SECTION 208 EARTHQUAKE LOADS. 208.1 General 208.1.1 Purpose Ths purpose: of the attay fl against major structural fue wad boss af hie, norte fimit damawe oF maintain function, ake penisions herein is 28.1.2 Minin Sinnctures anxd porns there? Shall. as a minimam. be nie Design 28.1.3 Sed nie and Wind D en When the code preseribed wind esiga produces sreater elles, te sured design shall gover, but detailing ‘ouiennts sv Intations paeseribesd in this section and reloroned sections shall be Talos ed 208.2 Det BASE. is the level at which thy earthyiake motions are somisilorel 1 be imparted to the structure or the level at ‘which the siructure sat eynauniy vibrator is supported. BASE SHEAR, 1, is the total design lateral BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a sisueiural systems with lil a complete Vertical load-carrying space fame, See Sextiott MSH 6.4 BOLNDARY PLEMENT is a clement at odyes of paiags or at perimeters oF Shyar walls oF diaphragms, BRACED FRAME isan essentially verttal truss sysienn of the conegtirie or eecentrie type that Hs provided 10 BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially cor pte space frame that provides suppoet far gravity hod, See Seetion 2084.6. CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a columa COLLECTOR is 2 member or clement provided 1 portion oF a structure 10 ranster lara Farees from a vertical clemnemts othe Titeral-force-resisting system, COMPONENT is « part of element of an arehitectural lecttical. mechanical or structural system COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT. is a mechanical os cleetcical component or element that is part of ud or electrical system, COMPONENT, FLENIBLE, ts eoinponent, inetd seater than its amtaciamenss, having 3 fundamental period (400 second COMPONENT. RIGID, Fundam equal 10 0.06 secon CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME ic a bree frame in which the members are stjoctest pransitty 40 DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that stoun! SO years as determined by i sitesspeetfic hava analy si for may be determined Jom a hazard map, A waite o gsoundl mation time histories with ynarnic properties epresentaive of the site characteristics shall be ait represent this ground motion. The dynamic elleets of the Design Basis Ground Mation may be represented by the Response Spectrum. See Sevtion 2086.2 Desi DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM isan clastic response spectrum for Sa damp Design Busts Ground Motion for the sign of structure in aceorlmee with Sections 208.5 and 20X.6. This response spectrum may hy either a site-spevilie spectra based on geologic, tevtonic, seismolo. characterises associated with a specific site OF nny be spectrum vonsteucted in aceordanee with lie special Shape iy Figure 2083 usin ‘and C. and multiplied by the acceleration of gravity OSIS msec", See Section 2086.2 DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE ix the mininium rol sirength design base shear. factored ant distnibuted i accordanee with Section 208.52:74 CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads DIAPHRAGM jis a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical- resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems, DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary clement of a diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed (0 take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam, DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, te, collector) is the clement of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear t the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression, DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Section 208.4.6.4, ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a stechbraced frame designed in conformance with Section 528, ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamie analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation, in accordance with Section 208.6. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or SYSTEM is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system. Limiting ratios for defining specie Rexibe elements are set forth in Seetion 208,5.6, HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM js a horizontal ne function as a diaphraum truss system that serves the INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME, (MRE) is a concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 412, LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic Forces, MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME jis a feame in which members and joints are capable of resisting. forces primarily by flexure, MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWP) is 2 masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior and designed in conformance with Section 708.26. ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBP) is a sce! braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section $27 or 528 or conerete-braced frame designed in accordance with Section 421 ORDINARY — MOMENT-RESISTING _ FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting, frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS arc the carthquake load cffects on structural elements common to the tara foree-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of stuctures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength, The degree of overstrength is) material-and system-dependent. PA EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members duc to the setion of the vertical loads induced by horizontal displacement of the structure resulting from various loading, SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall. SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and fiames on all levels. SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above, Table 208-9, SPACE FRAME. is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as 10 function as a complete sel contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bra systems, SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a stcel-braced frame designed in conformance with the provisions of Section 526, SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is 4 moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide Structura Enginaers of the Philippe [_slacile behavior and comply with the in Chapter bor § SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STME) is ne specially detailed 1 provide poment-resisin uct behavior und comply with the provisions of STORY is the space between levels. Story ¥ is the story STORY DRIFT is the knteral isplieoment of one leve ative to the level above oF below. STORY DRIFE RATIO is thy sory dhifl divisled by the STORY SHEAR, 1, is the summation of de ses ahowe the story under consideration, SPRENG FHL is the capacity oF an ol Ist factored les ss spoiled Chapter AAS and? STRUCTURE is aan sssemb Alesigned 10 supp thanburlding sttuetutes SUBDIAPHRAGAT is « portion of a diaphragm asec 1 VERTICAL LOXD-CARRYING FRAME is i space ae designed to ears sextictl gritty Tot WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM 1 9 the diaphragey and these vis oyisio the digphirswet royuiied to develop the WEAR STORY is one in whet the story strength is less hun SO percent af the story above, See Table 2089 208.3 Symbols and Not and projections. nr the fits sory oF the structure. 9° the mnininuan gross seetional area in any horizental plane the frst stoxy of a shear will the torsion sinplifieation Factor at Level « numerical evettieient speetfied in Seetion 208.7 snl ser forty Fable 208-12 C,. ~ seismie eoetticient sy set ft in Fable 208. © ~ numerical coedlicient given in Section 208,5,2.2 © seismie egettivient, ay set forth in Table 20568 dead load on a structural elemen’ P= the length of & shear wall in the fest story in the rection parallel to the appli toaees, FB Boo FE earthguike loads set foeth an Section DRS BBE losin seine free appliea to Level i ‘or, reypoctively. N 1, ~ design seismic torce ona part oP the structure, S Fo. — design seisniie force on a disphragm, N FH = thac postion of the base shear 1, considered concentrated at the top oF the structure iy aldition Wo FN f lateral force at Level for use i Pquations 208-10 N 4 ~ acceleration dc to gravity 91S msee Fiat sight above the base to Level i 1 oF» respectively. m £ hiyporance factor given in Lable 208-1 {Importance factor fur nonstruetral — campenent ts given in Tale 208-1 1 > Fivg load ona structural element Level evel of the siructune selerreal ty by: the subserint FU desig Level that level that bs uppermost ip. Fhe ma portion af the strachure \.—earsenaree tele used in the determination oF ¢ in Seismnie Zane related to both the prnsimiy of the baildime oF sivacture to keow i fats ith unites set fant i Tables 208-4 and 208-0 . om i Seismic Zone 4 related huth the prosiniis J-souee actor used the determination af € the building or structure 4 knot alts with plasticity indes of sil determined ia secre ‘oath appro el sata sem R—nusnerival caetficiem represen overstrengtlh and global doetitisy eapacity lnteralstinve-tesisting spstomms, sts set fath i Table DOKL ot 208-18 f ates sed in determining p. See Seetinw 208.5, So Sue Si Sie Sie 8; sil pratile ype as sot tet a Table 208-2 PF elastic. farstamental period of sibpation at the structure iv the direction under consideration, see fhe toxal design lateral free or shear at she base viven by Futons 208-4. 208-5, 208-6, 20-7 ot 208-11, 1, the design story shear in Story 4 N2-76 CHAPTER 2 Minientm Design Loads W =the total seismic dead load defined in Sections 208.5.1.1 and 208.5.2.1,N wi, We = that portion of W located ator assigned to Level i ‘ors, respectively, N W,, = the weight of an element or component, N jm =the weight of the diaphragm and the element tributary thereto at Level x, including applicable portions of oter loads" defined in Section 208.5.1.1. Z = seismic zone factor as given in Table 208-3, Ay = Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that “occurs when the structure is subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated clastic and inelastic contributions to the total deformation defined in Section 208.5.9.2, mm As. = Design Level Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to the design seismic forces, 6, = horizontal displacement at Level / relative t the base due (0 applied lateral forces, 2 for use in Equation 208-10, mm p ~ Redundaney/Reliability Factor given by Equation 208-3 , = Seismic Force Amplification Factor, which is required to account for structural overstrength and sot forth in Table 208-11 208.4 Criteria Selection 208.4.1 Basis for Design ‘The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this section, Structures shall be designed with adequate strength 10 \withstand the lateral displacements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent redundaney, overstrength and ductility of the lateral force-resisting system. The minimum design strength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance with the static lateral force procedure of Section 208.5, except as modified by Section 208.6,5.4 Where strength design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall apply. Where Allowable Stress Design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.4 shall apply. Allowable Stress Design may be used to evaluate sliding oF overtuming at the soil-structure interface regardless of the design approach used in the design of the structure, provided load combinations of Section 203.4 are utilized. 208.4.2 Occupancy Categories For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 103-1, Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, / and J, and structural observation requirements for each category Table 208-1 - Seismic Importance Factors Seismic Seismiie pcenaes Importance | Importance* Category acon, 7 | “Pastor 1. Essential rama 1.50 150 Tl Hazardous Facilities es TIT. Speciat ‘Occupaney 100 1.00 Structures * TV. Standard Occupancy 1.00) 100 Structures * V. Miscellaneous structures |__ 100 za "See Table 103-1 foroscupany category fsting he lization of Ir for pant connections Section 2088.3 lt be Djor the entre connector. © Siructaral obsersation requirement ae given Sscton 1079 For anchorage of machinery and eqegmen rege fiefs ‘stems the vale ofl shall Be token a 1S 208.4.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Section ‘Table 203 Exception: When the soit properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type Sip shall be used. Soil Profile Type Se or Sp need not be assumed unless the building official determines that Type Sp or Sp may be resent at the site or in the event that Type Sp oF Sz is established by geotechnical data 208.4.3.1 Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Types Sy. Ss. Se, Sp and Si are defined in Table 208-2 and Soil Profile Type Sy is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows: Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick and Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. —highly sensitive clays, und eollapsible weakly centeated soils Reals anchor highly organie clays, where the Iiekness vt peat or highly organic clay exceeds 20. Very where te dep of clay exceeds 7.8m, Db plastiety clays with a plasticity indes, PF 1 Very thick son n relay exwecds 35 sdium fT chiys. where the dep The esiteria se ft i the detinition For Soil Profile ype S cequiriny site-specific evaluation shall be considered I the site Comespands to these titer. the site Sly lissitied ats Soil Profile Type. 8) cvluation shall hy conducted, and a site-specific Hable 208-2 - Seal Pratile Types | Merage Soft Properties for Top svi r : 30 m of Soll Profile Profile Pr ae Re cer eel Generic ae (blows. see Fore yn | Ses | S| a ane ees ae os Rock | ea | ete ee : — Dee | sea y Sail at = SU 100 a | i oi | eck s,s) “ik we 0 Precis | Mn so | ta ees wo | as i Sou Requiring Sjie-specific Evaluation: s Sev Section 2084.31 | DIN. Site Seismic Masard Characteristics Tharacterissies an the structure's smportance factor 208.4.4.1 Seismic Zone The Phil zones only. Zone ine archipelago is divided! ints 160 seisnite ? recs oF Palawan, Si ind Tawi-Tawi while the rest ofthe cuuntry is winter Zone as shown an Figure 208-1. Fach siucture shall he ned a seismic zone factor Z. i Table 208-5 ais sree sith Table 208-3 Seismie Zone Factor / ZONE 2H ee z 020 jou 28.4.2 Seismic Zone 4 Near-Souree Pactur In Seismic Zone 4 Fens in accordance teh ite shall be assim near aout swith Fables 2084 and 208-8 hie on the Seismie Source Typ 2K 4d as set Forth in Section The value of V, used to deteniine ©, eed wot eveocl I foot structures’ complying with “al the fallewsing, 1 The soil profile ype is 8.8). S, 078 xcept in single-story strates, rescential burl secomumedatiny 1) oF fower persons. privity sarge, carports. shes and agriculieal hatkdings, niet fame systems designated as part of the literate tusisting sgsteat shall be special meoment-reststine same, 4. the execphons ta Sextion $15.65 shall not aps except for cuturmis ip one-story bualdings ar colutins ithe top story of multisiory busking. Nene of the flowin present: Type 1.4 or Sof Table 208, and type bo F of Table 208-10, KAA Seisn Response Coclicients uch structure shall be ass int accordance with Table 208-7 saul a seine eet licker fn Table 208-8, © imaceordance 8 2084.44 Seismic Source Types Table 248-6 defines the espes of sei pie Sources. tte location and type of seismic sourees to be used Fr desi shall be established uses om approved see Figure 208-24, Type A somrces shall be determined From Figures 208-28, C.D. For the most recent mapping setive Fanlts by the Philippine lst and Seistnology (PHIVOLCS), etl data of Valen2-78 CHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design Loads Table 208-4 Near-Source Factor N, ! Table 208-6 - Seismie Source Types ! Seismic Ciosest Distance To Source Known Seismic Source Type A B c Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor, N,' ‘Seismic ‘Closest Distance To Souree Known Seismic Source? ‘Type =akm 10k = iSkm A Ls 12 10 B 12 10 10 c 10 Lo 10 ‘Noes for Tables 2084 and 3085 "The Near Source Pactor maybe based the linear tnterpoation lofvalus for distances other than Base shown i the tebe The closest distance 10 selomie source shall be taken as the finan distance beeen the site ad the area described the Tertcal projection of the source vm the surface (oe. surface projection offal plane). The surface projetion need wot include orton ofthe source at depth of 10 imo” greater The largest "alne of the Near Sour Favtor considering al source shal! Bo ed for design Saas Seismic Source Simic | Seismic Souree Definition 7 Description [Maximum Moment Magnitude, 4 Faults that are capable of producing large A | magnitude events M270 and that have a high rate of seismic activity ‘All fails” ier B | than Types A and | 65 Reliability’Redundaney Factor as given by the Following equation: 61 (208-3) Vinay AB where row = the maximum element-story shear ratio. For a given direction of loading, the element-story shear Tatio is the ratio of the design story shear in the ‘most heavily loaded single element divided by the total design story shear. For any given Story Level i, the element-story shear ratio is denoted as r,. The maximum element-story shear ratio ‘raw is defined as the largest of the element story shear ios. ri Which occurs in any of the story levels at or below the two-thirds height level of the building, For braced frames, the value of 7, is equal to the maximum horizontal force component in a single brace ‘element divided by the total story shear. For moment frames, r, shall be taken as the maximum of the sum of the shears in any two adjacent columns in a moment frame bay divided by the story shear. For columns common to two bays with moment-resisting connections on opposite sides al Level é in the direction under consideration, 70 percent of the shear in that ccolumn may be used in the column shear summation For shear walls, shall be taken as the maximum value of the produet of che wall shear multiplied by 3/4yand divided by the total story shear, where /, is the length of the wall in meter. : For dual systems, ; shall be taken as the maximum value ‘of 7,as defined above considering all lateral-load-resisting elements. The lateral loads shall be distributed w elements based on relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system. For dual systems, the value of p need not exceed 80 percent of the value calculated above, pp shall not be taken less than 1.0 and need not be greater than 1.5, For special moment-resisting frames, except when used in dual systems, p shall not exceed 1.25, The number of bays of special moment-resisting frames shall be increased to reduce r; such that p is less than or equsl to 1.25 Exception: An may be taken as the average floor area in the upper setback portion of the building where a larger base area exists atthe ground floor. ‘When calculating drift, or when the structure is located in Seicmie Zone 2, p shall be taken equal to 1.0. ‘The ground motion producing lateral response and desizn seismic forces may be assumed to act non-concurrently in the direction of each principal axis of the structure, except as required by Section 208.8. Seismic deed load, WV, is the total dead load and applicable portions oF other loads listed below 1. Th storage and warehouse oecupancies, 2 minimum of 25 percent of the floor live load shall be applicable. Where a partition loud is used in the floor design, « toad of not less than 015 kN/m* shall be included, 3. Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines208.5.1.2 Modelling Requirements The muthematival model of the physical structure shall iclude all clements af the kateral-torce-resisting system Thae movie sha cloments, which are signifi also include the stiffvess and st te the distributing of Forces. aml shall represent the spatial distribution of the ims andl tifiness of the structure. In addition, the model shall vomply with the followin Stiffaess properties of reinfoveed concrete and nusonry elements shall consider the effects of he contribution af panel zone dlefnemsations ta overall story drilt shall he mel 208.5.1.3 PA Elects The resulting niember Forces and moments ad the stor Aiofis induced by PX effets shall be considered inthe evaluation ot frame stability wd shall Ie alvaied using the fores producing the displacements of Ys PVneed not be considered when the rata woondars moment te primary moment does nol esceed HI the ratio may be evaluated foe any story as the lact oF the toxal lead ia floor Hive loads, as required Ii Section 2U3, above the story anes the seine att in product of the seismic sheae in ful slay ites thy height af that story. In Seismic Zone AF ¥ need 08 be nsilcred when the story drill rite 2.1 Design Base Shear hhc total deste base siise in given direction shall be sfetentbea thou the flow iy equation, } ” Hust " assy The total design base shear stall nut be less thay the following VOICI Coxe In addition. for Seismic Zone 4, the total ba bl also not he less than the followin ORAM Ty L087 ® 208. The salue of T shall be deter following methods 2 Structure Period ped fio one at the 1 Method A: For all buildings. the value Tamay be approssmated! trons the following equation: Tacay 20-81 G+ G.0853 tir ste] monnent-tesisting fumes “ for reinfoned concrete moment ames anid eecenteically braced fms, (Q.0888 Tor all other buildings Allematively. the valve af Cor sionetures with coment mmasoney shear walls mnay be tabow as WTS The wale of 4, shall be determined trom the toites ane 4-La [02-7 19 | (as 94 The value of De Aynsed in Equition (208 9 shall wet exeoud 4) 2. Method 8: properties and deformational ehiaracteristi The analysts shal he in accorskinew with the requirenncut of Seetion 2085.12. Fhe valug oF F from Metbed B shill hot execed a salve ME percent sreuter than the value ot obiained Horr Method Ain Seismic Zone 4 amd petwent in Seinmtie Zone 22-84 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads ‘Table 208-11 Farthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete ‘System Limit este Building Height Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R a Se Zane Zane 2 A. Bearing Wall Systems '*_ Special reinforced concrete shear walls a5, 28 NE 30 ‘+ Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 45 28 NL NP, B. Building Frame Systems ‘© Special reinforced concrete shear walls or eet 55 28 NL 15 Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls or ae 36 22 NL NP *lermedine press shear walls or braced re 7 C Momemt-Resisting Frame Systems 1 ‘+ Special reinforced conerete moment frames 83 28 NL NE. * liemedite enforesd concrete moment os aa Ae ‘= Ordinary reinforeed concrete moment frames 35 28 NE NP. D. Dual Systems + Special reinforced concrete shear walls BS 2s NE. NC, Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 65 28 NP, NP. E, Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames ‘Special reinforced conerete shear walls 65 28 NL 50 ‘= Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 42 28 NL. 30 Shear wall frame interactive system with ‘ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames 42 28 NP NP and ordinary reinforced conerete shear walls F Cantilevered Column Building Systems > Cantilevered column elements 22 20 NL io G. Shear Wall- Frame Interaction Systems 55. 28 NL 50 Association of Stuctural Engingers of the Philippines:CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads 2-85 ‘Table 208-1 1B Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel ‘System Limitation and Building Height Limitation by Basie Seismie-Force Resisting System R ay Seismic Zone, mm Zone 2 ‘Zone 4 A. Bearing Wall Systems | * Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension n oF 20 only bracing = © Braced frames where bracing earries gravity vi Sareea 30 load ee Light framed walls sheathed with wood structural panels rated for shear resistance or 4s 28 NL. 20 steel sheets ies Lighi-framed walls with shear panels of all 7 PF aa: 20 other light materials ‘© Light-framed wall systems using flat strap i Fe ai i ewsingy af ie sedusesseseseaeasftieaesede| estat mea es B. Building Frame Systems ‘© Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF). moment-tesisting connections at columns as 28 NL 30 away from links Steel eceentrically braced frames (EBF), non moment-resisting connections at columas 60 | 22 NL 30 away from links. i ‘Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) 60 [22 NL 30 ‘+_Ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBF) 32, 22 NE NP, LLight-framed walls sheathed with wood ac a ac oT structural panels / sheet steel panels ‘Light frame walls with shear pancls ofall other z materials ie ee NE © Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF), Fe a ton momen sisting bear-column 7 28 NL 20 wg-restrained braced Frames, mame : a ae resisting beam-column connections : 28 bial a 5 Special scl pat shear walls (SPSW) T BE NE 30 © Moment Resisting Frame Sittems z i Special momentsesisting iatne (SMF) zo} NL ¢Inlermediai see! moment frames (MF) | 4s | NL NP + Oninary mone ou 35 NI Ne Special ts moment frames (STMF) 65 NE NP + Spc omg ses and cone ma ; a - ‘= Intermediate composite moment frames 5 INE Hees] eee EST + Compe partly resrined mamen famas_[ 6 a1 + Onlinry composite moment ames aT NP NP D. Dual Systems with Special Moment Frames Sis eccenrialy braced frames i 28 Nt NE Spoil stl eoncentcally used ames 7 28 NE NL = Composite steel and conereteeecetrially ; braced frame aeaeatl 8 28 enue a National Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Eudtion Volum 12.86 CHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design Loads ‘Table 208-1 1B(cont’d) Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Stee! System Limifation and . fa Building Height Limitation by Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System Seismic Zone, m Fone 2 Zoned > Composite eel and concrete concentrically braced frame e i ae onl = Composite steel plate shear walls 75 28 NE NL + Buckling-restrained braced frame % 28 NL NE ‘= Special steel plate shear walls 5 38 NL NE. “Masonry shear wall with steel OMRE- 42 28 NL 30 «Steel EBE with steel SMRF. a5 28 NL Nu +" Stel EBF with stee! OMRF 42 28 NE 50 + Special concentrically braced Frames with stel ane 75 2s NL NL. + Special conentrically braced ames with stel > OMRF 42 28 NL 50 E, Dual Spwem with Intermediate Moment Frames ‘© Special stel concentrically braced frame 6 28 NE NP. * "Composite see! and concrete concentrically oe 35 28 NL NP + Ordinary composite braced frame 35 28 Ni NP. ‘+ Ordinary composite reinforced concrete shear ; walls with steel elements 7 cid ne iat TF. Canilevered Column Building Systems + Special sce! morpent frames 22 20 10 io + Intermediate ste moment frames 12 20 10 NP + Ordinary stoel moment frames 10 20 i0 NP ‘+ Canitevered column elements 22 20 NE 10 G: Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for 3 . Me a Seismic Resistance, Excluding Cantilever Systems ‘Toble 208-1 1C Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Masonry System Limitation and Building Height Limitation by Basic Seismie-Foree Resisting System R Qe ea ae Zone 2 Zone4 A. Bearing Wall Systems Masonry shear walls as 28 NE 30 B. Building Frame Systems ‘Masonry shear walls 33 28 NE. 50 € Moment-Resisting Frame Systems ‘© Masonry moment-resisting wall Frames z (MMRWF) a ee a ee. B. Dual Systems ‘¢ Masonry shear walls with SMRF_ 35. 28 NL 30 ! “© Masonry shear walls with steel OMRF 42, 28 NI 50 | "= Masonry shear walls with conerete IMRF. 42, 28 NE. NP ; “*_Masonry shear walls with masonty MMRWF. 60 28 NL 50. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines: |CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads 2.87 ‘Table 208-1 1D Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Wood System Uh ing Helght Limitation b Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R a eda lng sermons i Zone 2 Zoned A Bearing Wall Systems ia « Lightamed wals with shear panels wood I siructral panel walls for structures three ss 2s NI 20 stories o ss 7 Heavy timber raed fares where bracing - s 7 pm caries pavity oud 2 : ie 7” Light-fared wals with wood shear panels } walls for structures three stories or less_ NA | ale All ofr ight famed walls NA NA Tleavy timber brace ames where bracing _ a a 7 carries gravity load _ eeu ce BE Bhiling Fram «Light famed walls wih hear panels wood Seractral panel vals for structure three 6s 28 Mm | 2» Stories ores 2 Oninary heavy timber braced ames Soils NL Fa ‘The findamental period T may be computed by using the following equation: (208-10) \s dis, a ‘The values of f; represent any lateral force distributed te a eee ego grr Equations (208-13), (208-14) and (208-15) or any other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, 6,, shall be eseieperer ey ierey 208.5.2.3 Simplified Design Base Shear Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed using this procedure. 208.5.2.3.1 Base Shear ‘The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation: sea, R (208-11) ‘Where the value of Cy shall be based on Table 3087 Tor the soil profile ype.” When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type Sn shall be used in Seismic Zone 4, and Type ‘Se shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, N,, need not be greater than 1.2 if none of the following structural iregularties are present: 1. Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9, or 2. Type | o4 of Table 208-10, 208,5.2.3.2 Vertical Distribution The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation: 208-12) where the value of C, shall be determined as in Section 208.5.2.3.1 208.5.2.3.3 Applicability Sections 208.512, 2085.13, 208.5.2.1, 2085.22. 208.5.5, 208.5.9, 208.5.10 and 208.6 shall not apply when National Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Editon Volume 12.88 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads Exception: For buildings: with relatively flexible structural systems, the building “official may reguire consideration of PA effects and drift in accordance with Sections 208.5.1.3, 208,5.9 and 208.5.10: As sMBll be determined using design seismic forces from Section 208.5,2.3.1. Where used, dy shall be taken equal to 0.01 times the story height of all stories. In Section 208.8.2.8, Equation (i820) a al qb, adem excoad Cape, but shall not be less than OSC. R and ©, shall be taken from Table 208-11 208.5.3 Determination of Seismic F: 208.5.3.1 Determination of Q, For specifie elements of the structure, as specifically identified in this code, the minimum design strength shall bye the product of the seismic force overstrength factor Q,, and the design seismic forces set forth in Section 208.5. For both Allowable Stress Design and Stength Design, the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, ©, shall be taken from Table 208-11 208.5.3.2 Determination of R ‘The value for R shall he taken from Table 208-1 208.54 Combinations of Structural Systems Where combinations of structural systems are incorporated into the same structure, the requirements of this section shall be satisfied, 208.54. Vertical Combi The value of R used in the design of any story shall be fess than or equal to the value of R used in the given direction forthe story above, Exception: This requirement need not be applied to a story where the dead weight above that siory is less than 10 percent of the total dead weight of the structure. Structures may be designed using the procedures of this section under the following conditions: ‘The entire structure is designed using the lowest R of the Interal force-resisting systems used, oF L. The following wosstage static analysis procedures may be used for structures conforming to Section 208.4.8.2, hem 4, Assotiation of Stnichiral Engineers of the Pluippines 1.1 The flexible upper partion shall be designed as 2 separate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate values oF Rand p, 1.2 The rigid lower portion shall be designed as 3 separate siracture using the appropriate values of R and p. The reactions from the upper portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the (Bip) of the upper portion over (R/p) of the lower portion. 208.5.4.2 Combinations along Different Axes In Seismic Zone 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only one direction, the value of R used for design in the orthogonal direction shall not be greater than that used for the bearing wall system. Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems or moment-resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures less than 50 m in height, Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-resisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 50 m in height in Seismic Zone 4. 208.5.4.3 Combinations along the Same Axis Where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of R used for design in that direction shall not be _greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction. 208.5.5 Vertical ‘The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Equations (208-13), (208- 14) and (208-15) in the absence of a more rigorous procedure bution of Force var +SE (208-13) ‘The concentrated force F, at the top, whieh is in addition to F,, shall be determined from the equation: F=007V (208-14) ‘The value of T used for the purpose of calculating F; shall bee the period that corresponds with the design base shear as computed using Equation (208-1), F, need not exceed 129’ and may be considered as zee where Tis 07 second of less, The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure including Level n, aceording to the Following equation:WU = wee Sonn (208-15) Ateach level designated as x, the force F; shall be applied lover the area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and sign seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces F, and F, applied at the appropriate levels above the base, 208.5.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear The design story shear, ¥, in any story is the sum of the forces F, and F, above that story. ¥, shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral foree-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.8.2.3 for rigid elements that are not infended to be part of the lateral foree- resisting systems, Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the dircotion of the force under consideration. The effect of this displacement on the story shear distribution shall be considered. Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of story shear and torsional moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the average story drift of the associated story, This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the digphiragm itsel? under lateral load with the story drift of adjoining vertical-resisting elements under equivalent tnbutary lateral load CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads 2-89 208.5.7 Horizontal Torsional Moments Provisions shall be made for the inereased shears resulting from horizontal torsion where diaphragms are not flexible, The most severe load combination for each clement shall be considered for design. ‘The torsional design moment at a given story shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that story and the vertial-resisting elements in that story plus an accidental torsion The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass is displaced as required by Section 208.5.6 Where torsional irregularity exists, as defined in Table 208-10, the effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, 4,, determined from the following equation: (208-16) Sag = the average of the displacements at the exireme points of the structure at Level x, mm Sav the maximum displacement at Level x, mm The value of 4, need not exceed 3.0 208.5.8 Overturning Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by earthquake forces specified in Section 208.5.5, At any level, the overtuming moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismic forces (F, and F,) that act on levels above the level under consideration, At any level, the incremental changes of the design overtuming moment shall be distributed to the various resisting elements in the manner prescribed in Section 2085.6. Overturning effects on every clement shall be carried down to the foundation. See Sections 207.1 and 208.8 for combining gravity and seismic forces, [National Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Eltion Volume 12.90 CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads 208.5.8.1 Elements Supporting Discontinuous Systems 208.5.8.1.1 General Where any portion of the lateral load-resisting system is discontinuous, such as for vertical irregularity Type 4 in Table 208-9 or plan irregularity Type 4 in Table 208-10, concrete, masonry, steel and wood elements supporting such discontinuous systems shall have the design strength to resist the combination loads resulting ftom the special seismic load combinations of Section 203.5. Exceptions: 1. The quantity Em tn Section'203.5 need not exceed the ‘maximum force that can be transferred to the element by the lateral force-resisting system. 2. Concrete slabs supporting light-frame wood shear wall systems or light frame steel and wood structural panel shear wall systems. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be determined using an allowable stress inerease of 1.7 and a resistance factor, 4, of 1.0. This inerease shall not be ‘combined with the one-third stress increase permitted by Section 203.4, but may be combined with the duration of load inerease permitted in Section 615.3.4 208.5.8.1.2 Detailing requirements in Seismic Zone 4 In cismic Zone 4, elements supporting. discontinuous systems shall meet the following detailing or member limitations: 1. Reinforced conerete or reinforced masonry clements| designed primarily as axial-load members shall comply with Section 421.4.4.5 Reinforced conerete elements designed primarily as flexural members and supporting other than ligh frame wood shear wall system or light-frame steel ‘and wood structural panel shear wall systems shall ‘comply with Sections 421.3,2 and 421.3.3. Strength computations for portions of slabs designed as supporting elements shall include only those portions of the slab that comply with the requirements of these. sections 3. Masonry elements designed primarily as axial-load carrying members shall comply with Sections 706.1.12.4, lem 1, and 708,2.6.2.6, 4, Masonry elements designed primarily as flexural ‘members shall comply with Section 708.2.6.2.5 5, Steel elements designed primarily as axial-load members shall comply with Sections $15.4.2 and 5184.3. 6 Steel clements designed primarily as flexural ‘members or trusses shall have bracing for both top ‘and bottom beam Manges or chords at the location of the support of the discontinuous system and shall ‘comply with the requirements of Section $15.6.1.3. 7. Wood elements designed primarily as flexural ‘members shall be provided with laterat bracing or solid blocking at each end of the element and at the connection location(s) of the discontinuous system, 208.5.8.2 At Foundation See Sections 208.4.1 and 308.4 for overturning momenis to be resisted at the foundation soil interface. 208.5.9 Drift Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed where required by this code For both Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design, the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay of the structure caused by the Design Basis Ground Motion shall bbe determined in accordance with this section. The drifts corresponding to the design seismic forces of Section 208.5.2.1 or Section 208.6.5, As shall be determined in accordance with Section 208.5.9.1. To determine Ay these drifts shall be amplified in accordance with Section 208.5.9.2 208.5.9.1 Determination of As A static, elastic analysis of the lateral force-res system shall be prepared using the design seismic forces from Section 208.5.2.1. Alternatively, dynamic analysis may be performed in accordance with Section 2086 Where Allowable Stress Design is used and where drift is being computed, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall be used. The mathematical model shall comply with Section 208.5.1.2. The resulting deformations, denoted as As shall be determined at all critical locations in the structure, Calculated drift shall include translational and torsional deflections 208.8.9.2 Determination of As, ‘The Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay shall be computed as follows: Ayp=O7RAs (208-17) Exception: Alternatively, dy may be computed by nonlinear time history analysis in accordance with Section 208.6.6. ‘The analysis used to determine the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement Ay shall consider PA effects, Associaton of Structural Engineers ofthe Philippines208.8.10 Story Drift Limitation Story drifts shall be computed using the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. 208.5.10.1 Caleutated Caleulsted story drift using By, shall not exceed 0.02: times the story height for structures having a fundamental period of less than 0.7 sec, For structures having a fundamental period of 0.7 sec or greatcr, the calculated story drift shall not exceed 0.020 times the story height Exceptions: 1. These drift limits may be exceeded when it is demonstrated that greater drift can be tolerated by oth structural elements and nonstructural elements that could affect life safety. The drift used in this ‘assessment shall be based upon the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. 2. There shall be no drift limit in single-story steel- framed structures whose primary use Is limited 10 ‘storage, factories or workshops. Minor accessory uses ‘shall be allowed. Structures on which this exception is used shall not have equipment attached fo the structural frame or shall have such equipment detailed 10 accommodate the additional drif. Walls that are laterally supported by the steel frame shall be designed t0 accommodate the drift in accordance with Section 208.8.2.3, 208.5.10.2 at The design lareral orves used w determine the calculated Urilt may disregard the limitations of Equation (208-6) and (208-7) and may be based on the period determined from Fqution (208-10) neglecting the 30 or 40 percent limiations of Section 208.5.2.2, tem 2, 208.5.11 Vertical Component The following requirements apply in Seismic Zone 4 ‘only. Horizontal cantilever components shall be designed Tors net upward free of O.7C,IN,, In addition to all other applicable load combinations, horizontal prestressed components shall be designed using hot more than 50 percent of the dead load for the gravity Toad, alone or in combination with the fateral force effects 208.6 Dynamic Analysis Procedures 208.6.1 General Dynamic analyses procedures, when used, shall conform to the criteria established in this section. The analysis shall be based onan appropriate ground motion National Stu Misomum Desge Loads 2.91 representation and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics. Structures that are designed in accordance with this section shall comply with all other applicable requirements of these provisions. 208.6.2 Ground Motion ‘The ground motion representation Shall, asa minimum, be cone having a 10-percent probability of being execeded in 50 years, shall not be reduced by the quantity A and may bbe one of the following: 1. An clastic design response spectrum constructed in accordance with Figure 208-3, using the values of C, and C, consistent with the specitic site. The desizn feceleration ordinates shall be multiplied by the acceleration of gravity. 9.815 msec" A site-specific elastic desiyn response specteamn based on the geologic, tectonic. seismologic and seil ccharacteristies associated with the specific site. The spectrum shall be developed for a damping ratio of 0.08, unless a different value is. shown (be consistent with the anticipated structural behavior at the intensity of shaking established for the ste 3. Gtound motion time histories developed for the specific site shall he representative of aetual earthquake motions. Response spectra from time histories, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming to Section 208.6.2, lem 2. 4, For structures on Soil Profile Type 5), the following requirements shall apply when requited by 208.4.8.3, Item 4 Section 4.1 The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with Items 2 and 3. 4.2 Possible amplification of building response due to the effects of soil-structure interaction and lengthening of building p inelastic behavior shall be considered. fod caused by ‘The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by sealing corresponding horizontal accelerations by a factor of (wo- thirds. Alternative factors may be used when substantiated by site specific data, Where the Near Source Factor, Ny. is greater than 1.0, site-specific vertical response spectra shall be used in lieu of the factor of twor thirds 208.6.3 Mathematical Model A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure to an extent that is adequate for the al Code af the Philipines 6 Eaton Volume 1_ 2) CHAPYER 2~ Minunum Design Loads calculation of the significant features of ‘its dynamic response, A three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis of structures with highly irregular plan configurations such as those having a plan irregularity defined in Table 208-10 and having a rigid or semi-rigid diaphragm, The stiffness properties used in the ‘analysis and general mathematical modeling shall be in accordance with Section 208.5.1.2. 208.6.4 Description of Analysis Procedures 208.6.4.1 Response Spectrum Analysis An elastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response, Peak modal responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond 10 the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions are ‘combined in a statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural response, 208.6.4.2 Ti An analysis of the dynamic response of a structure at inerement of time when the base is subjected to a specific xground motion time history 1e History Analysis, 208.6.5 Response Spectrum Analysis 208.6.5.1 Response Spect Interpretation of Results The ground motion representation shall be in accordance with 208.6.2. The corresponding response parameters, including forces, moments and displacements, shall be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced in accordance with Section 208.6.5.4 n Representation and The base shear for 3 given direction, determined using dynamite analysis must not be less than the value obtained by the equivalent lateral force method of Section 208.5.2. In this case, all corresponding response parameters are adjusted proportionately, 208.6.5.2 Number of Modes The requirement of Section 2086.4.) that all significant ‘modes be included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, at least 90 percent of the participating mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction, 208.6.5.3 Combining Modes ‘The peak member forces, displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions for each mode shall be combined by recognized methods. When three- dimensional_models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining ‘modal maxima, 208.6.5.4 Reduction of Elastic Response Parameters for Design Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced for purposes of design in accordance with the following items, with the Fimitation that in no case shall the Elastic Response Parameters he reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is less than the Elastic Response Base Shear divided by the value of R, 1, For all regular structures where the pround motion representation complies with Section 208.6.2, tem 1 Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 90 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 208,5.2. For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Section 208.6.2, Item 2. Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding desiyn base shear is not less than 80 percent of the base shcar determined in accordance with Section 208.52, 3. For all irregular structures, regardless of the ground motion representation, Elastic Response Parameters ‘may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 100 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 208.5.2. ‘The corresponding reduced design seismic forces shall be used for design in accordance with Section 203, 208.6. Directional effects for horizontal ground motion shall conform to the requirements of Section 208.5.1. ‘The effects of vertical horizontal cantilevers and prestressed elements shall be considered in accordance with Section 208.5.11. Aliemately, vertical response may be determined by dynamic response methods: in no case shall the response used for design be Jess than that obtained by the static method. Directional Eifects ground motions on 208.6.5.6 Torsion ‘The analysis shall account for torsional effects, including accidental torsional effects as preseribed in Section 208.5.7. Where three-dimensional models are used for analysis, effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments. in the model such as adjustment of mass locations, or by equivalent static procedures such as provided in Section 208.5.6 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines208.6.8.7 Dual Systems Where the lateral forces are resisted by a dual system as defined in Section 208.4.6.4, the combined system shall be capable of resisting the basc shear determined in accordance with this section. The moment-resisting frame shall conform to Section 208.464, Item 2, and may be analyzed using either the procedures of Section 208.5.5 or those of Section 208.6.5. 208.6.6 Time History Analysis 208,6.6.1 Time History TTime-history analysis shall be performed with pairs of appropriate horizontal ground-motion ime history ‘components that shall be selected and scaled from not less than three recorded events, Appropriate time histories shall have magnitudes, fault distances and source ‘mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the esign-basis earthquake (or maximum — capable earthquake). Where three appropriate recorded ground: ‘motion time-history pairs are not avaitable, appropriate simulated ground-motion time-bistory pairs may be used to make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground: motion components. the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the 5 percent-damped site-specific spectrum of the sealed horizontal components shall be constructed. The motions shall be sealed such that the average value of the SRSS spectra does not full below 14 times the 5 percent-damped spectrum of the design-basis earthquake for periods from 0.27 second to LST seconds. Each pair of time histories shall be applied simultaneously to the model considering torsional effects, The parameter of interest shall be calculated for each sime- history analysis. [f three time-history analyses are rerformed, then the maximum response of the parameter (of interest shall be used! for design. [seven or more time history analyses are performed, then the average valuc of the response parameter of interest may be used for design. 208.6.6.2 Elastic Time History Analysis, Elastic time history shall conform to Sections 208.6.1, 2086.2, 2086.3, 208.6.5.2, 208.654, 208655, 208 6.5.6, 208.6.5.7 and 208.6.6.1. Response parameters From elastic time-history analysis. shall be denoted as Elastie Response Parameters, All elements shall be signed using Strength Design. Elastic Response Parameters may be sealed in accordance with Section 2086.54 National Structural Code of the Philippine Minimum Design Loads 2.88 208.6.6.3 Nonlinear 1e History Analysis 208,6.6.3.1 Nonlinear Time History Nonlinear time history analysis shall meet the requirements of Section 208.4.10, and time histories shall be developed and results determined in accordance with the requirements of Section 208.66.1. Capacities and characteristics of nonlinear elements shall be modeled consistent with test data or substantiated analysis, considering the Importance Factor. The maximum inelastic response displacement shat! not be reduced and shall comply with Section 208.5.10. 208.6.6.3.2 Design Review When nonlinear time-history analysis is used to justify « structural design, a design review of the lateral- force- resisting system shall be performed by an independent engineering team, including persons. licensed in the appropriate disciplines and experienced in seisinic analysis methods. The fateralforce-resisting system design review shall include, but not be limited to, the following: 1. Reviewing the development of site-specific spectra and ground-motion time histories. Reviewing the prelim fotce-resisting system, ry design of the lateral- 3. Reviewing the final design of the lateral-force- resisting system and all supporting analyses. The engincer-oF-record shall submit with the plans and calculations a statement by all) members of the engineering team doing the review stating that the above review has been performed. 208.7 Lateral Force on Elements of Structures, ‘Nonstructural Components and Equipment Supported by Structures 208.7.1 General Elements of structures and their attachments, permanent rnonstructural components and their attachments. and the attachments for permanent equipment supported by a structure shall be designed 10 resist the total design seismic Forces prescribed in Section 208.72. Attachments for floor- or roof-mounted equipment weighing less than LS kN, and fumiture need not be designed. Asachments shall include anchorages and required bracing, Friction resulting from gravity loads shall not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces. jon Volume 42404 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads, When the structural failure of the lateral-force-resisting, systems of nonrigid equipment would cause a life hazard, such systems shall be designed to resist the seismic forces prescribed in Section 208.72. When permissible design strengths and other acceptance criteria are not contained in or referenced by this code, such criteria shall be obtained from approved national standards subject to the approval of the building offical 208.7.2 Design for I tal Lateral Force Fy =4Cal Wy (208-18) oteefiest, coun Except that F, shall not be less than O.7C LM and need not be more than 4Cyl pH where: fi. = the element or component attachment elevation with respect to grade. A, shall not be taken less than 0.0, +h, ~ the structure roof elevation with respect to grade. 4a, = the in-structure Component Amplification Factor that varies from 1.0 t0 2.5. A value for a, shall be selected from Table 208-12, Alternatively, this factor may be determined based on the dynamic properties or empirical data of the component and the structure that supports it, The value shall not be taken less than 1.0. R, is the Component Response Modification Factor that shall be taken from Table 208-12, except that R, for anchorages shall equal 1.5 for shallow expansion anchor anchors, Shallow anchors are those with an embedment Jength-to-diameter ratio of less than 8, When anchorage is constructed of nonductile materials, or by use of adhesive, R, shall equal 10. The design lateral forces determined using Equation (208- 18) or (208-19) shall be distributed in proportion to the ‘mass distribution of the element or component. Forces determined using Equation (208-18) or (208-19) shall be used to design members and connections that transfer these forces to the seismic-resisting. systems, Members and connection design shall use the load combinations and factors specified in Section 203.3 or 203.4. The Reliability/Redundancy Factor, p, may be twken equal to 1.0. For applicable forces and Component Response Modification Factors in connectors for exterior panels and diaphragms, refer to Sections 2088.23, 208.8.2.7, and 208.8.28, Forces shall be applied in the horizontal directions, wh result in the most critical loadings for design. 208.7.3 Specifying Lateral Forces Design specifications for equipment shall either specify the design lateral forces prescribed herein or reference these provisions. 208.7.4 Relative Motion of Equipment Attachments For equipment in Categories | and If buildings as defined in Table 103-1, the latorai-force design shall consider the effects of relative motion of the points of attachment to the structure, using the drift based upon Ay, 208.7.5 Alternative Designs Where an approved national standard or approved physical test data provide a basis for the earthquake resistant design of a particular type of equipment or other nonstructural component, such a standard or data may be accepted as a basis for design of the items with the following limitations: 1. These provisions shall provide minimum values for the design of the anchorage and the members and connections that transfer the forces to the seismic resisting system. The force, Fi, and the overturning moment used in the design of the nonstructural component shall not be less than 80 percent of the values that would be ‘obtained using these provisions. Association of Structural Engingers of the Philippines:Elements of Structures and Nonstructural Components and Equipment CHAPTER 2 Table 208-12 Horizontal Force Factors, dp and Ry for ‘Minimum Design Loads Cate Element or Component eeeEErEEEEEee Footnote eg0ry pe » 7, Wat ncaing he ling 1. Untraced (mire pape 2s | 30 1. Exes walls Lor above he rnd Mor ad i 1. Elements of parapets braced above their centers of gravity am ea Structures cc Allinterior-bearing and non-bearing walls 10 | 30 2 Penthouse (except when framied by an extension of the aa steuctural frame) ce te 4: Cameron be pitied oil clomsis tar walls, See also Section 208,7.2 baci ib : [ cere ere 2. Chimneys, stacks and trussed towers supported on or eee eee ier ee ere ‘a point below their centers of mass - 30 o. Letty ocr cere ote sisal Enc orabove thei confers of mass ee 3. Sign nd bios as | 30 2 Nonsmvctal {4 ioe hs Gelade conten) over LB nal 2s | 40 ‘ Se Tarts thei (ec content) es crerees erp ee arpa light fixtures: reid oe vo | a0 fase as 1 | 30 |». paions vo | ae Tinks a ei Tas Sots aE RGR Jr Ta ce son, ee [a lene feet eee 21 ee + asim Peeper ener is 16 ee 4, Anchorage of emergency power supply systems and Scinelconmunetn oqupmen ARC ad Nereus rere ete met 5 Temporary conan with flammable or hazardoes a se ere ere eee are | oe se eeeae te eens ale oo Flexi components vith ele material and als | attachments. HE - i | 4 Tbe componns with odie mtr or a atlachments National Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Edition Volume 1