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Electro--Optic Modulators

Electro

Prof. Utpal Das


P f
Professor, Department
D t t off El
Electrical
t i l Engineering,
E i i
Laser Technology Program,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

http://www.iitk.ac.in/ee/faculty/det_resume/utpal.html
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
Dielectric Permittivity Tensor

In the most general case, the D-field is related to E-field through a


dielectric permittivity
y tensor, where the x-, y-, and z-components of
the D-field are related to the x-, y-, and z-components of the E-field by
a permittivity matrix.
matrix.
   
D = ε o .E + P = ε.E
 ε xx ε xy ε xz 
In Biaxial media the
dielectric permittivity
 
matrix is symmetric
symmetric,
Where the dyadic ε = ε yx ε yy ε yz 
 
 ε zx ε zy ε zz 
T
i.e. ε = ε 
The Index ellipsoid (indicatrix
indicatrix)) is a geometric figure, constructed so that
the indices of refraction are plotted as radii that are parallel to the Electric
vector oscillation direction of light
light.. The ellipsoid is then given by
by::
 1  2  1  2  1  2  1   1   1 
 2  x   2  y   2  z  2  2  yz  2  2  xz  2  2  xy  1
 n 1  n 2  n 3  n 4  n 5  n 6
Any Cross-
Cross-Section of this body is an ellipse
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
By linear algebra any symmetric matrix can be diagonalized by a
suitable choice of the basis vectors (i (i..e. by a suitable choice for the
orientation of the co
co--ordinate axes with respect to the material).
material).
So in the most general case, if one
chooses the orientation of the co
co--ordinate
ε xx o o 
axes judiciously, the relation between the  
D-field and E-field becomes
becomes::
ε=  o ε yy o 
For εxx  ε yy  εzz the material is called biaxial
biaxial..  o o ε zz 

The choice of co-
co-ordinate axes that results in a diagonal permittivity
matrix is called the p
principal
p axes of the material.
material. Therefore
 1  1  1  1  1  1
 2  = 2  2    2   2
 n 1 E=0 n xx  n 2 E=0 n 2yy  n 3 E=0 n zz
E 0 E 0
2 2 2
x y z
 1 
 2 
 1 
= 2 
 1 
 2 0 2
 2
 2
1
   
 n 4 E=0  n 5 E=0  n 6 E=0 n xx n yy n zz
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
Th
The I d
Index ellipsoid
lli id
(indicatrix
indicatrix)) is a geometric figure,
constructed so that the indices of
refraction are plotted as radii that
are parallel to the vibration
direction of light.
light
g .
2 2 2
x y z
 2  2 1
n 2xx n yy n zz
In isotropic minerals the indicatrix
is a sphere,
sphere because the refractive
index is the same in all directions
directions..

In uniaxial minerals,
minerals because nomega (no) and nepsilon (ne) are not equal
equal, the
indicatrix is an ellipsoid, the shape of which is dependant on its
orientation with respect to the optic axis. In positive uniaxial minerals,
th Z indicatrix
the i di t i axis i is
i parallel
ll l to
t the
th c-c-crystallographic
t ll hi axis
i and d the
th
indicatrix is a prolate ellipsoid, i.e. it is stretched out along the optic axis
(Spheroid)..
(Spheroid)
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
All light travelling along the Z axis (optic axis)
axis), has an index of
refraction of no, whether it vibrates parallel to the X or Y axis, or any
direction in the XY plane.
Li ht travelling
Light t lli along
l the
th X axis
i is
i split
lit into
i t two
t rays, the
th ordinary
di andd
extraordinary rays,
1. Omega vibrates parallel to the Y axis, no is plotted along Y
2. Epsilon vibrates parallel to the Z axis, ne is plotted along Z.
The XZ and the YZ planes through the
indicatrix are identical ellipses
p with no and
ne as their axes, with the radii of the
ellipses equal to the magnitude of the RI for
the ray
ray..
Plotting the indices of light travelling in all
directions produces the prolate ellipsoid,
whose axis of revolution is the optic axis, axis
for uniaxial positive minerals;
minerals; no < ne.

y2 z2
The YZ plane cross
cross--section is  1
n o2 n e2
Electro-Optic
Electro-
Modulators
The XZ and the YZ planes
through the indicatrix are
id i l ellipses
identical lli with
i h no andd
ne as their axes, with the
radii of the ellipses equal to
the magnitude of the
refractive index for the ray.
x2 y2 z2
Plotting the indices of light   1
travelling in all directions n o2 n o2 n e2
produces the prolate ellipsoid,
whose axis of revolution is the
optic axis, for uniaxial positive
minerals:: no < ne.
minerals
For optically negative minerals
the X indicatrix axis corresponds
to the optic axis and the
indicatrix is an oblate ellipsoid,
i.e. flattened along the optic axis, and no > ne
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
Random section through the uniaxial indicatrix will give no and ne'.
Light travelling from the origin of the indicatrix outwards, construct a
vibration plane (a slice through the centre of the indicatrix
indicatrix,, perpendicular to the
wave normal) forms an ellipse with axes of no and ne'. Omega vibrates at 90° to
the optic axis = short axis of the ellipse and epsilon' vibrates parallel to the optic
ellipse. The magnitude of the axes = no and ne'. The
axis = long axis of the ellipse.
principal section of the ellipse is the plane containing the optic axis and the
direction of propagation of the wave.
wave.


1
2

 n 'e (θ) 
 
Sin 2 (θ) Cos 2 (θ)
2

ne n o2
Sinθi vi Electro
Electro--Optic Modulators
 V = c/n
Sinθe ve
no
Sinθi vi

Sinθo vo

ne()

no
ne() Cross No birefringence
g along
g the optic
p axis
Check ne()
no

no ne()

no

ne() Cross
Check
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
2 2 2
x y z
2
 2  2 1 In the absence of any Electric field
no no ne
Now with the application of an arbitrary Electric field [Ex, Ey, Ez] the
indiatrix will rotate and with respect to the original axes the new
expression
i with
ith the
th new axes x’,
’ y’,
’ and i : x'2
d z’’ is 2
y' z' 2
 2  2 1
n o2 no ne
This indiatrix when transformed back to the principle axes becomes:

 1  2  1  2  1  2
 2  x   2  y   2  z 
 n 1  n 2  n 3
 1   1   1 
2  2  yz  2  2  xz  2  2  xy  1
n  n  n 
 4  5  6
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
 1 
The Linear change in the coefficients  2  , i  1,
1 2,.....,6
2 6
 1  Is given as  n i
 
 n 2 1  1  3
  2    rij E j , i  1,
1 2,.....,6
2 6
 1   n i j 1
 
 n 2 2 r11 r12 r13 r63 corresponds to
Z-cut crystal
 1  r21 r22 r23
  E1
 n 2 3 r31 r32 r33
 E2
 1  r41 r42 r43
  E3
 n 2 4 r51 r52 r53
 1  r61 r62 r63
 
 n 5
2
The linear electro-
electro-optic
coefficient matrix is then
 1 
  given as
 n 2 6 Ex = E1 , Ey = E2 , and Ez = E3
Low frequency: r33=30.9, r51=32.6
LiNbO3 Modulators High Frequency: r33=30.8, r51=28
Most common electrode configurations.
g
L
Low freq.
f r13=9.6,
9 6 High Freq. r13=8.6
Hi h F 86

(a) nonbuffered x-cut


x cut (b) buffered x-cut
x cut
(d) buffered dual drive z-cut
(c) buffered single-drive z-cut

Machzehnder Push
Push--Pull type LiNbO3 Modulator
LiNbO3 Electro
Electro--Optics Z E Y’
The crystal remains uniaxial Y
under the application of an electric d
field, E3, along the threefold Xz axis
axis..
X’
H
However, the
h index
i d off refraction
f i f
for X L
light polarized parallel to the Xz axis
no ( 1.064μm) = 2.2322,
changes by an amount
amount::
ne ( 1
1.064μm)
064μm) = 22.1560
1560
n33= (1/2)[ne r33Ez]
3
For an input polarized at 45o to
Z, the original birefringence
and the index for light g polarized
p
phase
h difference
diff is
i :
perpendicular to the Xz axis changes
by an amount
amount:: =
 (/c)(ne-no)L,
= (
n13= (1/2)[no3r13Ez],
] With the application of Ez the
where ne and no are the principal new phase difference is :
electro-- = ((
indices and r33, r13 are the electro /c)(ne-no)L -
optic coefficients.
coefficients. (/2c)[n 3r - n 3r ](V/d)L
e 33 o 13

F KDP crystal
For t l in
i the
th same configuration,
fi ti r41=r52=88 and d r63=11.
11 Rest=0.
R t 0
Hence the phase difference is 
= (/c)[(ne-no)+(
= ( )+(n /2))r63(V/d
no3/2 V/d)]L
)]L
Electro-Optic
Electro-
Modulators
Electro-Optic
Electro-
Modulators
Electro-Optic
Electro-
Modulators
Electro--Optic Modulators
Electro
For 43m type
yp of material such as
GaAs,, InP,
GaAs InP, InGaAsP the Kerr coefficients
are given as :

Figure shows the phase differences


between the TE and TM modes as a
function of the applied bias for the two
orthogonal light propagation directions at
=0.888
888m. The solid lines are fits to the
data using the overlap of Ej(x) and Ej2(x)
with the optical field.
field.
The Phase difference is expressed
p as :
K K

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