Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2
CLASSIFICATIONS
Write one name for each of the following groups. Before
starting. look at the example.
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Noun can also be in the forms of SINGULAR, PLURAL, COUNTABLE and
UNCOUNTABLE.
• Singular noun: A noun which has only one in number and an uncountable
noun.
• Plural noun: A noun which has more than one in number. There are many
ways in making singular nouns to be the plural ones.
a. by adding S : day – days, dog – dogs, house – houses
b. nouns ending in O, CH, SH, SS or X form their plural by adding ES:
tomato – tomatoes, church – churches, brush – brushes, kiss – kisses,
box – boxes
c. But, words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in O add S only:
dynamo – dynamos, kilo – kilos, kimono – kimonos, photo – photos, piano
– pianos, soprano – sopranos
d. Nouns ending in Y following a CONSONANT form their plural by dropping
the Y and adding IES: baby – babies, country – countries, fly – flies, lady
– ladies.
e. Nouns ending in Y following a VOWEL form their plural by adding S: boy
– boys, day – days, donkey – donkeys, guy – guys.
f. Twelve nouns ending in F or FE drop the F or FE and add VES. These
nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, loaf, self, sheaf, self, thief, wife, wolf: loaf
– loaves, wife – wives, wolf – wolves etc.
g. The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either S or VES in the plural: hoofs
or hooves, scarfs or scarves, wharfs or wharves.
h. Other words ending in F and FE add S in the ordinary way: cliff – cliffs,
handkerchief – handkerchiefs, safe – safes
i. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change: foot – feet, goose –
geese, louse – lice, man – men, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, and woman –
women.
j. The plural of child and ox are children and oxen.
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ARTICLES AND QUANTITIES
A /AN
• The form A is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with
a consonant sound: a man, a hat, a university, a European, a one-way street.
• The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, i, u, e, o) or words
beginning with a mute H: an apple, an egg, an island, an onion, an uncle, an
hour.
MANY
• MANY is the word of quantity to express a large number of people or things.
MANY is always followed by PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS:
- I have many books in my room.
- I don’t know many people in my life.
MUCH
• MUCH is the word of quantity to express a large number of things or to tell
that what some one has/gets is enough. MUCH is always followed by UN-
COUNTABLE NOUNS:
- I don’t get much mail every year.
- The people in my village are very happy because they get much water.
- I didn’t have much time to finish my homework.
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practice
1 Write the plural form of the following nouns
1. child = ___________________ 11. belief = ___________________
2. zero = ___________________ 12. leaf = ___________________
3. mouse = ___________________ 13. self = ___________________
4. monkey = ___________________ 14. echo = ___________________
5. industry = ___________________ 15. photo = ___________________
6. woman = ___________________ 16. analysis = ___________________
7. fox = ___________________ 17. hypothesis = ___________________
8. goose = ___________________ 18. curriculum = ___________________
9. sheep = ___________________ 19. phenomenon = ___________________
10. series = ___________________ 20. stimulus = ___________________
2 Fill the missing gasps in the following sentences with the most suitable nouns.
1. I met some interesting ___________ at the meeting last night.
2. I need some ___________ to light the fire.
3. The baby got two new ___________ .
4. The farmer loaded his cart with ___________ of fresh vegetables to take them to the
market. His cart was pulled by two ___________.
5. Alex saw some ___________ running across the floor.
6. New scientific ___________ are made every day in ___________ throughout the world.
7. I caught several ___________ in the lake.
8. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear ___________ of our voices.
9. The music building at the university has 27 ___________ . Students need to sign up for
practice times.
10. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ___________ such
as: radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines.
3 Fill the missing gasps by using the most suitable articles or quantities.
1. ___________ ant is ___________ insect.
2. ___________ married woman is called wife.
3. Although Mr. Jasman is a lecturer, he only has ___________ books.
4. How ___________ money do you have in your wallet?
5. How ___________ sentences are there in this exercise?
6. I am busy I have ___________ homework to do.
7. I am hungry. I would like ___________ orange.
8. I need ___________ hour to finish the job.
9. I need ___________ information about the bus schedule.
10. Jakarta has ___________ skyscrapers.
11. Jane has ___________ job. She is __________ teacher.
12. Jeff is a friendly person. He has _________ friends.
13. My father usually adds ___________ salt to his food.
14. My sister is on a diet. She only eats ______ food.
15. Only ___________ buses come to my village everyday.
16. Sonya is wearing ___________ silver jewelries. She is wearing ________ necklace
and ___________ earrings.
17. Susan has a CD player. She is listening to ___________ music.
18. The contractor needs ___________ bricks to build a two-storey house.
19. We don’t need ___________ salt to make a cup of sup.
20. We have ___________ furniture in our living room.
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presentation
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that used to refer to someone or something when you do not
need to use a noun, often because the person or the thing has been mentioned
earlier.
For example:
Anna is a student at one of universities in Jakarta. She is from Medan. I met her
when we had a test at the same university. Her mother and father accompanied
her when she was in Jakarta. When I forgot to bring my pencil, she lent me hers.
She was very smart. She did the test herself.
In the above paragraph, she, her, hers, and herself are pronouns that take the
place of the noun Anna.
practice
4 Fill the gasps by using suitable pronouns.
1.We must do _________ job by _________.
2.We have a new neighbor. _________ new neighbor is a bank employee.
3.Tom is in Canada. _________ is studying at a university.
4.This is my paper. Where is _________?
5.Siti has a maid. _________ mad is a very good cook.
6.Rita has a book. _________ bought _________ last week.
7.My husband and I have a new car. _________ got _________ last month.
8.My daughter has two cats. _________ names are Kitty and Brown.
9.Most parents never share their problems with their children. _________ always keep
_________ by _________.
10. Judy has a new car. _________ is a Toyota.
11. I wrote a letter, but I can’t send _________ because I don’t have a stamp.
12. I know the new students, but Tony doesn’t know _________ yet.
13. I have two pictures on my bedroom wall. I like _________. _________ are beautiful.
14. I can’t find _________ bike. Someone must have stolen _________.
15. Ann is my neighbor. I talk to _________ every day. _________ and _________
have interesting conversations.
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breaking the ice
MEETING Complete the following crossword by reading the
3
definitions.
5
3 C
The aim of the lesson: M
Students know what words 4 P P
can be linked to a verb be.
1 3 P N T
E 2 B E
Teaching Suggestion: B N 4
1 S T 7
- Greet the students and R 6 F
tell the aim of the lesson.
(10 minutes) 5 T H 8
- Tell the students to I U S
finish the ‘breaking the
ice’ material individually. R S 7 T G R
(5 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 6 E K
ice’ material’. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘verb be’. (30
minutes) ACROSS DOWN
1. a person who studies in school 1. something that people read to know the up
- Tell the students to do
2. a vehicle with two wheels to date news
practice 1 (10 minutes) 3. kinds of vegetables 2. a vehicle to take many passengers
- Discuss practice 1 with 4. a material to take note, draw, 3. a book of publication published in weekly or
the students (10 minutes) or paint monthly
5. someone who teaches at 4. a number of railroad cars pulled by a locomotive
- Tell the students to do
school 5. a road vehicle, usually with four wheels
practice 2 (10 minutes) 6. the synonym of rock 6. a building made for people to live in
- Discuss practice 2 with 7. young person aged 13 – 19 7. a part of plant that can be eaten, usually fleshy
the students (10 minutes) and contain seeds
8. a poisonous legless reptile
- Explain the connection
among noun, pronoun,
and verb be. (10 minutes)
- Close the meeting
presentation
VERB BE
There are 5 functions of verb in English:
1. to link an adjective: Anna is clever.
2. to link article noun: Tony is a teacher.
3. to link a proposition: The book is on the table.
4. to link a progressive/continuous verb: Sinta is
swimming.
5. to link a past participle verb to express a passive
voice: The television was repaired.
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Verb be in English consists of four types:
1. Be (modal auxiliaries) 2. is, am, are (present tense) 3. was, were (past tense) 4. been
(perfect tense)
VERB BE
SUBJECT
PRESENT PAST PERFECT AUXILIARIES
I am was
you
we are were
will/shall/may/might/can/
they have/has/had + been
could + be
he
she is was
it
To create a NEGATIVE SENTENCE by using VER BE, just put the word NOT
after IS, AM, ARE, WAS, and WERE. For BEEN and BE which are preceded by
HAVE/HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES, the word NOT is put after the word
HAVE/HAS/HAD and the
AUXILIARIES before BEEN and BE.
- I am not a student
- She wasn’t lazy.
- They are not in the hospital.
- Jim is not reading a book.
- it wasn’t raining yesterday.
- We weren’t watching TV at 7pm last night.
- She has not been in Japan for 20 years.
- My brother can’t swim.
For BE and BEEN, the contractions are put after HAVE/HAS/HAD or the
AUXILIARIES.
- haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t, will not (won’t), shall not (shan’t), can’t, couldn’t,
mayn’t, mightn’t
To create an INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE by using VER BE, just put the verb
be IS, AM, ARE, WAS, and WERE in the begining of the sentences. BEEN and
BE which are preceded by HAVE/HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES, must be
put after the subject. The begining of the sentences is used the word HAVE/
HAS/HAD and the AUXILIARIES.
- Are you a student?
- Was she lazy?
- Are they in the hospital?
- Was it raining yesterday?
- Were we watching TV at 7 pm last night?
- Has she been in Japan for 20 years?
- Can your brother swim?
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To answer the questions with verb be, we use YES or No answer with the
following forms.
YES, + subject + to be/have/has/had/auxiliaries.
NO, + subject + to be/have/has/had/auxiliaries + not.
- Are you a student? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
- Was she lazy? Yes, she was. / No, she was not/wasn’t.
- Are they in the hospital? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
- Is Jim reading a book? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t
- Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
- Were we watching TV at 7 pm last night? Yes, we were/ No, we weren’t.
- Has she been in Japan for 20 years? Yes, she has. ? No, she hasn’t.
- Can your brother swim? Yes, he can. / No, he can’t.
practice
1 What type of word that follows the following verb be in the sentences below.
1. John is at home. ( _________________ )
2. My teacher is explaining the lesson. ( _________________ )
3. The house is big. ( _________________ )
4. The paper was folded. ( _________________ )
5. We have been here. ( _________________ )
6. Our father is very patient. ( _________________ )
7. One of the students is reading a magazine. ( _________________ )
8. Andy is sick. ( _________________ )
9. You were invited by her. ( _________________ )
10. The tea is healthy. ( _________________ )
11. My neighbor is an engineer. ( _________________ )
12. The lesson is explained by the teacher every semester. ( _________________ )
13. The light of the lamp is very shinny. ( _________________ )
14. The system in my office is very complicated. ( _________________ )
15. I don’t know why William is so upset about my statement. ( _________________ )
16. I was in the classroom this morning doing the exam. ( _________________ )
17. Reading is my hobby. ( _________________ )
18. The pen is on the table. ( _________________ )
19. The football player is famous. ( _________________ )
20. It is a ball. ( _________________ )
Complete the missing gasps by using the most suitable verb be and words
1 based on the given clues.
Example:
Bill is a student (noun)
4 1. B __ S __
2. __ A __ O __ S
The aim of the lesson:
3. D __ L I __ I O U __
Students know how to
compare:
4. __ O __ E S T
- two similar things
- two different things
5. C L __ A __
- two or more diffirent 6. __ A S __
things
7. __ E __ L T __ Y
Teaching Suggestion: 8. B __ R I __ __
- Greet the students and 9. E __ P __ N S I __ E
tell the aim of the lesson.
(5 minutes) 10. __ X __ I T I N __
- Tell the students to
finish the ‘breaking the
11. D __ N G __ R O __ S
ice’ material individually. 12. __ O L __
(10 minutes)
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 13. __ H __ A __
ice’ material’. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by 14. B __ I G __ T
explaining ‘the degree
of comparison’. (30 15. A __ G R __
minutes)
- Tell the students to do
practice 1 (10 minutes)
- Discuss practice 1 with
the students (10 minutes) presentation
- Tell the students to do
practice 2 (10 minutes)
- Discuss practice 2 with COMPARISON
the students (10 minutes)
- Explain the students Comparing 2 similar things (similarity)
about simple sentence FORM:
using verb be and
• X + tobe + as adjective as + Y
comparison. (10 minutes)
- Close the meeting - The price in this restaurant is as cheap as in that restaurant
- The view in mountain is as beautiful as in the beach.
- The traditional food is as delicious as modern food.
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Comparing more than 2 things (superlative)
FORM:
There are three forms of comparison: 3) Spelling of the adjectives using the end-
- positive ings -er/-est
- comparative positive comparative superlative comment
- superlative large larger largest leave out the
silent -e
A - Comparison with -er/-est big bigger biggest Double the
example: sad sadder saddest consonant
clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest after short
We use -er/-est with the following vowel
adjectives: dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to
1) Adjectives with one syllable -i (consonant
positive comparative superlative before -y)
practice
Complete the missing gasps below by using the most suitable words to create
1 perfect the sentences of degree comparison.
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Find out 2 friends of yours and complete the following data between you and
2 your friends.
3 Write down the sentences of comparison based on the data you have.
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________________________
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MEETING breaking the ice
6 WORD ASSOCIATION
Underline two of the words on the right which are
associated with or are part of the word on the left. Number
The aim of the lesson:
1 has been done for you.
Students know the
functions and forms of: 1. TREE brim, trunk, car, climb, cabbage
- Present Continuous 2. HOUSE laugh, attic, forest. tongue, brick
Tense 3. BICYCLE speak, saddle, town, pump, green
- Simple Present Tense 4. ORCHESTRA go, needle, conductor, score, break
5. CHRISTMAS pastime, decorations, lose, mistletoe, salmon
6. FOOTBALL mole, corner, umpire, hornet, penalty
Teaching Suggestion: 7. WEDDING bride, storm, confetti, soap, blink
8. CAR run, basket, clutch. boot, head
- Greet the students and 9. WAR fight. cream, tank, apple, sincere
tell the aim of the lesson. 10. FLOWER wren. petal. clean, buttercup, suggest
(5 minutes) 11. SCHOOL brown, examination, dinner. offer, lesson
- Tell the students to
12. SLEEP calm, nightmare, sheet, tongue, cushion
finish the ‘breaking the
ice’ material individually. 13. CHURCH congregation, cough , aisle, feet. money
(5 minutes) 14. SHOE snore, lace, heel, sit, height
- Discuss the ‘breaking the 15. BOOK leaf, side, title, sheet. paperback
ice’ material’. (5 minutes) 16. GOLF tea, green, stick, birdie, cod
- Do the presentation by 17. ENGLAND light. Thames, garlic, pub, Edinburgh
explaining ‘Present 18. FACE heel, grin, writing, cheeks, ankle
Continuous Tense’. (10 19. TELEPHONE switch, lure, dial, ramble, receiver
minutes) 20. OFFICE typewriter, lose, rabbit, file, perm
- Tell Students to do
Practice 1 and Practice 2
(5 minutes)
- Discuss Interactively
Practice 1 & 2 with the
presentation
students. (5 minutes)
- Do the presentation by
explaining ‘Simple
PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE
Present Tense + Its
difference from Present
Continuous Tense ’. (30
Function:
minutes)
- Tell Students to do - to talk about something that is happening at the time of
Practice 1 and Practice 2 speaking: We are studying English at the moment.
(10 minutes) - to talk about something that is happening around
- Discuss Interactively the time of speaking, but not necessarily at the time
Practice 3 with the
of speaking: I am reading an interesting at the
students. (25 minutes)
- Close the meeting moment. I’ll lend you when I’ve finished it.
- to talk about a period around the present: Tom isn’t
playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on
his studies.
- To talk about changing situation: The population of the
world is rising very fast.
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Form:
(+) Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking
(-) Subject + isn’t/am not/aren’t + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking
(+) Is/Am/Are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + now/at the moment/ at the time of speaking?
- Yes, Subject + is/am/are
- No, Subject + isn’t/am not/aren’t
practice
1 Write down 3 sentences related to what you are doing at this moment.
1._______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________
2 Write down 3 sentences related to what you are NOT doing at this moment.
1._______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________
presentation
Form:
(+) I/You/We/They + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year
He/She/It + PRESENT VERB with S,ES,IES + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/
month/year
(-) I/You/We/They + don’t + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year
He/She/It + doesn’t + PRESENT VERB + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/month/
year
(?) Do I/you/we/they + verb 1 + Object + every .../once..twice...three times a day/week/month/year?
Does he/she/it + doesn’t + PRESENT VERB + Object + every../once..twice..three times a day/week/
month/year
- Yes, Subject + do/doesn’t
- No, Subject + don’t/doesn’t
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Change the verbs in the bracket into present continuous or simple present
2 tense.
1. She ____________ (go) to school every day.
2. We now ____________ (learn) English.
3. The sun always ____________ (shine) in Egypt.
4. I ____________ (sit) on a chair and ____________ (eat) a banana now.
5. Bad students never ____________ (work) hard.
6. It ____________ (rain) in winter. It ____________ (rain) now.
7. I ____________ (wake up) at seven and ____________ (have) breakfast at half past seven.
8. He generally ____________ (sing) in English but today he ____________ (sing) in French.
9. The teacher ____________ (point) at the blackboard when he ____________ (want) to
explain something.
10. Mother ____________ (cook) some food in the kitchen at present; she always
_____________ (cook) in the mornings.
11. The sun ____________ (rise) in the east. Now it ____________ (set) and night
____________ (fall).
12. That man in the white hat who ____________ (walk) past the window ____________
(live) next door.
13. Architects ____________ (make) the plans of buildings.
14. I ____________ (wear) a raincoat because the day ____________ (rain).
15. I always ____________ (meet) you on the corner of this street.
16. The baby ____________ (cry) because it is hungry now.
17. I ____________ (spend) this weekend in Eastbourne. I ____________ (go) there nearly
every week.
18. A: ‘Where are you?’ B: ‘I ____________ (sit) in the kitchen.’
A: ‘What you ____________ (do) there?’
B: ‘I ____________ (help) my mother.’
19. A; ‘Why ____________ you ____________ (wash) those clothes?’
B: `Because the sun ____________ (shine). I never ____________ (wash) clothes when
there are clouds in the sky.’
20. A: ‘Where you ____________ (go) ____________ now?’
‘I ____________ (go) to Electronic Mall. I ____________ (go) there every week.’
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MEETING breaking the ice
Look at the pictures and write down the PAST TENSE verbs
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The aim of the lesson:
related to them
Teaching Suggestion:
16
practice
Learn the rules of the verb, change the verb below based on the rules you
1 have learnt and write down what rule each verb follows.
3 Complete these sentences. Use one of these verbs in the simple past:
presentation
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Function:
We use the Past Continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this
time but hadn’t finished.
• This time las year I was living in Brazil.
• What were you doing at 10 pm yesterday?
• I was watching TV at 10 pm last night.
Form:
(+) I/He/She/it + was + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/month/
year.
You/We/They + were + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
(+) I/He/She/it + wasn’t + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
You/We/They + weren’t + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year.
(+) Was + I/he/she/it + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year?
Were + you/we/they + verb ing + O + at... yesterday/last night/at this time last week/
month/year?
- Yes, S + was/were.
- No, S + wasn’t/weren’t.
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Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she
did them):
1. 8:45-9:15 had breakfast 4. 12:45-1:30 had lunch
2. 9:15-10:00 read the newspaper 5. 2:30-3:30 washed some clothes
3. 10:00-12:00 cleaned her apartment 6. 4:00-6:00 watched TV
Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times:
1. At 9:00 She was having breakfast. 4. At 1:00 ........................................
2. At 9:30 ........................................ 5. At 3:00 ........................................
3. At 11:00 ........................................ 6. At 5:00 ........................................
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When = an activity which was happening in the past interupted by another activity. (The
activity was happening is the form of the Past Continuous Tense and the actvity that
interupted is the form of the Past Tense)
• I was taking a shower when the phone rang or When I was taking a shower, the phone
rang yesterday.
While = when two activities were doing at the same time (the two activities are in the
Past Continuous Tense )
• My wife was cooking while I was typing my paper.
Other examples:
• John was typing a letter while his wife was cooking this morning or While John was
typing a letter, his wife was cooking this morning.
• Were you listening to the radio when I phoned you yesterday? Or When I phoned you
yesterday, were you listening to the radio?
• What were you doing when the phone rang? Or When the phone rang, what were you
doing?
6 Put the verb into the correct form: past continuous or simple past.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) dinner, the phone rang (ring).
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presentation
PAST TENSE with PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
There are two time connecters which can be used to combine the Past Tense dan the Past
Continuous Tense:
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