Tall Buildings Case Studies of John Hancock Centre and Sears Tower

Tall Buildings by taking John Hancock
Centre and Sears Tower as case studies
SHANIK A
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
High rise is defined differently by different bodies
Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39
floors is termed as high rise.
Building code of Hyderabad,India-
A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height.
The International Conference on Fire Safety –
“Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States General Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects Mir M. Ali† and Kyoung Sun Moon
DEMAND FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
High rise buildings are becoming more prominent these days due to
following reasons
 Scarcity of land
 Increasing demand for business and residential space
 Economic growth
 Technological advancement
 Innovations in structural systems
 Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
 Cultural significance and prestige
 Human aspiration to build higher
DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
First Generation1780-1850
 The exterior walls of these buildings consisted of stone or brick, although sometimes cast
iron was added for decorative purposes.
 The columns were constructed of cast iron, often unprotected; steel and wrought iron
was used for the beams; and the floors were made of wood.
The Home Insurance Building
Chicago, United States
Second Generation 1850-1940
 The second generation of tall buildings, which includes the Metropolitan Life Building
(1909), the Woolworth Building (1913), and the Empire State Building (1931), are frame
structures, in which a skeleton of welded- or riveted-steel columns and beams, often encased
in concrete, runs through the entire building.
 This type of construction makes for an extremely strong structure, but not such attractive
floor space. The interiors are full of heavy, load-bearing columns and walls
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEWYORK CITY
Third Generation 1940-present
 Buildings constructed from after World War II until today make up the most recent
generation of high-rise buildings.
 Within this generation there are those of steel-framed construction( core construction and
tube construction ), reinforced concrete construction(shear wall), and steel-framed
reinforced concrete construction .
 Hybrid systems also evolved during this time. These systems make use more than one type
of structural system in a building.
Source: Bracing Systems Professor Dr. Zahid A Siddiqi, UET, Lahore
Source: Case Study of John Hancock Center Structural Design by Michael Maddox Lesley McCoy Paige Pickens Thomas Ham Victor Badillo Sepeedeh R-Panah
Source: Bracing Systems Professor Dr. Zahid A Siddiqi, UET, Lahore
CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
 Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or
steel.
 Structural systems of tall buildings can also be divided into two broad
categories:
1) INTERIOR STRUCTURES
2) EXTERIOR STRUCURES
 This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral
load-resisting system over the building.
 A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load
resisting system is located within the interior of the building.
 If the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building perimeter, a
system is categorized as an exterior structure.
 It should be noted, however, that any interior structure is likely to have some minor
components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter, and any exterior
structure may have some minor components within the interior of the building.
INTERIOR STRUCTURES
By clustering steel
By clustering steel columns and beams in the core, engineers
create a stiff backbone that can resist tremendous wind forces.
The inner core is used as an elevator shaft , and the design
allows lots of open space on each floor
columns and beams in the core, engineers create a stiff backbone that
can resist tremendous wind forces. The inner core is used as an elevator
shaft , and the design allows lots of open space on each floor
EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
By clustering steel
In newer skyscrapers, like the Sears Tower in Chicago, engineers moved the
columns and beams from the core to the perimeter, creating a hollow, rigid
tube as strong as the core design, but weighing much, much less.
INTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 RIGID FRAME
 SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
 OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES
1. RIGID FRAME
 A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with

straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist
movements induced at the joints of members. Its members can take bending moment,
shear, and axial loads.
 Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant connections.
 Can build up to 20 to 25 floors
Seagram Building, Newyork City
2. SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
 A type of Rigid Frame Construction
 Usually built as the core of the building.
 Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally partitions
and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading.
 It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both
horizontal and vertical loads.
 It is composed of braced panels to counter the effects of
lateral load acting on the structure. Wind and Earthquake
are the most common among the loads..
 For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so

does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be
used only
in conjunction with other support systems
 Can build upto 35 Floors
3. OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES
 The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on both sides or in some
cases it may be located on one side of the building with outriggers extending to the
building columns on the other side
 The outriggers are generally in the form of trusses in steel structures, or walls in
concrete structures, that effectively act as stiff headers inducing a tension-compression
couple in the outer columns.
 Belt trusses are often provided to distribute these tensile and compressive forces to a
large number of exterior frame columns.
 Can be build upto 150 floors
Shangai World financial centre
EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
 TUBE SYSTEM
 DIAGRID SYSTEMS
 SPACE TRUSS
 EXO SKELETON STRUCTURE
 SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE
1. Tube system
 The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist
lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground.
 In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment
connections.
 This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to a dense and
strong structural wall along the exterior of the building.
 The different tubular systems are-
 1)Framed tube 2)Braced tube 3)Bundled tube 4)Tube in tube
Trussed Tube
JOHN HANCOCK CENTER,CHICAGO

Perforated shell tube
Bundled Tube Type
SEARS TOWER (WILLIS TOWER),CHICAGO

Tube-In Tube System
 The framed tube consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,”

together with an internal elevator and service core.
 The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.
 The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.
The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater
structural depth
Bangunan Tabung Haji
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
2.Diagrid systems
 With their structural efficiency as a varied version of the tubular systems, diagrid
structures have been emerging as a new aesthetic trend for tall buildings.
 Early designs of tall buildings recognized the effectiveness of diagonal bracing members
in resisting lateral forces.
 Most of the structural systems deployed for early tall buildings were steel frames with
diagonal bracings of various configurations such as X, K, and chevron. However, while
the structural importance of diagonals was well recognized, the aesthetic potential of them
was not appreciated since they were considered obstructive for viewing the outdoors.
 Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members but have
Complicated joints
Hearst tower , New York
3. Space truss
 Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting the exterior to
interior.
 In a typical braced tube structure, all the diagonals, which connect the chord members –
vertical corner columns in general, are located on the plane parallel to the facades.
 However, in space trusses, some diagonals penetrate the interior of the building.
Bank of China, Hong Kong
Exo skeleton structure
 In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the
building lines away from their facades.
 Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as a primary building

identifier – one of the major roles of building facades in general cases.
 Fire proofing of the system is not a serious issue due to its location outside the
building line.
Hotel de las Atres
Super frame structures
 Super frame structures can create ultra high-rise buildings upto 160 floors.
 Super frames or Mega frames assume the form of a portal which is provided on the exterior
of a building.
 The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior tubular structure.
 The portal frame of the Super frame is composed of vertical legs in each corner of the
building which are linked by horizontal elements at about every 12 to 14 floors.
 Since the vertical elements are concentrated in the corner areas of the building, maximum
efficiency is obtained for resisting wind forces.
Source: Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri PhD
Source: Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri PhD
John Hancock Center
•Client: Jerry Wolman (the John Hancock Mutual Life
Insurance Company underwrote the project )
•Location: Chicago, Illinois
•Project Year: 1969
•Project Area: 2.8-million-square-feet
•Height: 1,127 feet
•Project Cost: $95 million
•Lead Architect: Bruce J. Graham, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)
•Structural Engineer: Fazlur R. Khan, SOM
•Primary Contractor: Tishman Construction
•100 Story multi-use tower

•1,000,000 sq. feet of residential space
•800,000 sq. feet of parking and commercial space
Project Challenges
• Large floor areas needed for Parking levels and offices
• Small floor areas needed for Residential space
• Designing for wind loads
• Cost
• Sway and vibration
Importance of Building
• The structural design marked an evolution in the design of structural systems for skyscrapers
• The John Hancock Center was the first “trussed tube” structure utilizing exoskeletal members
• The system is essentially a trussed tube with the fascia diagonals not only acting as a truss in the
plane, but also interacting with the trusses on the perpendicular facades to develop the tube
action
• A principal advantage of the trussed tube is that it eliminates the need for the closely spaced
columns of a framed tube
• In John Hancock centre, the column spacing on the broad face is 12.2m and on the short face,
7.62m
• Another advantage of this Tube is that the interior is free from structure for resisting wind action
• The design of most members is controlled by gravity rather than wind forces
: Bracing Systems Professor Dr. Zahid A Siddiqi, UET, Lahore
Design Concept
A true architectural aesthetic form must express the nature of itself
•Two separate towers; A 70 story office building and a separate 45
story residential building.
•One of the few mixed use high rises
Foundation
•Composite Foundation System comprised of
•Basement Concrete Slab
•Compacted Soil
•Gridded two way Concrete Slab
•239 Caissons
Soil Conditions
•Clay soils (former lake-bed) with low bearing capacity
•Bedrock 120 -190 feet below grade with much, much greater bearing capacity
Caisson Construction Issues

•Steel tubes used to retain soil and water as caisson holes excavated
•As concrete was poured, the tubes were removed for re-use
•Some concrete was pulled up with the steel, leaving voids that was filled with
water or soil
•Settling during construction caused all caissons to be tested and 26 received
corrective work
Load Resistance
•Trussed tube system handles the lateral loads on the exterior of the building
•Efficient because the diagonal bracing redistributes lateral loads evenly to the exterior
columns
•Without the cross-bracing, the columns would act more independently and there would
be significant difference in the loads that they carry
•Figure shows how forces are redistributed at the column, diagonal and spandrel
intersections
•Figure illustrates how a hypothetical

load is redistributed as it goes down the
structure where ultimately each column
ends up carrying a similar load
•Lateral loads and vertical loads are

integrated by the diagonal cross-bracing
Connection Details
•Avoided field welding by prefabricating •Heavy gusset plates tie the diagonal bracing,
the joint assemblies. columns, and spandrel beams together
•Bolted the wide flange members in •Members are ASTM A36 steel and gusset
place. plates are ASTM A441.
Floor Plans
Interiors
•“A building’s natural strength should be expressed”
•The integration of structure and form made the John Hancock center an
efficient and successfully building
Source: Case Study of John Hancock Center Structural Design by Michael Maddox Lesley McCoy Paige Pickens
Thomas Ham Victor Badillo Sepeedeh R-Panah
Sears Tower
• Location: Chicago, Illinois
• Project Completion: 1974
• Site Area: 3 acres
• Project Area: 4,565,844 ft2 (105 acres)
• Number of Stories: 110
• Building Height: 1,450 ft (442 m)
• Market: Commercial + Office
second-tallest building in the United States

While 12th-tallest in the world
12,000 occupants 25,000 daily visitors
• 3.8 million rentable square feet (89 acres)

• 159,000 square feet of retail space. (0.36 acres)
• 160-car executive parking garage.
SITE PLAN
Bundled tube structural system
• One of the most efficient structural systems against heavy wind loads is the bundled tube structural system
• The first person to implement the bundled tube structural system was Fazlur Rahman Khan from Dhaka,
Bangladesh with the design of the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in Chicago, Illinois.
•A bundled tube typically consists of a number of individual tubes interconnected to form a multicell tube, in which
the frames in the lateral load direction resist the shears, while the flange frames carry most of the overturning
moments.
Source: www.searstower.org , Chicago sears tower By: Tontaneka Ware, Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Mir M. Ali† and Kyoung Sun Moon
The Willis Tower in Chicago used this design, employing nine tubes of
varying height to achieve its distinct appearance. It consists of exterior
framed tube stiffened by interior frames to reduce the effect of shear lag
in the exterior columns.
Details on the Sears Tower
• No interior columns
• 110 stories
• 1,469′-0″ in height
• Tallest building until 1996
• Each structural tube = 75′-0″ x 75′-0″
• Completed in 1974
Source: www.searstower.org , Chicago sears tower By: Tontaneka Ware, Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects Mir M. Ali † and Kyoung Sun Moon
Forces and Form
• The Willis Tower draws its strength, both visual and physical, from its
structural form, the bundled tube.
• The building plan consists of 9 squares, each 75 feet across, placed in a
three-by-three grid arrangement.
• Each square has 5 columns per side spaced 15 feet on centers, with
adjacent squares sharing columns.
• As the columns rise up the building, each square in the plan forms a
tube, which can be seen on the exterior of the building.
• These tubes are independently strong but are further strengthened by
the interactions between each other through truss connections.
• While the tubes connect at each floor level with beams and floors
trusses, several large trussed levels act as the main horizontal
connectors in the buildings.
• These trussed levels, which also contain the mechanical systems for the
building, appear as black horizontal bands on the façade. While the
louvres covering the trussed levels mask the structural details, the
purpose of these levels remains abundantly clear visually.
• The closely spaced interior and exterior columns are tied at each floor with deep spandrel beams.
At the truss levels, these tubes are tied together.
• These ties resulted in a stiffer structure, as the building acts as a unified system of stiffened
tubes.
• The interaction between the individual tubes and the belt trusses at mechanical levels allows the
building to attain its extreme height.
• Due to the drop offs, the gravity loading on the system is not evenly distributed along the height
of the building.
• These trusses take the gravity loads from above and redistribute them evenly onto the tubes
below.
• This is particularly important for the uppermost section of the tower, due to its asymmetry about
the central axis of the building.
• The presence of the belt trusses help to mitigate these effects of differential settlement, which
cause the building to tilt.
Interior Beams and Columns
Construction
Source: www.searstower.org , Chicago sears tower By: Tontaneka Ware, Structural Developments in Tall Buildings:
Current Trends and Future Prospects Mir M. Ali† and Kyoung Sun Moon
X bracing of the columns at the mechanical
floors
29th – 32nd
64th – 65th
88th – 89th
104th – 108th
Vertical Circulation
• The Sears Tower’s 104-cab elevator system divides the building into three separate zones, with
sky lobbies in between at levels 33-34 and 66-67.
• 28 double decker express shuttle shuttle elevators serve the sky lobbies
• 63 single deck elevators for intra-zonal travel
• 6 freight elevators
• Two express elevators that take 61 seconds to reach the 1353 foot high skydeck at level 103
travelling at 1600 feet per minute.
1,730 feet (527.3 m)
1,450 feet (442.1 m)

1,353 feet (412 m)
Source: www.searstower.org , Chicago sears tower By: Tontaneka Ware, Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current
Trends and Future Prospects Mir M. Ali† and Kyoung Sun Moon
38th Floor Plan
48th Floor Plan
85th Floor Plan
95th Floor Plan
• The exterior skin of the building is an expression of the structural skeleton inside, with the fire
proof frame sheathed in black aluminum and glare reducing bronze tinted glass.
• The exterior skin is maintained with yearly check ups and six window washing machines.
Facts
Willis Tower has a footprint that encompasses an entire square city block. It’s even its own zip code.
Truly a city-within-a-city, you might be surprised to learn some of these stats about the building:
• Willis Tower features 16,100 windows and six roof-mounted robotic window washing machines
clean them.
• Willis Tower’s square footage is the equivalent of 101 football fields.
• It took 2,000 workers three years to build the tower.
• Approximately 43,000 miles (69,200 kilometers) of telephone cable runs through the building -
enough to stretch across the continental United States 15 times.
• Willis Tower weighs 222,000 tons.
• The average sway of the building is approximately six inches (152 millimeters) from true center,
but the building is designed to sway up to three feet.
• Willis Tower elevators operate as fast as 1,600 feet (488 meters) per minute - among the fastest
in the world.
• Each working day, between 15,000 and 20,000 people come and go from Willis Tower

Tall Buildings Case Studies of John Hancock Centre and Sears Tower

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Tall Buildings by taking John Hancock

Centre and Sears Tower as case studies

High rise is defined differently by different bodies

 A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with

 Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant connections.

 Can build up to 20 to 25 floors

 Usually built as the core of the building.

 For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so

 Can build upto 35 Floors

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER,CHICAGO

SEARS TOWER (WILLIS TOWER),CHICAGO

 The framed tube consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,”

 Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as a primary building

•100 Story multi-use tower

Caisson Construction Issues

•Figure illustrates how a hypothetical

•Lateral loads and vertical loads are

•“A building’s natural strength should be expressed”

second-tallest building in the United States

• 3.8 million rentable square feet (89 acres)

Details on the Sears Tower

1,450 feet (442.1 m)

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