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Biggest Challenges:
Aging Population
Chronic Diseases (non-communicative diseases) (diabetes, obesity, smoking related diseases)
Emerging and drug resistance infectious diseases
Massive environmental pollution (air, water, soil. Water scarcity)
Food safety
Adolescent health
Demograhpics:
Health:
Interverntion & lifestyle changes too late leading to shift to chronic (NDC) diseases
Robust health insurance system in place (92% covered). Costs will surge due to demographic
and NCD burden
Policy Context:
China Population:
- About 1.4bn now. Annual increase of 12 million/year. (peak increases were 1980’s, 23m + a
year)
- Already at ‘below replacement fertility’ of 1.2 avg # of births per women (negative population
growth)
READ CHINAS NEW TWO CHILD POLICY (TOO LITTLE TOO LATE) JOAN KAUFMAN
Norm is one child for family. This will cause problems in future as this is embedded in society and
culture
Given that China was able to force one child policy on population, would it be able to force 2/3 child
policy in the future?
Urbanisation:
- In 1980, only 20% urban (200m urban residents). Now 53% urban (BUT, only 35% with urban
hukou). In 2013 this means 670m people in cities
- Shanghai (China’s largest city) grew from 16m in 2000 to 23m in 2010
- China’s big urbanization experiment
Antibiotic Resistance:
Air Pollution:
In January 2013: AQI Reached 886 PPM (35X WHO standard for safe) ‘Airpocolypse’.
5.5 Year reduction in life expectancy for those living north of Huaihai river (Seperates North from South
China)
- 60% of China’s groundwater polluted due to toxic run-offs from industry (heavy metals:
chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic).
- ‘Cancer villages’ near heavily polluted lakes and rivers
For major events, Chinese Govt. tells all polluting industries to shut down (coal & steel plants). Such as
during China/Africa summit or APEC
Factories 400/500km south (winds usually blow north and mountains above Beijing trap the airs) can
affect air quality in Beijing (Henan, Huangdong provinces etc)
Food Safety:
Farmers being moved to cities and arable land is being converted to industrial use.
Illegal food additaves (food dye in watermelosn, melanine in milk powder, ractopaine in pork, gutter oil)