste dump is evident. Associated artifacts
include milled wood beams and 3 large pieces of corrugated metal on the slope below the opening.

4240905HO021 is one of the main mine openings at the site. The opening has a roofed wood frame in
front. Stacked railroad ties and a wire gate block the opening, but it has been broken into. Wood beams
and loading platforms are partially buried by a large waste pile. Associated artifacts include milled
lumber, large square beams, two 50-gallon barrels, corrugated metal, and wire. A wood platform
measuring 12 ft by 3 ft, constructed of square beams, is situated at the west end of the dump, 30 ft south
of the opening. A cribbed stack of beams is located to one side of the platform.

A 12 ft long loading platform is present on top of the large waste pile on the edge of the road below
4240905HO008. It is composed of railroad ties supported by three posts and cable with an extension of
railroad ties supported by three partially buried sections of rebar.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and D. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, and unlike the majority of smaller mines in the region, the impact of this particular mining effort
to the overall history of the county is greater both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This
site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: This site involves a relatively large-scale mining development when compared to the
majority of uranium mines within the San Rafael region, although, the individual openings do not exhibit
any particularly distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction
methods that would distinguish the adits from other such openings in the region. Generally the integrity
of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The extensive nature of the site, its associated features, and other remains, as well as its
known identification as the “Lucky Strike” mine demonstrates a potential for retrieving additional
information of significance from either additional on-site documentation or records research. Therefore,
the site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road that turns off of Reds Canyon road runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3523

Possible Claim Name(s): Lucky Strike #1/8/9, NRC #1/3, Reds #9/10, J and M Claim #1

State Tag Number(s): 4240905HO022, 4240905HO023

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine that consists of two horizontal openings, associated
waste piles, a small rock retaining wall, and mining related debris. The site measures 50 by 20 m in size
and is located on the southeast facing slope of a mesa in Reds Canyon. Associated artifacts include
milled lumber, sheet metal, corrugated metal, and wire.

Opening 4240905HO022 measures 7 ft tall by 6 ft wide. Fifteen feet south of the opening is a 5 ft by 3 ft
tall rock wall. It may be a small retaining wall.

Opening 4240905HO023 is 3 ft by 3 ft in size. In front of the opening is a possible collapsed door or

gate. Debris consists of milled wood, bolts, nails, a metal sheet with hinges, and two other metal sheets.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: An access route that leads up to the site from Reds Canyon road was inventoried.

Site Number: 42EM3524

Possible Claim Name(s): Dike #1/1A/1B/2/2A/2B/3/3A/3B/4/4A/4B/5/5A/5B/6/6A/6B/7B/8/8B, North

Channel #6

State Tag Number(s): 4240907HO001, 4240907HO002, 4240907HO003, 4240907HO004, 4240907HO005

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly large uranium mine located on the south slope of a mesa off of Reds
Canyon. The site measures 175 by 80 m in size and consists of five horizontal openings, two prospects,
and a partially collapsed ore bin. Two of the openings on the west side of the site have individual waste
piles while other three openings share a massive waste pile on the east side of the site. An ore bin is
located below these three openings. Associated artifacts include milled lumber, metal roof supports,
heavy gauge wire, cable, rubber hose, glove, oil can, engine belt, nails, and various pieces of scrap metal.
Several old bulldozed mining roads lead up the slope to the openings and are cut along the base of the
cliff at the top of the slope.

4240907HO001 has metal braces supporting the roof at the opening that extend into the adit.

4240907HO002 has several roof support beams inside the opening which are strengthened by several
small wooden shims placed between the beams and the roof.

At the entrance of 4240907HO003 is a constructed feature consisting of a horizontal pole braced by

vertical posts on the left side. The right of the horizontal posts are wedged into the rock. Some wood
debris is present inside opening.

4240907HO005 is covered with a 2 ft wide, hinged wooden door. The door frame is a post and lintel
construction covered by vertical planks. Wood debris and a wood bench are located inside the adit.

A large, partially collapsed ore bin, is constructed on a leveled area near the base of the waste pile. It
measures 10 ft by 15 ft in size and is constructed of large timbers and planks. Part of a loading chute
rests on top of this ore bin.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C. This site
retains integrity of location and setting, feeling and association, but less in the way of integrity of design,
materials, and workmanship.
Criterion A: This mine site is clearly associated with the regional development of the uranium mining
industry in Emery County. Within the local uranium mining context, this mine constitutes an
intermediate-size complex for the area. The impact of this particular mining endeavor on the overall
history of the uranium industry would have been somewhat greater than the small-scale efforts typical of
most of the mines within the San Rafael region. This site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical mine working, but the ore bin and chute are particularly important
at this site, giving it a character that most mines in the region lack, and a feel for the period of use and
construction methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair at best. The site is
eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains demonstrates a
lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either additional on-site
documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Access: An existing two-track road runs up to the site from Reds Canyon road.

Site Number: 42EM3525

Possible Claim Name(s): Dike #1/1A/1B/2/2A/2B/3/3A/3B/4/4A/4B/5/5A/5B/6/6A/6B/7B/8/8B, North

Channel #6

State Tag Number(s): 4240907HO006, 4240907HO007

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine within a box canyon. The site is 40 by 70 m in size and
includes two horizontal openings, an associated waste pile, and a standing ore bin, all located on a narrow
terrace above a small drainage at the base of a vertical cliff. Each opening is located on opposite sides of
the wash. The ore bin is located along the eastern edge of the site. A modest size waste pile is located in
the wash on the north side of the site. Associated artifacts and debris is sparse, but includes cable, wire,
wood debris, and a metal object of unknown function.

Opening 4240907HO006 is covered by a 7.5 ft wide wall of vertical wood planks containing a 2.5 ft wide
door. The interior contains a series of roof support braces, a makeshift work bench, and some cardboard
boxes. Associated debris consists of cable and wire.

4240907HO007 has a series of large timber frames that extend into the mine, bracing the roof. The mine
is 7 ft wide by 6 ft high. Associated debris consists of wood and an unidentified metal object lying
outside the opening. An ore bin is located on the steep slope of the waste pile on the south side of the
site. The bin is mostly intact, but beginning to collapse, measures about 8 ft wide by 30 ft long, and has a
sheet metal floor.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. This site retains
integrity of location, setting, and design, but has very little in the way of integrity of materials,
workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: Although clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history of uranium mining would have
been negligible both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to
the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves mostly a typical limited mine working, but some associated features
including the ore bin and the “office” areas are of interest, and help to give the site more distinctive
characteristics that set it apart from hundreds of other such openings in the region. Generally the integrity
of the existing site features is fair at best. The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site that
turns off of a two-track road.

Site Number: 42EM3526

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4240907HO008

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This site consists of a small uranium mine having a single adit and a very large
associated waste pile and mining related debris. It is located on the east facing slope of a mesa on the
west side of Reds Canyon and measures 25 m by 10 m in size. There is a 10 ft by 20 ft flat area in front
of the opening on which is a 6 ft long collapsed table and a wooden box. Inside the adit are a wooden
shelf, a 10 gallon gasoline can, a chain, and a large barrel that has been converted into a heating device or
some other kind of equipment. Other debris associated with the site includes canvas bags, fabric, vent
piping, metal bands, milled lumber, metal pipe, a 10 gallon oil can, and various pieces of hardware. An
old mining road (42EM3564) leads up to the site.

The single adit (4240907HO008) measures 5 ft by 5 ft in size and has roof support braces. The depth of
the adit is unknown.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of the uranium mining industry
in Emery County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history was probably
minimal, particularly in terms of development effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a
good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in
the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that turns off of a two-track
road that runs up from the south.

Site Number: 42EM3527

Possible Claim Name(s): Dike #30/30B/32/32B, North Channel #1/2/3/4/5, Reds #29, SRC #4

State Tag Number(s): 4240907HO009, 4240907HO010, 4240907HO011

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located high up on narrow ledge in a steep canyon. The
site is about 35 by 20 m in size and consists of three horizontal openings and a waste pile. Debris
associated with the site includes milled lumber, metal, wood, and an unidentified metal device outside one
of the mine openings. A steep mine road (42EM3563) leads up from the bottom of the canyon to the
mine.

The site includes three horizontal mine openings. 4240907HO009 is bi-lobed with wooden support
beams near the opening. 4240907HO010 contains several wood support beams near the entrance.
Corrugated metal and milled lumber debris are present outside the opening. 4240907HO011 is framed
by a vertical wooden wall and a two foot wide open doorway. Wood debris is present inside the opening.
Associated artifacts include a metal table, pipe, wood debris, a wood crate, and a hand-forged metal
device, possibly for heating.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A severely eroded mine road runs up to the site which turns west off of a two track road.

Site Number: 42EM3528

Possible Claim Name(s): SRC #3, North Channel #6/16/18/20/22/24/25/26

State Tag Number(s): 4240918HO002

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM
Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: The site is a very small uranium mine that consists of a single horizontal opening
located on a narrow ledge at the base of a cliff on the lower east slope of a large unnamed mesa two miles
north of Tomsich Butte in Reds Canyon. The site measures 15 by 25 m in size. The waste pile below one
of the openings has long metal pipes with a collapsed retaining wall composed of several large timbers.
No other artifacts or debris is present. An old mine road (42EM3566) leads up to the site from Reds
Canyon.

Opening 4240918HO002 has long metal pipes with a collapsed retaining wall situated on the waste pile.
The retaining wall is composed of several large timbers. The waste pile for 4240918HO002 measures 15
ft by 30 ft with an average thickness of 1 ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is not eligible for the NRHP. The site retains integrity of
location, setting, and design, but little in the way of integrity of materials, workmanship, feeling, and
association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A severely eroded mine road leads up to the site that turns west off of Reds Canyon road.

Site Number: 42EM3529

Possible Claim Name(s): North Channel #2/4, Reds #30

State Tag Number(s): 4240918HO001

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2
Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine located at the base of a cliff on the north edge of a
mesa in Reds Canyon. The site equals 50 by 15 m in size and consists of a single opening with an
associated small prospect. An ore dump present on the site is long and narrow, fanning out to 60 ft at the
bottom. It averages 4 ft thick and reaches 130 ft long. Also present on the site are about 20 pieces of
milled lumber, wire nails, the frame of a wooden box, and two wood beams with rail spikes that are set
into the ground. Associated artifacts include milled lumber, rail spikes, and a coiled metal cable. A mine
road (42EM3567) leads up to the site from the west.

The small prospect measures only 2 ft by 3 ft, and reaches a depth of 6 ft.

The adit (4240918HO001) is 8 ft. wide and 6.5 ft high and has a single board (old sign) wedged into one
side near the ceiling. The adit is over 50 ft. deep.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in extending the adit to greater than 50 ft is
significant. The mine represents a good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised the
majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that turns west off of Reds
Canyon road.

Site Number: 42EM3530

Possible Claim Name(s): Moenkopi Jack #1

State Tag Number(s): 4250802HO001, 4250802HO002, 4250802HO003

Map Reference: Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine complex located in a short, narrow box canyon. The site
is 40 by 60 m in size and consists of three openings, a large waste pile, and a collapsed loading chute.
Two of the openings are located at the base of the cliff on the north side of the canyon. The third opening
is located across the canyon at the base of the cliff on the south side. An ore chute and waste pile
associated with one of the openings is located on the north side of the canyon. Artifacts on site are sparse
and include wood debris, stove pipe, a drill, and nails.

4250802HO001 has a 7 ft by 7 ft opening. Inside the adit is a nail, wire, and a large diameter pipe.
Outside the opening, two large timbers sit at the top of the waste pile. The loading chute below
4250802HO001 is completely collapsed.

4250802HO002 and 4250802HO003 both copnsist of 6 ft by 6 ft openings, having an unknown depth,

and mostly eroded waste piles.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, and design, but little in the way of integrity of materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in digging the three adits is significant. Also,
the presence of a remnant loading chute contributes to the significance of this small mining complex. The
mine represents a good example of the small scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the
uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. .

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.
Access: The site can be reached by taking Reds Canyon road south to Muddy Creek, crossing the creek
and following a severely eroded mine road that leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3531

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4251108HO001

Map Reference: Temple Mountain Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located at the base of a cliff on the north slope of a rocky
ridge. The site is 140 by 20 m and consists of one horizontal opening that is mostly filled in, a horizontal
prospect, an associated waste dump, and a collapsed loading chute on the slope below the opening
consisting of wood and metal debris. This debris consists of wooden boards, sheet and corrugated metal,
and wire nails. A short mine road extends from the base of the slope to the drainage to the north.

A single horizontal opening (4251108HO001) at the site has a 6 by 2 ft. entrance which is mostly filled in.

On the slope below the opening is a collapsed loading chute made of wood and metal. The debris consists
of 2x12” and 2x6” boards and other planks, and long pieces of sheet and corrugated metal.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site retains integrity of location and setting, but little
in the way of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. Although the site does retain a small waste pile and
collapsed loading chute, the condition of the features is extremely poor. This site is therefore not eligible
to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road runs north of the site. From this road the site must be accessed on foot.

Site Number: 42EM3532

Possible Claim Name(s): Bush #1/2/3/4, Crack Canyon #2/3/24/25/26, Crack Canyon Fraction #1/2,
Ferney #1/2, Ferney Fraction, Little Dog #1, Merday Cat #2, ZZU #1

State Tag Number(s): 4251118HO002, 4251118HO003, 4251118HO004

Map Reference: Temple Mountain Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine located on a rocky slope on the west side of a small
drainage. The site measures 170 by 70 m in size and includes three horizontal openings, a single
prospect, a loading platform, several bulldozed road segments as well as a road that runs through the site,
and a completely collapsed unidentified feature. Debris associated with the site is composed of
corrugated metal, pop cans, wood debris, metal fragments, wire cable, and a tin can.

Opening 4251118HO002 measures 7 ft wide by 6 ft tall. The adit is timber framed, but only extends into
the cliff for 25 ft.

Openings 4251118HO003 and 4251118HO004 are connected. 4251118HO003 is framed by 5 ft x 5 ft

support beams and is a tri-lobed opening; the main or west tunnel of 4251118HO003 extends
approximately 30 ft into the cliff side. The other two tunnels face north and south respectively. The
north facing tunnel consists of a shallow 10 foot prospect while the south facing tunnel connects to
opening 4251118HO004.

Opening 4251118HO004 is bilobed with one south east tunnel and one western tunnel. The southeast
tunnel is shallow, extending 20 ft into the hillside. The western tunnel connects to the southern tunnel of
4251118HO003. Opening 4251118HO004 measures 5 ft by 5 ft and is framed by milled lumber beams.

Feature 1 consists of a completely collapsed structure made from wood and metal which is situated at the
base of the slope. It consists of 2x6” and 2x12” wood planks and beams, corrugated metal, and metal
cables. It might have once function as a loading chute.

Feature 2 is a stacked rock wall covered by a wooden platform. The rock wall is 18 ft long and 3 ft high.
The wooden platform is made of 12 ft long 2x12s. These boards are nailed to two 4 ft long, 3x12”
boards. Feature 2 is situated thirty feet from 4251118HO002 on the edge of the road.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.
Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A two-track turns off the main dirt road and runs down to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3533

Possible Claim Name(s): CC #6/6A/7/7A/8/8A/11/11A/12/12A/13/13A/28A

State Tag Number(s): 4251024HO001, 4251024HO002, 4251024HO003, 4251024HO004,

4251024HO005, 4251024HO006

Map Reference: Horse Valley Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a moderately sized uranium mine located in a small side canyon. The site is
170 by 90 m in size and identifiable on both sides of the canyon. Features include six horizontal mine
openings, two horizontal prospects, waste piles, a retaining wall, and an unidentified feature covered with
long planks and squared timbers. Artifacts and debris associated with the site are sparse and include
metal pipe, wood debris of various kinds, wood crate fragments, clothing, and a five gallon gas can. An
old mine road (42EM3568) leads up to the site and runs along the openings.

Six adits are present at the site. Opening 4251024HO001 is a small 8 ft by 6 ft bi-lobed opening with
plastic, small wood fragments, and cardboard inside. “ENTRY NO. 1” has been painted above the
entrance. Opening 4251024HO002 is a 7 ft by 7 ft bi-lobed opening with a square timber roof support
post inside along with a 2” diameter metal pipe. Opening 4251024HO003 measures 6 ft by 4 ft and
extends 25 feet into the hillside. Wood crate fragments are inside the adit. “ENTRY NO. 3” has been
painted above the opening.

Opening 4251024HO004 measures 9 ft by 6 ft. There are some 2x12” planks inside and stacked rocks on
the south edge of the adit near the opening that measure 15 ft by 4 ft. Wood crate fragments just outside
the opening are marked with the word “GELATIN”. Opening 4251024HO005 measures 7 ft by 6 ft and
extends 10 ft into the hillside. Opening 4251024HO006 is a 10 ft by 12 ft opening from which a 2”
diameter metal pipe extends. A 2x12” plank is present along with other wood debris outside the opening
and on the slope.

Approximately 15 ft from 4251024HO004 is a five foot high retaining wall constructed of three 2x12”
planks nailed to two square posts. The wall is reinforced with corrugated metal and cable. Sloping,
stacked rock walls support both ends.

One feature on the site consists of a 12 ft by 6 ft area on the edge of the road on the west side of the wash
that is covered with 2x12” planks and square timbers. Two large rocks on the south end may mark its
edge. The purpose of the structure cannot be identified.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in
Emery County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
somewhat more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites.

Access: A severely eroded mine road turns north off the main dirt road and runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3534

Possible Claim Name(s): CC #6/6A/7/7A/8/8A/11/11A/12/12A/13/13A/28A

State Tag Number(s): 4251024HO007, 4251024HO008

Map Reference: Horse Valley Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 1

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine at the base of a cliff above Chute Creek. The site is
20 by 25 m in size and consists of two horizontal openings, a waste pile on the slope below one of the
openings, and a prospect. No associated artifacts or debris was observed. A bulldozed mine road
(42EM3569) leads up to the mine openings from the southwest.

There are two horizontal openings at this site. 4251024HO007 measures 9 ft by 7 ft, and has a depth of
20 ft. 4251024HO008 is a 2.5 by 4 ft. opening measuring 25 ft deep. This adit is partially covered by
rock fall.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site retains integrity of location, setting, design, and
workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible,
particularly since the minimal depth of the adits and prospect suggest minimal effort expended on these
particular mine workings. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: An old eroded mine road turns east off the main dirt road and runs up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3535

Possible Claim Name(s): Sundown #1/2, WIN #471/473/475/477

State Tag Number(s): 4251028IO001

Map Reference: Little Wild Horse Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This site consists of a large uranium mine complex consisting of a single inclined
opening, standing structures, and a significant artifact scatter along an associated dirt road. The site is
400 by 140 m in size. Features on the site include an outhouse, a bunkhouse, a small collapsed
unidentified structure, and a foundation. The artifact scatter is large and includes ore track, wood debris,
plastic pipe, metal pipes, tin cans, wire, metal fragments, cable, glass, a truck, car parts, several electric
appliances, and ceramics.

The adit (4251028IO001) is inclined and located in a dug out area at the bottom of a cliff edge. It has a 9
by 9 ft opening and is 80+ ft deep. It is framed by a post and lintel made of square beams. Associated
artifacts include a rubber hose, 6 ft long ore track section, wood debris, wire, nails, and a work order
dated to the 1970’s inside the opening.

Feature 1 is a standing two seat wood frame outhouse constructed of 1x10” planks. It meaures 4 ft square
and has a shed roof. The doorway is 2 ft wide.

Feature 2 is a standing multi-room wood frame structure measuring 15 x 20 ft in size. It is built on a

squared timber foundation. The structure is partially covered with tar paper and has five windows. A
make-shift interior dividing wall was added later. The structure has a closet, fiber board walls, and floor
covering. Inside are two wooden tables, bed springs, a folding chair, and other trash.

Feature 3 is a collapsed single room wood frame structure with a 8 ft by 20 ft foundation made of railroad
ties. Near one end of the structure are a doorway and one window. On one side of the structure are
several sunken 5 gallon cans filled with concrete. This is a possible machinery storage shed.

Feature 4 consists of a small, partially collapsed, wood frame structure covered with corrugated metal. It
measures 4.5 by 3.5 ft and may be a outhouse or a small storage shed.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: An established two-track road leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3536

Possible Claim Name(s): Wild Horse #2/3/35A, Wild Horse Fraction. #3, Four Point #D

State Tag Number(s): 4251029HO001, 4251029HO002, 4251029HO003

Map Reference: Little Wild Horse Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This site consists of a small uranium mine at the base of a ridge above a small wash.
The site measures 140 by 30 m in size and contains three horizontal mine openings and a small flattened
waste dump in front of 4251029HO001, which is located on the northwest edge of the site. The other two
openings (4251029HO002 and 4251029HO003) are found adjacent to each other on the southeast end of
the site. Mining debris is only associated with 4251029HO001 and includes wood debris, round posts,
and wire cable. A small, washed out road runs from one end of the site to the other.

4251029HO001 measures 10 ft by 6 ft at the opening, and has an unknown depth. A pile of boards, posts,
and squared timbers lies next to the opening. 4251029HO002 is 12 ft by 5 ft in size, and 4251029HO003
has a 9 by 3 ft opening. No waste pile or debris was present in association with these two adits.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the effort expended in excavating three adits is significant. The type
of debris remaining n the site also suggests that although the overall scale of the workings was small, the
workings themselves represent a serious mining effort. The mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.
Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: An old mine road leads up to the site from the south.

Site Number: 42EM3537

Possible Claim Name(s): Four Point #D

State Tag Number(s): 4251029HO004, 4251029HO005, 4251029HO006

Map Reference: Little Wild Horse Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This site is a small uranium mine which is located at the top of a steep talus slope. The
site equals 100 by 5 m in size and includes three horizontal openings and a small horizontal prospect.
Sparse mining debris is associated with one of the openings. Two of the openings are located on the
southeast end of the site and one is on the northwest end of the site. The prospect is located 18 feet west
of opening 4251029HO004, on the north end of the site. Artifacts include cable, a drill, and wood debris.
A narrow mine road (42EM3570) runs along the base of the openings.

4251029HO004 has an adit opening measuring 9 ft wide by 10 ft high. It extends into the hillside 20 feet.
4251029HO005 is a small, 3 ft wide by 6 ft high opening, which extends 35 ft back into the hillside.
4251029HO006 is a 5 ft wide by 7 ft high opening having an unknown depth.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this
site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: An old eroded mine road leads up to the site from the south.

Site Number: 42EM3538

Claim Name(s): Canyon #1, Little Susan #4/5

State Tag Number(s): 4260906HO001

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine site located high up on the talus slope of a mesa. The
site is approximately 50 by 60 m in size and consists of a single horizontal opening and an associated
massive waste pile. The opening is framed by a post and timber casing covered with mine
claims/affidavits for the Canyon and Little Susan mine claims. No artifacts or debris associated with the
opening were observed. The mine is related to the mine buildings (42EM3572) which are located at the
base of the talus slope below this opening. A long mine road (42EM3571) leads up to the site from the
valley below.

The opening (4260906HO001) is partially filled in. It measures 11 ft wide by 3.5 ft high and is framed by
a post and timber entrance support.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves what probably was an extensive mine working with an interesting portal
that is relatively in good condition in construct, and perhaps well representative of period of use and
certainly for construction methods, that sets it apart from other openings in the region. The integrity of
the existing site features is fair at best. The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3539

Possible Claim Name(s): Bill #1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9, SRAF #93/95/97/99

State Tag Number(s): 4260906HO003

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine site located high up on the talus slope of a mesa. The
site is approximately 10 by 20 m in size and consists of a single horizontal opening with a small
bulldozed pad in front of the opening. The opening contains large, round, vertically placed timbers with
planks on the sides and top. Some wood debris consisting of timbers and planks is present on the pad
outside the opening. The mine is probably related to 42EM3572, which is located at the base of the talus
slope south of this opening. A mine road (42EM3571) leads up to the site from the valley below.

The 4260906HO003 opening contains large, round, vertically placed timbers with planks on the sides
and top. Crosspiece timbers are present above the opening, as well as large round timbers against both
side walls of the adit and plank roof supports. This support construction continues into the opening for 50
ft.

National Register Assessment: The site is marginally eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been negligible
both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves what probably was an extensive mine working with an interesting portal
that is relatively in good condition in construct, and perhaps well representative of period of use and
certainly for construction methods, that sets it apart from other openings in the region. The integrity of
the existing site features is fair at best. The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site from
the south.

Site Number: 42EM3540

Possible Claim Name(s): SRAF #283/285/287/310/312/314/399/401/403, Blue Bird, Gamma

State Tag Number(s): 4260908HO001

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small uranium mine on the steep talus slope on the west side of Muddy
Creek. The site is 50 by 75 m in size and consists of a single horizontal opening, a massive waste pile,
and a bulldozed staging area cut into the slope above the opening. Associated debris and artifacts are
sparse butd include wood debris, iron pipes, cable, and wire. A short bulldozed road leads to the opening.

The opening (4260908HO001) measires 9 ft wide by 7 ft high. Wires are hanging from wood stakes in
the ceiling. An iron bar and empty 50 lb bags of nitro carbo nitrate were noted inside the opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of results achieved, the massive size of the remnant waste pile indicates that significant
effort was expended on the workings. The mine represents a good example of the small scale enterprise
which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. Therefore, this site is eligible to
the NRHP under Criterion A. .
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3541

Possible Claim Name(s): Queen Ethel #1/2, Delta, Delta #1/2/3/4/5/6

State Tag Number(s): 4260909HO001

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a moderately sized uranium mine complex located at the base of a steep talus
slope on the west bank of Muddy Creek. The site masures 210 by 80 m in size and consists of a single
horizontal opening with an associated waste pile on the south end of the site, and a multiple room
bunkhouse on the north end of the site. A light scatter of trash and debris is present throughout the site
with most of the debris associated with the bunkhouse. A mine access road (42EM3573) runs through the
site.

Opening 4260909HO001 measures 4 ft by 4 ft at the entrance with the interior dimensions expanding to 8
ft by 4 ft. A corrugated metal cover nailed on the front of the frame has been pried apart by vandals.
Large square timber and round post roof supports and wood plank walls are present in the interior. The
depth of the adit is unknown.

A possible bunk house on the north side of the site consists of a 65 ft long by 15 ft wide wooden frame
structure with 6 rooms, including 2 shower rooms, 1 kitchen, 2 bedrooms, and 1 large room having an
unidentified purpose.

Electric power connections were noted at three locations within the site area. One connection is located
on the south end of the site near the opening and consists of two partially buried vertical ore tracks with a
board attached to the top. A second connection near the waste pile consists of a wood pole with cross
beam. The final connection is found in the center of the site on top of a large boulder and consists of a
vertical pole imbedded in the top of the boulder.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and C. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been somewhat
more than the normal small efforts evidenced at most mining sites. This site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working, but with facilities in place that are good,
distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that runs through the site.

Site Number: 42EM3542 (Delta/Hidden Splendor)

Possible Claim Name(s): Queen Ethel #1/2, Delta, Delta #1/2/3/4/5/6

State Tag Number(s): 4260909HO002, 4260909HO003, 4260909HO004, 4260909HO005

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: The site is identified as the large Hidden Splendor uranium mine. It is located at the
base of a cliff high up at the top of a steep talus slope. The site measures 370 m by 100 m in size and
consists of four horizontal openings with associated massive waste piles and large bulldozed areas.
Artifacts and debris associated with the site are sparse and include metal, wood debris, a collapsed wood
box/table, a metal frame, and wire. A mine road (42EM3574) runs up to the site from the north. The
active operating period of this mine was from 1954 to 1957, indicating that it was developed as part of the
national effort to stockpile uranium for weapons development. A small settlement associated with the
mine consised of a collection of prefabricated buildings and trailers as well as a school that provided for
seventeen children in 1955.

There are four horizontal adits at this site, 4260909HO002, 4260909HO003, 4260909HO004, and
4260909HO005. 4260909HO002 measures 15 ft tall by 8 ft wide and is over 100 ft. deep. Still present
are extensive support posts at the opening and inside 4260909HO002. The waste pile associated with
4260909HO002 is massive.

4260909HO003 measures 8 ft tall by 10 ft wide and is over 100 ft. deep. There are no support beams in
this opening. Associated artifacts include electrical wire and a metal power pole directly above the
opening.

4260909HO004 measures 12 ft high by 10 ft wide and is over 100 ft. deep. There are several round post
braces at the entrance.

4260909HO005 measures 12 ft wide and 10 ft high and reaches greater than 50 ft deep. There is a
partially collapsed wood post and timber frame at the opening. A claim/affidavit of labor for Ralph Hafen
is present inside the opening.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A and B. The site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of
integrity of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, and unlike the majority of smaller mines in the region, the impact of this particular mining effort
to the overall history of the county is greater both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This
site is therefore eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: Vernon Pick’s brief notariety, especially in his appearance in Life Magazine, and in selling
the mine, makes him an individual of at least local interest, perhaps some may consider also of state or
national significance, being directly associated with this mining effort. The site is therefore eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that no longer exhibits any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads up to the site.
Site Number: 42EM3543

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4260916HO001

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a very small uranium mine located at the base of a rocky outcrop on the east
bank of Muddy Creek. The site measures 5 m by 5 m in size and consists of a single horizontal opening
with wood plank entry. Ore tracks extend out of the opening toward the creek. No associated artifacts
were noted and no waste pile is evident, although the opening appears to be regularly affected by water-
caused eosion. The site is to the south of 42EM3541. A mining claim posted inside the opening by John
Anderson is for the Queen Ethel #1/2 mines (UMC-47443-4). According to records on file with the
Emery County Recorders Office, Mr. Anderson has filed annual affadavits of labor for the mine. The
latest filing was recorded in 2005, and the enterprise is considered to be active at this time.

Opening 4260916HO001 measures 4 ft by 4 ft. It is framed by four 4” by 4 ft support posts with a thick
wooden plank roof covered with dirt and rocks. The north side of the opening has a constructed wood
retaining wall.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A. The site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, materials and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity
of feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County. Although the impact of this particular mining effort to the overall history would have been
minimal in terms of effort involved and results achieved, the mine represents a good example of the small
scale enterprise which comprised the majority of the uranium mining effort in the region. As noted
above, although there is little visible evidence of ore extraction at this time, records on file in Emery
County also indicate that the mine remains active, Therefore, this site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mine working that does not exhibit any particularly
distinctive characteristics relative to uranium mining types, period of use, or construction methods, and
overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart from hundreds of other such
openings in the region. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is
not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that ends just north of the site.

Non-Mine Sites

In addition to the sites described above, a total of 36 additional historical sites were recorded in
association with the mines. All but five of these are old bulldozed mine roads no longer in-use, but which
connect the mines with existing, and currently in-use, access roads. Sites 42EM3491, 42EM3608, and
42EM3610 are non-mine sites which consist of the MK Tunnels, a series of U.S. Department of Defense
explosives test sites not associated with mining, and sites 42EM3565 and 42EM3572, are structural sites
situated along two of the historic roads. The road sites include 42EM3544 through 42EM3576 with the
exception of the two structural sites mentioned above. The three tunnel and two structural sites are
described in detail below. However, because all of the roads are essentially the same, consisting of single
dozer-width or slightly wider, relatively shallow scrapings, they are summarized only.

Department of Defense Test Sites

Site Number: 42EM3491 (MK Tunnels)

Possible Claim Name(s): None

State Tag Number(s): 4191120HO001, 4191120VO001, 4191120VO002, 4191120VO003

Map Reference: Bob Hill Knoll Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a large U.S. Department of Defense explosives test site, known as the MK
Tunnel, that consists of a large horizontal tunnel punctured by three large vertical holes. Other features
include a number of bulldozed rock piles, several large and small circular drilled holes, a large crater,
road/trails, and a small man-made cavity in the rock wall. The site is located on the east edge of
Buckhorn Wash south of Furniture Draw and covers an area approximately 430 by 210 m in size.
Artifacts observed on the site include metal pipes, electrical wire, metal brackets, wooden beams, and
rubber cables. The walls of the tunnel are covered in recent graffiti and soda cans and alcoholic beverage
bottles are present within the tunnel.

4191120HO001 is a massive horizontal opening that extends 300 yards into the hillside and is transected
by three vertical openings 4191120VO001, VO002, and VO003. These openings transect 4191120HO001
at 100 yards, 200 yards, and 300 yards. There are several small wooden beams fastened to the wall. There
are several scattered waste piles outside the opening, the largest measuring 15 ft by 50 ft by 5 ft.
Opening 4191120VO001 is a 30 ft by 30 ft opening with an approximate depth of 100 ft. There are no
associated artifacts with this site. To the east of 4191120VO001 there are two circular holes that have
been drilled into the sandstone. One of these holes measures 3.5 ft in diameter and is 5 ft deep. To the
west of 4191120VO001 there is another circular hole drilled into the sandstone. It measures 3.5 ft in
diameter and has an approximate depth of 4 ft.

Opening 4191120VO002 is a massive vertical opening measuring approximately 40 ft x 40 ft. There are
no associated artifacts. There has been obvious erosion and rock fall which has led to the determination
and widening of the opening.

4191120VO003 is another large opening measuring 30 ft by 30 ft. It transects 4191120HO001 at the very
end of the opening. This transect may have been unintentional. There are a few associated scraps of
milled lumber and some wire nails. There are several waste dumps associated with this opening.

A number of drilled holes in the sandstone bedrock are found throughout the site which vary from being
rather large test holes to small post hole size. To the east of 4191120VO001 there are two circular holes
that have been drilled into the sandstone. One measures 3.5 ft in diameter and is 5 ft deep. To the west of
4191120VO001 there is another circular hole drilled into the sandstone. It measures 3.5 ft in diameter
and has an approximate depth of 4 ft. Function is unknown. There is a large depression on the east side
of the site at the base of a high ridge that appears to be man-made. Several bulldozed road segments are
visible within the site area. One is on top of the ridge on the south side of the site that leads to two back
dirt piles. Another extends from the east side of 4191120VO001 past the other openings around some
back dirt piles and to the large crater that is east of 4191120VO001. The remaining road leads down the
steep slope and turns into a narrow trail to the entrance of the tunnel on the west side of the site. A
number of bulldozed piles of back dirt are scattered throughout the site area. A small man made cavity at
the base of the cliff is present on the west side of the site. This may have been utilized as a powder
magazine or for equipment storage.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. This site retains
integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: This site may be associated with US Department of Defense testing for suitable locations of
underground bunkers related to the Cold War, although this is speculative. If true, then the tunnels were a
minor part of important early US Cold War preparations. Thus the site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the tunneling efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The entire site with the exception of the tunnel and vertical shafts, and the waste pile, has
been destroyed. The tunnel itself does not exhibit any particularly distinctive characteristics relative to
period of use or construction methods, and overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set
it apart. Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: A well-used dirt road runs to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3608 (MK Tunnels)

Possible Claim Name(s):

State Tag Number(s): 4191013VO001

Map Reference: Bob Hill Knoll Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a fairly small U.S. Department of Defense explosives test site that is associated
with the MK Tunnels site (42EM3491) which is about one mile to the southeast. It consists of a ca. 90 ft
long horizontal tunnel with a vertical hole punched into the west end. Other features include a number of
bulldozed rock piles, several small circular drilled holes, and one 3 ft diameter drilled hole. The site is
located on the west end of Buckhorn Wash and extends over an area approximately 40 by 45 m in size.
Artifacts observed on the site are very sparse and include a square metal plate and 6 galvanized steel
brackets, all anchored to bedrock.

National Register Assessment: The site is marginally eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. This site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: Although much smaller than 42EN3491, this site is also associated with US Department of
Defense testing for suitable locations of underground bunkers related to the Cold War, and also represent
a minor part of important early US Cold War preparations. Thus the site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the tunneling efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site is mostly dismantled/destroyed with only the tunnel and some minor features
remaining. The tunnel itself does not exhibit any particularly distinctive characteristics relative to period
of use or construction methods, and overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart.
Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached on foot by following a closed access mine road that ends at the site.

Site Number: 42EM3610 (MK Tunnels)

Possible Claim Name(s):

State Tag Number(s): 419118HO001

Map Reference: Bob Hill Knoll Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Assessment Category: 2

Site Description: This is a small U.S. Department of Defense explosives test site that is believed to be
associated with the MK Tunnels site (42EM3491) which is about one mile to the southeast. The site is
located on the west end of Buckhorn Wash and extends over an area approximately 45 by 25 m in size. It
consists of a ca. 180 ft long horizontal tunnel and two backdirt piles outside of the tunnel entrance.
Artifacts observed on the site are very sparse and include metal cable, wire, a single sanitary can, and two
square metal plates anchored to the side of the tunnel at the entrance.

National Register Assessment: The site is marginally eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A. This site
retains integrity of location, setting, design, and workmanship, but retains little in the way of integrity of
materials, feeling and association.

Criterion A: Although much smaller than 42EN3491, this site is also associated with US Department of
Defense testing for suitable locations of underground bunkers related to the Cold War, and also represent
a minor part of important early US Cold War preparations. Thus the site is eligible to the NRHP under
Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the tunneling efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the
NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site consists of a single tunnel and back dirt piles. The tunnel itself does not exhibit any
particularly distinctive characteristics relative to period of use or construction methods, and overall lacks
any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart. Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP
under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached on foot by following a closed access mine road that ends at the site.
Structural Sites

Site Number: 42EM3565

Associated Site(s): 42EM3564

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Site Description: This is a moderate sized historic habitation and associated artifact scatter located on a
gentle slope at the base of a mesa in Reds Canyon. The site is 100 by 35 m in size and consists of a
collapsed wood frame structure and artifact scatter. The trash scatter includes a tin can dump, bed
springs, nails, light bulbs, wire, ceramics, glass, stove parts, metal, and milled lumber. The site is located
on the edge of an old mining road that leads to 42EM3526. It is also near 42EM3524 and is probably
associated with the uranium mining of the area. It may have functioned as a habitation for miners.

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. This site retains integrity of location and setting, but has
very little in the way of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site clearly is associated with the general development of uranium mining in Emery
County, but the impact of the particular mining effort related to this habitation to the overall history
would have been negligible both in terms of effort involved and results achieved. This site is therefore
not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts in this area. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a small temporary habitation facility, most of which has been destroyed or
removed. It does not exhibit any particularly distinctive characteristics relative to miner residential use,
period of use, or construction methods, and overall lacks any distinguishing characteristics that would set
it apart. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is poor. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by following a severely eroded mine road that leads to 42EM3526.

Site Number: 42EM3572

Associated Site(s): 42EM3571

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM
Site Description: This site is a complex of historic mine related buildings and other structures at the base
of a mesa below 42EM3538. The site is 90 by 60 m in size and consists of three single room structures,
two storage sheds, and two outhouses. Two of the single room structures are collapsed. The standing
structure contains four bed frames and springs along with a water heater, shelving, a table and foot stool
indicating use a bunkhouse. Artifacts and debris associated with the site include canning jars, metal
pipes, metal fragments, glass, wood fragments, and electrical wiring. A road (42EM3571) leads up to the
site from the south.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. This site retains
integrity of location and setting, and to some degree also integrity of design, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of these particular facilities to the overall
local history would have been minimal. This site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the mining efforts at this site. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP
under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site involves a typical limited mining residential area, but with facilities in place that are
good, distinctive representations of uranium mining facilities, taking in period of use and construction
methods. Generally the integrity of the existing site features is fair. Therefore the site is eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site can be reached by hiking northwest across-country about two km from Muddy Creek.

Historic Roads

Site Number: 42EM3544

Associated Site(s): IF-2

Map Reference: Devils Hole Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3545

Associated Site(s): 42EM3493

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3546

Associated Site(s): 42EM3495

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3547

Associated Site(s): 42EM3497, 42EM3496

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.
Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3548

Associated Site(s): 42EM3497

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3549

Associated Site(s): 42EM3498

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM, SITLA

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3550

Associated Site(s): IF-3

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

riterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in this
portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3551

Associated Site(s): 42EM3502

Map Reference: The Wickiup Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor,
to fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling
and association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate
integrity of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3552

Associated Site(s): 42EM3503

Map Reference: The Wickiup Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.
Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3553

Associated Site(s): 42EM3507

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.
Site Number: 42EM3554

Associated Site(s): IF-6

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: SITLA

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3555

Associated Site(s): 42EM3521

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.
Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3556

Associated Site(s): 42EM3520, 42EM3509, 42EM3510

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM, SITLA

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3557

Associated Site(s): 42EM3516, 42EM3511, IF-12

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle and Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM
National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3558

Associated Site(s): 42EM3512

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3559

Associated Site(s): 42EM3513

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3560

Associated Site(s): 42EM3515

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.
Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3561

Associated Site(s): 42EM3517, 42EM3518, 42EM3530

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle and Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.
Site Number: 42EM3562

Associated Site(s): 42EM3525

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3563

Associated Site(s): 42EM3527

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3564

Associated Site(s): 42EM3526, 42EM3565

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3566

Associated Site(s): 42EM3528

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor,
to fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling
and association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate
integrity of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3567

Associated Site(s): 42EM3529

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3568

Associated Site(s): 42EM3533

Map Reference: Horse Valley Quadrangle and Little Wild Horse Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3569

Associated Site(s): 42EM3534

Map Reference: Horse Valley Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor,
to fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling
and association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate
integrity of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3570

Associated Site(s): 42EM3536, 42EM3537

Map Reference: Little Wild Horse Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3571

Associated Site(s): 42EM3572, 42EM3538, 42EM3539, IF-19

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3573

Associated Site(s): 42EM3540, 42EM3543, IF-20

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM, SITLA

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.
Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3574

Associated Site(s): 42EM3542

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.
Site Number: 42EM3575

Associated Site(s): IF-9

Map Reference: Twin Knolls Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.

Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Site Number: 42EM3576

Associated Site(s): IF-21

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. The site condition of this bulldozed road is mostly poor, to
fair to some areas. It does retain integrity of general location, setting, design, workmanship, feeling and
association. However, there are no associated facilities such as culverts or other to demonstrate integrity
of materials.

Criterion A: This site is clearly associated with one or a few uranium prospecting and mining efforts in
this portion of the San Rafael Swell region. Overall the impact of this particular road to the overall local
history would have been minimal except as a route facilitating access to specific mining sites. This site is
therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B: There is no information about any individuals of local, state or national significance being
associated to any extent with the road. The site is therefore not eligible to the NRHP under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The road is a standard bulldozed route that lacks any particularly distinctive characteristics
of type, period of use, or construction methods, and in general it lacks any specific characteristics that
would set it apart from hundreds of other such roads in the region. Therefore the site is not eligible for
the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The site is a route used primarily by miners to access mines, and as such it is unlikely that
additional field documentation or research efforts would produce information of significance relative to
its history of use. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D.

Prehistoric Sites

Of the two prehistoric sites identified during the course of this survey, only one (42EM3609)
contained a single diagnostic artifact, an Elko-series projectile point indicative of Archaic cultural
occupation. A detailed description of the areal culture history has recently been completed by Janetski et
al. (2005). Briefly, the Archaic period, which extended between about 8000 BP (before present) to 2000
BP, is marked by a broad-based foraging strategy of diversified resource exploitation, emphasizing plant
gathering and the hunting of small-to-medium sized game. Archaic peoples most often utilized highly
mobile settlement strategies. Generally, artifacts or features characteristic of the Archaic period include
atlatl darts, projectile points, items related to plant food procurement and processing such as grinding
slabs and milling stones, basketry, roasting pits, and storage cists (Janetski et al. 2005).

Site Number: 42EM3609

Map Reference: Bob Hill Knoll Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Site Description: This is a small to moderate size open camp site that is located on top of a low tableland
feature south of Buckhorn Wash. The site extends over an area 60 by 80 m and has been very badly
disturbed by backhoe operations and historic use of the site associated with 42EM3608 which is just to
the west. The site consists of churned and pushed dark soils with a general scatter of mostly tertiary flakes
spread over the site area. One portable slab metate/groundstone fragment, an Elko Series projectile point
projectile point (Elko Eared) fragment, a hammerstone, and a utilized core/hammerstone were located. A
shaped stone fragment also found on the site consists of a piece of sandstone measuring 34 cm long, 15
cm wide, and 4 cm thick. It has a rounded shaped edge and appears to be part of hatch stone. Burned
bone fragments present on the site surface may be from historic or modern use of the site area. The
historic aspect of the site also includes a line of post butts set into drilled holes in the bedrock, a few tin
cans, and a large man-made crater and associated backdirt/rock pile.

National Register Assessment: The site is eligible to the NRHP under Criterion D. This site is badly
impacted and site integrity is only fair to poor, maintaining the general characteristics of location and
setting, but not of design, materials, workmanship, feeling or association.
Criterion A: Although the site still has some intact deposits, the site does not exhibit potential to
contribute to broad patterns in local or regional prehistory. Therefore, the site is not eligible under
Criterion A.

Criterion B. The site is not associated with the lives of individuals important to local or regional history.
The site is not eligible under Criterion B.

Criterion C. The site lacks distinctive characteristics of human expression in culture or technology
relative to type, period, construction, artistic value, or otherwise. It is not eligible under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The tools and stained soils at the site attest to the potential for features with datable material
to be present as well as other remains demonstrates the potential for retrieving additional information of
significance from either additional on-site documentation. The site is eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

The historic component of the site retains integrity of location and setting, and design, but has very little
in the way of integrity of materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Criterion A: The historic component of the site consists mainly of bulldozed area and has little to offer in
terms of historic information. It is not eligible under Criterion A.

Criterion B: The site is not associated with the lives of individuals important to local or regional history.
The site is not eligible under Criterion B.

Criterion C: The site is contains only a few minor features. It lacks any distinctive characteristics relative
to period of use or construction methods, or any distinguishing characteristics that would set it apart.
Therefore the site is not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C.

Criterion D: The small and limited nature of the site and its associated features and other remains
demonstrates a lack of potential for retrieving additional information of significance from either
additional on-site documentation or records research. The site is not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D.

Access: The site is can be reached on foot by hiking along a clossed access road which leads to the site.

Site Number: 42EM3611

Map Reference: Bob Hill Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Site Description: This is a very small sparse scatter of about 20 flakes in a 40 by 10 m area along the
floodplain of Buckhorn Wash. The flakes are widely scattered over the site area and one small
concentration of 5 flakes was noted next to the road. No tools, diagnostic artifacts, or stained soils were
observed. The site is eroded and has been impacted by access road construction. Another lithic scatter that
contained Formative age projectile points has been recorded just to the east (42EM2304) and may be
associated.
National Register Assessment: Not Eligible. Site integrity is only fair to poor, maintaining the general
characteristics of location and setting, but not of design, materials, workmanship, feeling or association.
NRHP Criteria A-D are applicable as follows:

Criterion A. This very small lithic surface scatter cannot be associated with specific events that were
contributory to broad patterns in local or regional history. Therefore, the site is not eligible under
Criterion A.

Criterion B. The site is not associated with the lives of individuals important to local or regional history.
The site is not eligible under Criterion B.

Criterion C. The site lacks distinctive characteristics of human expression in culture or technology
relative to type, period, construction, artistic value, or otherwise. It is not eligible under Criterion C.

Criterion D. There is no evidence for cultural depth is evident and the site overall is very ephemeral. The
site is not eligible under Criterion D

Access: Buckhorn Wash road runs to a closed access road. The site is located on both sides of the access
road.

Isolated Feature Descriptions

Isolated Feature No.: IF-1

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4201131HO003

Map Reference: Bottleneck Peak Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4320797 Easting (m): 523907

Narrative Description: This opening is 7 by 8 ft, with an estimated depth of 10 ft. A small associated
dump is on the slope in front. No artifacts were found associated with the opening.

Access: No mine road goes up to the opening. A cross country access route was surveyed up a major
drainage and then farther up a secondary drainage to the opening.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-2

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4201228HO001

Map Reference: Devils Hole Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4322318 Easting (m): 535957

Narrative Description: This opening is 4 by 5 ft. Inside opening the tunnel splits, with the right tunnel
going about 30 ft and the left about 40 ft. There is a long but thin dump in front. Pieces of milled lumber
are scattered about, and the bottom of a milk glass mug was found. A long metal cable goes up the slope.

Access: An old eroded mine road goes up to the opening from a drainage that comes off of a heavily
used dirt road. The engineers recommend cross country access, but a route was surveyed up the drainage
and then up the old mine road for foot access.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-3

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4221301HO001

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4308536 Easting (m): 547822

Narrative Description: This opening is 6 by 6 ft. It goes in an estimated 60 ft. There is a long but thin
dump in front. A wood crate fragment was found on the slope in front of the opening.

Access: An old and quite steep eroded mine road goes up to the opening. Access is by parking on the
edge of I-70 and hiking up the old road.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-4

Possible Claim Name: Tammy #19/20, Teri #16/16/17/20/21/22

State Tag Number(s): 4221407HO001

Map Reference: Spotted Wolf Canyon Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4306814 Easting (m): 549227

Narrative Description: This opening is 3 by 4 ft, with an estimated depth of 9 ft. There is minimal
dump material here, and this opening is really just a prospect rather than a true mine. No artifacts were
found associated with the opening.

Access: This opening is just a few dozen yards off of a heavily traveled dirt road. An access route was
surveyed to the opening for 4-wheel drive access.
Isolated Feature No.: IF-5

Possible Claim Name: Addition #3, Cancer Cure #1/2/3, Prospects #36/42/43/44/45

State Tag Number(s): 4221119HO001

Map Reference: The Wickiup Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 523719 Easting (m): 4303465

Narrative Description: This opening is 5 by 6 ft, with an estimated depth of 20 ft. A small associated
dump is situated in front of the opening. A few sanitary cans are scattered about.

Access: An old eroded mine road goes up to the opening but has long been out of use. However, the road
can be used to walk or ATV to the opening and was surveyed for such; the engineers recommend ATV.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-6

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4231032HO001

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4291425 Easting (m): 514745

Narrative Description: This opening is 5 by 6 ft, with an estimated depth of 39 ft. A small associated
and eroded dump is in front. No artifacts were found associated with the opening.

Access: An old eroded mine road goes up to the opening. However, the road is no longer in use, but can
be used for foot travel to the opening.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-7

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4241006HO001

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4289932 Easting (m): 513489

Narrative Description: This opening is 7 by 6 ft, which is bi-lobed inside the opening, with the main
shaft going to the right an estimated depth of 25 ft, and a much smaller opening going 10 ft to the left. A
small associated and eroded dump is in front. There are a few fragments of milled lumber and nails
associated with the opening.

Access: Access is from a faint road just off the main dirt road, with foot access required up the hill slope.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-8

Possible Claim Name: Mother Lode #31

State Tag Number(s): 4231013HO001

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4295416 Easting (m): 521155

Narrative Description: This opening is 9 by 5 ft, with an estimated depth of 33 ft. A small associated
and eroded dump is in front. A few pieces of milled wood, part of a small wooden platform, were located
in front of the opening.

Access: There is no road access and the engineers recommend cross country travel, although a drainage
bottom can be driven northward from an existing road, up to the base of the cliff where the opening lies.
This route was surveyed.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-9

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4231119HO001

Map Reference: Twin Knolls Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4294945 Easting (m): 522508

Narrative Description: This opening is 5 by 10 ft, with an estimated depth of 19 ft. A small eroded
dump is in front. Some milled wood, a couple of timber supports, and some cable are on the dump area in
front of the mine.

Access: An old eroded mine road goes up to the opening. However, the road is no longer in use, and the
project engineers propose access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-10

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4231024HO001

Map Reference: San Rafael Knob Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4295277 Easting (m): 520978

Narrative Description: This opening is 4 by 2 ft, with an estimated depth of 41 ft. A small eroded dump
is in front. A few pieces of milled wood were found inside the opening.

Access: There is no road access and the engineers recommend cross country travel, although a drainage
bottom can be driven northward from an existing road, up to the base of the cliff where the opening lies.
This route was surveyed.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-11

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4230932HO001

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4290639 Easting (m): 506136

Narrative Description: This opening is 5 by 6 ft, situated about 7 ft above ground level, and with an
estimated depth of 18 ft. There is no associated dump or artifacts.

Access: An old eroded mine road goes up to the opening. However, the road is no longer in use, and the
project engineers propose access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-12

Possible Claim Name: AG #1/2, Blue Bird #2, Cabin Claim #1, Green Dragon, Green Dragon #1/2, Last
Chance #1/2, Monarch #1/2/3/4

State Tag Number(s): 4240823HO001

Map Reference: Tomsich Butte Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4283766 Easting (m): 500608

Narrative Description: This opening is 6 by 7 ft, with an estimated depth of 65 ft. A small associated
dump is badly eroded, and no associated artifacts were found.
Access: From an existing road north of Tomsich Butte, an old eroded and steep mine road goes up a draw
and then up the slope of a mesa to the opening. The project engineers propose access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-13

Possible Claim Name: Lucky Strike #5/6/8/9/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18, J and M Claim #1

State Tag Number(s): 4240905HO002

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4289510 Easting (m): 505220

Narrative Description: This opening is 7 by 8 ft, with an estimated depth of 10 ft. A small associated
dump is on the slope below the opening. Two large roof support beams are evident at the opening, one
fallen. There is a broken plank, a small metal strap, some heavy gauge wire, and a fragment of a wood
crate.

Access: An old eroded and steep mine road goes up to the opening. The project engineers propose
access by foot for the last portion.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-14

Possible Claim Name: J and M Claim #1/10

State Tag Number(s): 4240905HO030

Map Reference: Copper Globe Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4289717 Easting (m): 505315

Narrative Description: This opening is 6 by 6 ft, with an unknown depth. Two small dumps are located
in the slope below the opening. Associated artifacts are limited to a single oil can. There is a wood stake
and wire with a Proof of Labor permit inside the opening, for “J&M #1 through #15” mining claims, and
dated to 1978.

Access: An old eroded and steep mine road goes up to the opening. The project engineers propose
access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-15

Possible Claim Name: Moenkopi Jack #1

State Tag Number(s): 4250802HO004

Map Reference: Ireland Mesa Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4279672 Easting (m): 499983

Narrative Description: This opening is 6 by 6 ft, with an estimated depth of 19 ft. A small associated
dump is badly eroded. Minimal log support is inside, and no associated artifacts were found.

Access: An old 4-wheel drive road leads down to Muddy Creek, with no apparent crossing intact, but the
road continues on the other side of the creek and can be walked or driven by ATV to a point where a deep
drainage bottom goes to the west, up to the opening.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-16

Possible Claim Name: Ernie #1/2/3/5

State Tag Number(s): 4241212HO001

Map Reference: Old Woman Wash Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4287959 Easting (m): 538144

Narrative Description: This opening is 8 by 11 ft, with an estimated depth of 25+ ft. A small associated
dump is badly eroded, and no associated artifacts were found. A small prospect is located to the left of the
opening. Evidence of a wood feature is sufficient distance across a wash to not be part of this isolated find.

Access: An old 4-wheel drive road ends at wilderness study area, and so access is by foot up the drainage
bottom of Ernie Wash to the opening.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-17

Possible Claim Name: None

State Tag Number(s): 4241229HO001

Map Reference: Temple Mountain Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4282305 Easting (m): 532077

Narrative Description: This opening is 9 by 7 ft and a depth of 12 ft. There is no associated dump or
artifacts. This is nothing more than a small prospect.

Access: An old 4-wheel drive road leads to a point near the mine, but vehicle access is prohibited for the
last 1/2 mile because it is in a wilderness study area. It can be reached by hiking down a drainage to the
opening.
Isolated Feature No.: IF-18

Possible Claim Name: Bush #1/2/3/4/, Crack Canyon #2/3/24/25/26, Crack Canyon Fraction #1/2,
Ferney #1/2, Ferney Fraction, Little Dog #1, Merday Cat #2, ZZU #1

State Tag Number(s): 4251118HO001

Map Reference: Temple Mountain Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4276593 Easting (m): 522658

Narrative Description: This opening is 9 by 9 ft, and a depth of 13 ft. There is no associated dump or
artifacts. This is nothing more than a small prospect.

Access: An old road goes down a drainage and passes by the opening. The project engineers propose
access by this road.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-19

Possible Claim Name: Bill #1/2

State Tag Number(s): 4260906HO002

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4269870 Easting (m): 501344

Narrative Description: This opening is 10 by 8 ft but narrows to 6 by 7 ft, with an estimated depth of 50
ft. A small associated dump is badly eroded. A fallen timber inside the opening has a claim notice made
out to John Anderson with a 1990 date (UMC 182766-93). Associated artifacts are limited to several
pieces of milled lumber and a drill steel.

Access: An old eroded and steep mine road goes up to the opening. The project engineers propose
access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-20

Possible Claim Name: Delta #1, Delta Lobe, Gamma, SRAF #172/174/176/178/180

State Tag Number(s): 4260908HO002

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4268313 Easting (m): 502553

Narrative Description: This opening is 10 by 9 ft but narrows to 8 by 6 ft, with an estimated depth of 20
ft. A small associated dump is badly eroded. A timber with a claim notice of “1989 John Brown #1-22”
is present. There are a couple of small cardboard boxes inside, one with detonating cord in it and the
other is apparently an explosives box.

Access: An old eroded and steep mine road goes up to the opening. The project engineers propose
access by foot.

Isolated Feature No.: IF-21

Possible Claim Name: WIN #150, Delta, Delta #1/2/3/4/5/6

State Tag Number(s): 4260909HO007

Map Reference: Hunt Draw Quadrangle, 7.5’ Series Topographic

Ownership: BLM

Northing (m): 4268755 Easting (m): 504726

Narrative Description: This feature This opening is 6 by 9 ft, with an estimated depth of 60 ft. A small,
shallow associated dump is in front. A timber is in the roof at the entrance. No associated artifacts were
found.

Access: An old eroded and steep mine road goes up to the opening. The project engineers propose access
by foot.

Discussion

Emery County Uranium Mining Landscape

The research associated with the San Rafael Abandoned Mines Project documented a broadly
dispersed pattern of cultural resources associated with the exploration and exploitation of uranium ore in
the San Rafael Swell of Emery County. The archaeological resources encountered in this survey appear
to be mainly associated with mining activity in the mid-twentieth century, which was when uranium
mining was booming throughout the region. Most of the Emery County mining efforts, however, were
small in scale relative to effort expended and results achieved. They were also well away from the small
communities, some of which exhibit considerably more influence from coal mining, with little impact
obvious from uranium mining efforts.

The majority of the sites in the survey area contain multiple openings, and most of these are
horizontal adits (the exceptions being a few inclined adits and vertical shafts), occasionally accompanied
by prospect holes. The uranium mines were generally found in the Moss Back member of the Chinle
Formation or the Salt Wash member of the Morrison, which are typically exposed high up on the mesas
and buttes of the San Rafael Swell, and consequently most mines are situated in locations where the vein
is exposed at the very top of a high, steep talus slope, in a vertical cliff face. Access is always very
difficult except by following the bulldozed roads directly to the mines. A few sites in the survey area
contain associated structural features, most commonly the remains of ore chutes and loading bins directly
below the openings. Temporary living quarters for miners are common either within site boundaries or
within walking distance of many of the more labor intensive mines.

Assessment of Impacts and Proposed Closure Techniques

The Division of Oil, Gas and Mining proposes to close part or all of the historic mine openings
assessed during the project. Closure can be affected in several ways, including: backfilling, gating with
rigid or flexible barriers, or plugging with masonry, polyurethane, or rock or concrete barriers/walls.
Probably the most commonly used and most economical technique is backfilling. This can be
accomplished using adjacent spoil or fill brought in from other locations. Open portals can also be closed
through demolition using explosives or heavy equipment to collapse the adit. These various techniques
vary considerably in their potential to impact the historic qualities of the properties.

The preferred closure technique from the perspective of cultural resource protection is usually the
construction of a bulkhead barrier. Native stone or tinted concrete can be used to construct a barrier
which is slightly recessed a short distance inside the portal. This effectively closes the mine and yet
retains the historic feel and character of the visible portion of the portal. Gated openings may be required
at some of the San Rafael sites due to the presence of bats. These can also be constructed inside of adits
with minimal impact to the feature. These two techniques are also advantageous in that they have
relatively low potential for causing secondary impacts to surrounding cultural features.

Less favorable from a cultural perspective, but generally the preferred alternative in terms of
economics, is backfilling. This approach obliterates the adit itself, and can leave significant secondary
visual impacts to the site.

The Office of Public Archaeology did not make any attempt to assess the hazard potential of any
of the mines recorded in the San Rafael Project area. This has been deferred to the DOGM and other
engineering consultants. However, it should be noted that the hazards at these sites are consistent with
those frequently encountered at other mining properties (steep slopes around the openings, vertical shafts,
unstable head frames, flooded adits, etc.).

Specific protection measures and mitigation recommendations are given below for each of the
mines. None of the constructed features associated with the properties examined during this project are
substantial enough to require additional work in the form of Historic American Building Survey (HABS)
or Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation.

Determination of Eligibility and Finding of Effect

The Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining proposes closure work at all 184 of the tagged and
four untagged openings examined during the project. Each of the mine sites, whether it included one or
multiple openings, was considered independently in regards to the determination of eligibility and the
finding of effect. Of the 91 total archaeological sites examined, 51 (56%) including 46 mine sites and 5
non-mine sites (one prehistoric, one structural, and three MK Tunnels sites), are recommended as eligible
for the NRHP. These sites include 152 numbered and four unnumbered openings. The 40 sites (44%)
recommended as not eligible include 31 historic roads, 1 prehistoric lithic scatter, 1 collapsed structure,
and 7 mines (10 mine openings). In most cases these sites fail to meet minimum standards of integrity.
The non-eligible mine sites are mostly Category 1 properties that lack significance due to their extremely
limited nature and the loss of most elements that would allow them to convey any quality of significance.
In addition, 21 mines were recorded as isolated features due to their extremely limited size, content, and
construct. These are all considered non-eligible. No finding of effect is necessary for the non-eligible
sites and isolated finds, as the determination that they are not significant means that they are not “historic
properties” as defined in the regulations (National Register Bulletin 15). Accordingly, the proposed
closure and rehabilitation undertakings at these locations do not have the potential to affect any historic
properties.

The finding of effect for each of the 49 mine/tunnel sites recommended as eligible/significant is
that the proposed undertakings should result in “No Adverse Effect” or “No Effect” at each of these sites.
The proposed undertakings at the majority of the eligible sites consist only of closure of the mine
openings. Since the openings are intrinsic features of the sites, a “No Adverse Effect” finding can be
achieved by careful selection of appropriate closure methods that minimize changes to the external
appearance of portals which are judged to be contributing features of the site. Most of the sites are
considered to be eligible under Criteria A and/or Criteria C, and in many cases the individual openings
lack distinction, but together they enable the properties to convey the collective image of a historically
significant mining operation. Some of the sites are significant primarily for features and artifacts other
than the mines themselves, which may play a more secondary role in expressing the site’s significance.

A “No Action” alternative is not feasible with this particular project, as the objective of the
mining reclamation program is to close abandoned mines that present public hazards. This will require
alteration of all of the identified mine openings in order to meet the objectives of the project. A finding of
“No Adverse Effect” or “No Effect” is also contingent upon a careful approach to rehabilitation that
avoids visual impacts to other characteristic features which convey the significance of the sites, including
structural remains, unusual or especially characteristic door frames and shaft covers/walls, abandoned
railroad grades and ore cart tracks, waste dumps, associated artifact scatters, and other landscape features
associated with the mining activities at these sites.

Closure recommendations for NRHP eligible sites are discussed in Appendix B.

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