Sie sind auf Seite 1von 8
Back to Basics Understand the Real World of Mixing ‘Thomas Post ost Moai Der ZaTION AND SoLuTioNS Most chemical engineering curricula do not adequately address mixing as itis commonly practiced in the chemical process industries. This article attempts to fillin some of the gaps by explaining flow patterns, mixing techniques, and the turbulent, transitional and laminar mixing regimes. ing ee limited ideal reactors. lel eat re extreme cases and are represeted by the eect ‘king model the eady-st peter mixing model, ote steady sine pli low model Figure). These models elp ‘etrmine ints and reaction rites Foran eal bth reactor. the perfect mixing model sume ht the composition i uiforn tego be ‘essa ey instant and ves the eet ae ws F: rmostenginers, college memories shout min- Crp Nx (ta) 0 The steady-state peeec-miting model fora contiauous pres i similar, wits the composition uniform throughout the rector at ny inant in ine However, incoportes the ne molt Mowat, Fy op Fig e ‘The steady-state plug ow model ofa contin proces stsumes thatthe composition ithe same wiio a Sires volume ofthe eatorin the drecion of ow, ‘ype within a pipe: Cra Rye, o ‘These equations can be imegrted 0 determine the time equied to achieve = conversion of X, Moy madi re developed as cembinations ofthe wo ominous enrereso desde nondes flo sich sin ‘ecveulation loop, shor-cireating path, and dead ones (Figures 2 end 3) 7). These extremes are seldom achieved in rea ie ‘This isthe ext of mos engines collegiate evel preparation foreword mixing appitions. Since ales. ‘veyhingmauficured mart be mixes, most new gras ses are l-pepaeé © optimize mixing processes. This nicl attempt rg the gap betwee the tec ofthe ideal an th eles of acta rst Limitations of he perfect-mixing and plug-flow models Classical chemical enginsering focuses on commodity chemicals reduced in age quate in continue opera ‘ins sh ane peuochemil, poimer, mining, era y ‘tay ‘Fue. Theses te swe pic ii ma fh a pet eng mace ane sso po, ‘onal to Back to Basics iat, and pulp and paper industries, Many of these industries sare mati and the plats have aeady been uit and ‘optimized. nconvas nds suc speci chemi Cal, phamaceutcas, biochemicals, personal ere products feos and beverages, ad punts sd coatings, a well as the emerging fel of sasecale atrial, make rosin ‘mach maler volumes, employing batch process asthe rnin nod of ming ‘Pesfecnining ad plow modes imply single pate proms, They donot aeees solids suspensions, Tiguidiqud ehspersions,assiguid dispersions snd high: 1 Figur 2 Tis hora hows nk fo pats, we ‘Rad ons eshte tn PH soto ‘a owe 3. is anys como ee ec) me ‘stan ow ea mes wn repre a, viscosity non-Newtonian idl of which are common in the chemical proces industries CP1), ‘Reaction conto. Engineers employ te pcfectitng and plow modesto wen resonate const, this implies inescallyconttoled reaction Although the literature eootins much research on kins, mos of Inprovides no proof tat the proses dissed was tly Kinstially controled, Consequently, mest sadnts ever lear bw to determine whethers process contol by neti or by mas taster, “To prove kinetic contri mast be demons that inceases ia impel speed iano effec onthe ate ‘reaction, and such test must be onduted speeds wel stove the minimum requied erry out the reaction, Most pers inte irate sa oaly thatthe rations were ‘nat certain speed (which may or may ot ave besa the minimum), withou elaborating on weber te inp lerspeed ha any impct onthe reation rte, Some papers Claim tat inet esto rate constants ary fo difeent impel speeds However, thes condition sly desribe tmassrasfercontoled reaction, nota kin oe ‘elled reaction. Ifa process isl kinetically controled t does aot mater wheter the impellers Reston trie, yao- foi ora retort For knecaly controle process, the sped ofthe impel sd its power input areas ie ‘vant. These things shouldbe nen Into sect oly fr ‘mass-uasse-conrlled presses, The real mixing world The ow ed ofa mixing ak is three-imensional and very comple To etn exact act of al he eociee, nd shears ina sing tank computational id dynam ies (CRD) used fo solve the para diferent equine (PDE) associated with the Naver Sokes moment nergy and continuity equations. Any sluon method ‘logy must aes all dee sets of PDEs simultaneous ‘Analytica soins dived rectly fm he PDEs are cont sel forte simplest of aes. For more complied problems, the PDEs are solved ints of graders using !pproximate oltion method, sch a ake dlzece, finite volume, end frie clementechniques. The gest Aiea in solving these hee equation ithe neliet- ity ofthe momentum equation, which makes the resulting implementations extremely untae, Therefore approxima- tons tothe sluons can only be accurate athe accraey ofthe discretized domala sl epeeting the gadis of ie ‘variables (eg, velocity pressre, emperaie 6) Mary CFD software progr include ies of code that ineduce ata eifsir fo stable the now, linear solution. Doing this, however, may be peablematc because i violates On of the Naver Stakes equations eee Nomenclature © = constant nisi comeing 14 Tact D__—Sinpeer came, m Y igi vate nh reat? (n,, =leopinin ioriaingingller demersal ps ey tank dameter, denon Be Wer suatee =p de =punilesien 4 —mesponet or impale dame, D, datas E—~Reoneiin ft ht eaectvay dese he scale dein ‘sete of us er nmr wlan ere, isos and impel design on the ge Fd mano ceecet fg wil noe Howe ombnaee Astin 0, ‘eae f-Prndenanber Dg fy “penta batten, nee &~pmiah! roan, 28 it fer TEebereiig nyt pera reece of ke =p tare 4 f° —inptlrsped ree Nigga rer oles fect Aine, nt ie “aeration umber= QohnD) any “erton umber theo point tig =fnple ape at wh he at pric at pended revs gy hanno pele speed achieve gl gid ‘leperson rein Nag dimatonies mio tine 19, 2p power number Pipe >) Pans impel power ander sed conden, W oe Simple power W TAS por oft them ngension of ben W PE “Tnplr powers ho stampede ped W PS, “anima pele power cee sig igi ‘peti, W Pans ~inptr por under gated conto, W go = pastowete liu Rowe Arnot recon bated niu volume, malin? Ho Rear mmter= (pad Sots eonstan ns iid eoreliion ‘Sr etn vee, me ia osaly the contin equation) For finite lament analy, the Galerkin squares ‘ine clement (GA-SFE) method has a completely sl consistent apd mathematically ores formulation bat provides silty without scrifeingacouey. Even with that apprsch though the soliton only a ood asthe fiaereized mesh the mesh i to coarse the rains wil ot be capture correc the mesh 09 fe, comput "ona tine ould be nil, X_—=alds ding 100W4%(100~ we 96) By econ of react A conve it produt 2 = iui eel ‘Grek Lets LL apnea 14 © “rte dt desert ft of fuser tan ‘tern gaiuld mas rete Ky, =lermrepeening th eof he impel dion neg ming Ba een ef evn 2 = dens ta bole ety ka? Pia den gi? Phang ~ thy dent gh Pe” ~contnsoue ase deny eh? Prope = Steed hase desi, Kl em ie Po Fy =oatioae pase vicky, Ps Beret ise von, Ps Simatic oo Stata lesen Win © Chempertie actor for pu iu mass er 6a Tenneuon O7 Cparhoite. vise ‘Seoacipts fe ttn despar fe Cite fe “htt ton 7 tattet TL =the boederyBerween he tania en naar 7 oneal perinmed CFD analysis deserts he non ideal weld ofrel ow siunons, However, producing CFD. ‘nodes chen consumes lage amounts oftime and money, nd analyzing the els canbe dificlr ven a mining exper. Another, simpler ppach is eres, "The rest of his arse provide ules of tab and correlations hat can help You ge started. The fst tip: Since all fhe equations discused fom thi point forward include eoeficienls and constants based on SI ont, be EP M210 mnscnapces BF Back to Basics | fen | s2_| 36 Com var | sae oa ea Manica toi | ars | 1078 a0 a Prong ‘sureto use ST units when applying them o avoid aking Flow patterns ‘Thre ae thes ase Mow patterns in mixing: tangata, inl anal, For cylindric ak without bales and any type of Impaler onthe cere vera xsl urbulent foe wl be tangential aes mally consi of thee or four Matas. ‘achof which opie abou OY4ofte tnk diame, tached ote tank wal step tangential ow, Numerous ‘ter bf desig: hathelp reduce sil exit for he lined rector, but ey ae not as efficent a ort plate configuration Axia-fow impellers generate fw paz othe axis (orsha) ether pwardordownvard. Radial ow inpele les erent Row peendcuar othe ais rina radia ie tin, Some impels, sch the pitched bladed trtine (PBT, crete a mized-ow patern — Le, pay axial nd pay radia Most avallabeineters sist the eng of process equiemeats rom Bow cone to shearontlled spplicationsShearrmte expressed at a velocity grade) 'simportnt, beens changes in velocity ae what cause ining to ocr. Tangential axial, mixed, and al ow Impellers represent range of het ates rom lowest 0 highest across the inellespectum. Sea rates within 2 reactor are best determined by CFD software anlyis Reynolds number and power number "The Reyoods umber (Re) describes he tof intl exces to veo fees a fc indicating whee the ui is inthe bake, nina, oF rosin regine For pipe wif Re> 2,00, the fw i considered abe rule For mixing, hisclassfcation depends onthe impr beingused The Reyools numberof en impale is defied: Re (ond'Yn 6 The power umber (po a impaired of size, is defined as; Sa po Pg(lPD') 6 where Pp isthe amount of power that henge inpats {ote ful This vale is useally less than the amountof ower measied atthe moter and ca be ermine with torque cells or tin gages onthe sha. Transition between the turbulent and transitional regimes The Midis considered turbulent when ts Reyools numbers greater than the Reynolds number that dsebes the boundary between he ublet and tansional (77) egies E> Rey= 6310p © ‘The eationshipbesween the power number adhe ‘Reynolds cube at the boundary betweon he turbulent nd transitonal em i detalledinTale | "The power manber is characteris of hemp design. pele wit igh Np (pial al ow impale) begin to operate inthe tule rexime at ower Reynolds names lege wit low Np (ype axia-Row impellers) ns ‘onthe turbulet lw regime at ch higher Re Genel theanson is inthe 3 000-10,00 range, In th urbe regime, pis constant ithe wilt inhibited. naan xing bale, swirl can be inhibited ‘by lacing the impeller oft center at an angle othe ais abd hoo, o in squueo rectangular tank, soe asymmetry eps mininize angen ow. Transition between the laminar and transitional regimes ‘When teow is lamina, itis bes ot te common Impele. Special impellers re elavely large and extend alos othe tink wall, Bas can hinder lamina mixing and shouldbe avoided. nthe tansitonl regime, the width of tandad bales i ajsted by up one-tenth of the ten meer “wo cortlations 2) presi when the Row amine a nig tink Re Rigg 24DT) Np, a Rec 85919 ® where Appi defined asthe surulent power mamber, which Is characteris ofthe impeller design, ‘The range of Rey when cleat by Eg 7is 50-< Ry, < 200 heen ger ihe ngs, '<275, When Reis stan tov 50-30, yo be ania, but fr sal low pei 0.) amir oe oul extend sigh Re = 2000, Inpels suber the lina regime ince ancora elca-stton impeller end Elat's Purvi Mixing times ‘ats dimensionless ising time egese of ig regime thats eine 6th maining time (©, noi of time) malted by the impeller sped (units one"), ‘The mixing tie (0) ay depend on avariey of facto, sch a were the meio be mixed area, he oc ‘on ofthe imple, and theme equied before id can beconideree mised One can general assume the mising time to be the tre needed to reach 95% homogeneity 2). It isimpctat o undertaé how mixing tie i ined when Comparing repo rm various invesigtrs to avoid make ing inoret comparisons. Ng i defied Re On o Inthe buen regime, Ng is Ne 5207405 0 ‘When he igs lve ithe same asthe ane diameter (r=), implies wih large DIT ati have faster blend ime, Almpells of the same dametecan achive the sane mixing tne athe sume power input 2)- If power is ‘ot an issu, highspeed, high p impeller with alge DIT ‘ato provides the fates mining Tn the tational ep 2), Nagy Nae 38.48(D7 RIN) ay Seting Eg, 10 equal to 1 and sling for Re elds Re (8 Ifthe ear bas malple rata fow impels, stan- ing ray occur and te mining ime will be moc eager than calcu by Ege 1 nd 11-Slaging mens that ech ‘pele’ fow pater iunaffacied by the sion of he ‘ternal. Fa example, he dial Now imple Spaced more han on impeller diameter apart wil eave [ike the separate mixing tanks the reactors multiple sia ow ilies spaces closely enough, hey wil have almost ike sigl impel lee (Le, the willbe 0 staging) and Bes. 10 an 1 can ‘bused to approximate the mixing ime Ifa rear bs mulipleraibfow impellers and thse pels fat oough apart erpate staging, the mining ime wl be loa (pth caleuited bya factor ual fo the number of aged Impellers, Depending on vscosiy, aging may occur the spocing bewem ai fow nll mote than one ‘0 impeller dames, ‘Laminar mixing times are more dificult to determine and, teefore, xpeimeauton i necessary. Mixing time ‘areltionsforanchor an helicaibbon impeller ena bythe sbserips Anand HR respectively) are very specie 10 paul geometric aspects othe impeller and ay not be applicable oer impeller geometries Anchors have « predominantly ngecial ow pater and mix very poorly, Yee ae peered by many companies, Helical ‘bone fave a Ra We curve, even inthe lain and ans ional regimes making them very fen mixers, For examples Re=200, Nyy 1 S00 whereas Neg $0; ERE 1000, y= 100 Where Nyy = 49 Rathore excelent fer sransferappiesions because they ‘reat angel ow, which produce the highest fw at the walls Wher the heat-vanster sive ese They 80 ‘ni hey just ke longer ta dos. ‘Some rules thumb fr ubulat mixing we: 1 Us la-iametr, low peed, anil ples. 2. Minis he ierences between isos deni 3 Tis ase to mit viteos fi into a Low-vieity tigi nan iso mica low-viscosity guid in viseous fi 4 Use dip ubes and inrodce resent as loge othe high sear 2one ofthe impeller ae posible For proces with sletvity concerns, dona the reactants at theligui surae (2) Ise, ry toa them a Closet the bigest shear zane inthe eat, wich wil be ‘earthen outlet ow of an impel blade 6 For coninuus mixing, yt chive atleast thee ining times GOq,) per esdence tine (V7Q,) ofthe reae- toro inimizeshort-scstng and Gad one, For the ripimum (1) choose impellers thst eee ow pater that donot pps th general hovgh-low. Arto of 10-1 (erhighe) is eid to achieve the degree of mixing pre ited bythe peri-mixng mods. Heat transfer Lite can be done to inprove het ante witout ‘nereasng the heat-ranfer race ze. jacket lone is insulin yang cols to improve hel rane (side ails alone or withthe oue jacket het rane sures). Mixing effec only the proces fi side eat-eansfer fim coetcen hy To double power ma be increased Back to Basics 000 | a50 | io | mo | 10 ‘so 160 | 109 | wo | 70 “apin rs Wine shout 23-Fol! Doubling the amar of the mele wil ‘only increase by about 10% his relaionahipi iy nti fr al type fetes the ume DP and PY. Since tangential impels primate the most ficient eat tans (he highest values ofthe Plas imple and anchor impellers the bes choices to enhance het transfer. The most efficent way to increase het wanstr 0 install itera verical eso lel eis, which provi shout 54% more hestanfer are th act alone and 37% ore than pate coils ‘Because heat wasters not afected much by neler sign te approximate ales OF, povided in Table 2can beused regards ofthe ype of inpeller. These vals ace ‘bc ogane lds in eral beso bile and rector jackets To obain beat-trastr cele for agueoas = ‘ae, mally the values in Table 2 by a ator of 4, ince squeous Mids have higher heat xncties, Solid-iquid mixing For eaions to acar eft solids must Fie om the ‘tank tom it suspension To achive solid pension, axal- and mixed-fow impeles pce shou one-auaer of ‘he iu vel (rom the sto) commen used Figure 4 can be used derma an applications st ting regime Numerous coreltions nthe etre describe the resetting solids epme 3), out tbe Zeng oe. relation 2 is mos often ferences, Sli inthe indred- Sealing regime behave as though ey were in viscous Puid ‘pplication, and generalized cutelations do nt exist Cases ‘vith indeed setting require experimentation and crf salou. ‘The Zwiotig coeation i wid determine he isin sped equi supe all sis othe bosom ofthe tank: ng" So! Ia(9.-9 NP PN 48209 “The minimum ust svpended speed determined by Ea 12 isthe wed a clult the mina power equied 0 suspend allo of he Bottom ofthe tak, Py «@ Ps” Pan NotgiD! 3) BO wnscwagan suo CER In Bgs, 12nd 13s the solids loading The extant ‘Sisafancion of impele design and locaton above ‘unk bottom and ican be estimated as Sor PBT impellers and = 7 fer hyrofis, More vales of Sean be Found Ret 2. tna posible to achieve truly uniform suspentions — ‘he top surface wl alvays be vid of the heist rcs. Uniformity is sonsidered to have been achieved when fi ther neretes in miner power no longer afl the dagen of suspension. Uniform suspension ae ty ered less the proces i continuous and there is an oveiow eanigar- tin. The aditonal power equred to achiev unify _epends onthe sls’ seting velocity (SP), For setting velocities ess than 0003 ml, uifomiy ‘occur when te lst paris ifted off te Bottom the ‘vse This is considered anexty suspension opliion ‘Within the range 0.02 $70.04 mis te tnes noe ower requitedo achieve unitarmiy. Tiss coneed moderately ial applicton. When SY» 008 rs, tbe ppliaion is considered cicl, equirg fe tims the power or auspension Iresing power beyond P des not significandy Jmrove mass rans. Doublg the power wl inrase ‘he mas-tansfer oeicieat by only abou 19% In edi ‘cult application, increasing the power enogh to aceve a uniform (athe than just fe botom) suspension would Increase the mate ranaer coefcent by only 30%. ‘Axia-fow impellers provide win he ial diction, pane t the impeller shat and perpendicular othe lass, ‘An axih-low impeller can peeve low nether a downe ‘ward oran upward axial direction, ‘Some res of thumb for eaing with axa Now imple: “or down-pumpers (which eeate downward os), 025 <(Dm,,.<045 ‘fer upplimpers (which rete upward fo), 045 <(0,.<07 * oper a speed hat is few rpm above the predicted nae Liu ming ine er fain nie ia arbor he an sel ope eee penn ato plat anesasr ta nae ony Tew y-os(e?Qoy) os nae ABH (eRe) oe) 4 Pais ™ Pagerin MPM g D> (s, "ines fr nar an it ow, mi fod sword ple avatars deo ‘tioned Fors ton ain cb imerfae between thet sted id, C=40 and LL = 0.8, Radal-tow impellers such athe Rushton ‘urine are comsnly use for igi iui mixin Because they prvi the ig shear equed form oplet. bspersins ‘Unlike whea dealing with solide sepston,inerstng power beyond Pag canbe beneficial for mast antes breve vo lal pases, because more ower, and hit more sear, dues the droplet diameter. Doubling the power wl sl in 17-89% erase ine lig ‘aeeanfe coefficient. ‘His impertan tat mixing no be two vgoous, because this could produce a stable emulsion, Entnment of ene pas inl the her can edie the produ! party, which apps when excessive power apd shear ete exteraly fine éroplets (fines). The presece of soidor gas cans bilan emlso, wheres an incense in ampere an Delp ak one up. ‘Some indstes,soch as competi andbiochemieals, ‘ead make sable emulsions In oe aptentons, an ‘rors amount of shears dsed; ming irae doe ‘wth retoestatos also known a higher mixes). In rotorkttr, be roan gel very clos toaationsy ‘lem, which usually tached alton spport Sucre that surounds the rotating shat. The impel ler (a) and the stationary leet sat) een ave roves and yes slots ough which he Mui Forced Ao nce he sear Rotor are te tghestahear ‘eves arable. The iting theory on rola has ot yet mated, and th bes advice remsins ral sd ec, asgi cng ine rid mig beet, he pe but met eden ele Wien al "Gon merce ttre. Sinn ue ify wl peel ng Teuinog tshatnaka Wagihnae ats ‘rtd et terete, Mie nigefdunt nee cone te opalie pore ade over hua enn fhe et Die Po cmpaig Pg Vwi Pag Pala facton speed cy, re gS tm pol apenas Pg rei Te "ical ate

3 Tht rise teeter toon? tegaht ashe So mts buon tse aroha wh sepia ohn aut sb esa a ne) moet Here pa cme footed het > sania ina chase hoe ery ota A Fre & anya tt wah ces wih ce Bea solo ad ean ees he ing Sateen ane + the esis uniformly dispersed when Nae < 135-(DN$ cewhen N> 00710." g! (DIT) "Whea an axil-ow impeller’ aeration number atthe ood point, Nay scons, it maybe characterized by this value When Nae pres tha Nap tho impeller assumed tobe floded, whereas when Nexis ss has Naty itisasmumed tobe dispersed Typical values of Nar re (0.055 fo hih-soltyhyerofoi, 002-0.035 fr PT and (0.01002 fer low-sldity hydrofoil ‘The presence of as stound the pele usually reduces ‘he impels power daw (compare withthe sa npr In he absence of zs). The degree of reduction is refeed to asthe Kfetog where KE= Pegg ap NUMERO Cor ‘elo ae atiable to deteine 6 fact ba tere are too many present he; Ref. 2 provides more information, Depending onthe gas flowrate (0), he X Tato of Rasbon ‘urine and PBTS can bas low a 0.3 oa igh a bout 06. The presence of gas as ite eet on newer radio impeller designs hc have profiled blades uch asthe Smith turin, B76, and Phase and upspumper, which often Inve K fics inthe ange of 04-095, Hyrofalsofteo Ihave K fictors above I tower Nac and K fetes boat (0.75 jst before hey Boo ‘The liquid surice of gassed rectors ies because ofthe speed as volume that tained inthe liga, which s nownas the as bolé-up, This inreated volume neds be considered during design ao the eactr doesnot oeriow isnot filed beyond the exhaust pipes snd condenser An approximation forthe ga oléup (forall mises, nluling "hose with tipper one same shaft 2) a =0mrynpn,t 06 astigid as eanser is mos ficient we the impel isnot ooded athe ps bbl re speed ‘oughout the reacioe The mas rant core yi Back to Basics usually desaribed by sia equation a= 12H, « where is a conelaton flr hat collectively dsceibes the effect of Buds ote tan water, as well asthe eet of temperate, visas, and impeller design n the aiid ‘nase coef, ha Ene Li, as wher the tema, and’, preset theft of Mai Scena so Sst nen 1 eae a Scale-up and scale-down ‘Sealing up ot vay sat beaut he codons ‘hat are opium ate smal scale are ofa not opin ata lager scale. Insead of veloping he proces in the Tabrstory and tying scale itp, is beter to think about scaling down based on rgescle eacirs st your dps. ‘This wll defise te Hits ofthe impeller spect owe, and, Insome case, the impli sig. Ifyou an determine Lireratune Crrep 1 Leap O,"Chanil Bein eiingnde, ‘ng oie 97. 2 aah Lata dt ing: Sco Prec Wey tt 17 2009. 2 hate, 52 Pal bie Tl MC New Ye ‘AckNOWLEDGMENTS: Sonafospontnegorams olsnsowt sae a what fctors are esponsbefor the succes of pros the folowing guidelines, wichare based on geet sinic lait andthe eationship xD" = congtant 2, ean be ed for scaling up the proces: +f =2.0 then cnsan Reynokis umber and const neat wanfer are mportnt + ife= L5 the contact Weber numer hich isa ‘measur of the relative impaance ofthe it's nei comm pare to is surface tension, (pe) and disper ase drop sie re important if 10, then consantp speed and maximum sear te ae inpocant *ife=085 the of-bocom suspeaion important +ifx=067, then ass tanstr, op dispersion, a ions, and gas hoi-p, as wel as holding PI constant we ‘important if 05, he constant Froude number, vores fem ‘ion, 8 dispersion sae, and suspension of droplets ae + if =00, then consoatimpelor ped gu ming Lime, and average sear te we imporan. Its important ot wore ata sal tht too smal for thre reasons. Firs since Reis proportional nD ee id regi may no be erulent smal sale bt it prokbly lb ata le seal ta good deat mann the uid regime during sato-up, Second, the dspersed pase imatiphase mixing appsasons nay be relive ae ommpared tothe impeller dimensions 0 he persed pose Willaot experience the same shea ate spectrum tall. seal that it woul at are eale Finally, be smalszale configuration mixes so wel tat maintaining peometeal similar sins fe pope scales, Upon scl-up, ‘he leation ofthe fed points Mave agree pact on ma sng, compared with snl sede endeavors Inclosing The pttest-mixing and lug ow model are insf- cient for deserbing mixing a ea-werldaplictions The rules of thumb prestaed bee are no subst for expe ace ia isi, ba they shoud give new engineers ahead ‘Sart and provide seasoned professional witha good review of importt concept. fe] — ‘woos ne cae manners Ratoni cateand iba tesangcra font

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen