SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 2, MATH 10560

1. The partial fraction decomposition of the rational function

2x + 1
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 4)3
is of the form:
Solution: The denominator is the product of a repeated linear factor (x + 1)2 and a
repeated irreducible quadratic factor (x2 + 4)2 . Our decomposition must be of the form
A B Cx + D Ex + F Gx + H
+ 2
+ 2 + 2 2
+ 2 .
x + 1 (x + 1) x +4 (x + 4) (x + 4)3

2. The integral
Z ∞
e−x
dx
0 1 + e−x
is
Solution: Make the substitution u = 1 + e−x with du = −e−x dx.
Z Z
e−x −du
−x
dx =
1+e u
= − ln |u| + C
= − ln|1 + e−x | + C.
Therefore
Z ∞
e−x £ ¤
−x h
dx = lim − ln|1 + e | 0
0 1 + e−x h→∞

= lim − ln|1 + e−h | + ln 2

h→∞
= ln 2.

3. Consider the three integrals

Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
dx dx dx
I. 2
. II. √ . III. .
−1 x 0 x −1 1+x
One of the following statementsR 1 is true. Which one?
Solution. We know that 0 x1p diverges if p ≥ 1, and converges if p < 1.
Integral I: The integrand is discontinuous at x = 0, and the integral is therefore given
as the sum of two improper integrals:
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
dx dx dx
2
= 2
+ 2
.
−1 x −1 x 0 x
R1
The the second integral on the right hand side is 0 x1p for p = 2 ≥ 1, and so is divergent
(the first one is too). Therefore integral I is divergent.
R1
Integral II: The integral is 0 x1p for p = 12 < 1 and thus diverges.
1
2 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 2

Integral III: Substitute u = 1 + x with du = dx.

Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
dx du du du
= = + .
−1 1 + x 0 u 0 u 1 u
R1
The the first integral on the right hand side is 0 x1p for p = 1 ≥ 1, and so is divergent.
Therefore integral III diverges.

4. The surface area of the object obtained by rotating the graph

y = sin(x), for 0 ≤ x ≤ π,
about the x-axis is represented by the integral
Solution: The surface area of the object obtained by rotating the graph of y = f (x)
for a ≤ x ≤ b about the x-axis is given by
Z b Z b p
2πrds = 2πf (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a a
In this case the surface area is given by
Z π p
2π sin(x) 1 + cos2 (x)dx.
0

5. Find the length of the curve

2
y = 5 + x3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
3

Solution: The length of the curve y = f (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b is given by

Z bp
1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a
dy √
In this case f 0 (x) = = x. Hence the length of the curve is
dx
Z 3 ¯3
√ 2 3¯ 2 14
1 + x dx = (1 + x) 2 ¯¯ = (8 − 1) = .
0 3 0 3 3

Z 3
dx
6. The integral is estimated using the Trapezoidal Rule, using subintervals of
1 x
size ∆x = 1. The approximation R 3 dxto ln 3 obtained is
Solution: We know that 1 x = ln 3 − ln 1 = ln 3. Applying the Trapezoidal Rule
with ∆x = 1 = (b − a)/n = (3 − 1)/n = 2/n, implies that n = 2. We have f (x) = x1 and
Tn = ∆x
2 [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x3 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]. Thus
Z 3 · µ ¶ ¸
dx ∆x 1 1 1 7
= ln 3 ≈ T2 = [f (1) + 2f (2) + f (3)] = 1+2 + = .
1 x 2 2 2 3 6

7. Consider the initial value problem

(
y 0 = sin[π(x + y)]
y(0) = 0.
Use Euler’s method with step size 0.5 to find an approximate value of y(1).
 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 2 3

Solution: We have x0 = 0, y0 = 0, and step size h = 0.5.

x1 = x0 + 0.5 = 0.5 y1 = 0 + 0.5 (sin (π(0 + 0))) = sin 0 = 0
³π ´
x2 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 y2 = 0 + 0.5 (sin (π(0.5 + 0))) = sin = 1.
2
Therefore y(1) ≈ 1.

8. The solution of the initial value problem

(
y 0 = xy
y(0) = −3
is
Solution: This is a separable differential equation. We can solve it as follows:
Z Z
ydy = xdx

y2 x2
= +C
2 p2
y = ± x2 + C.
√
Using our initial condition we find −3 = ± C, so C = 9 and we want the negative
square root. Therefore p
y = − x2 + 9.

9. Evaluate the integral Z

x3 + 4x + 6
dx.
x4 + 4x2
.
Solution: Use a partial fraction decomposition. Factoring the denominator
x4 + 4x2 = x2 (x2 + 4)
where x2 is a repeated linear factor and x2 +4 is an irreducible quadratic factor. Therefore
the decomposition is of the form
x3 + 4x + 6 A B Cx + D
2 2
= + 2+ 2
x (x + 4) x x x +4
This leads to the equation:
x3 + 4x + 6 = Ax(x2 + 4) + B(x2 + 4) + (Cx + D)x2 = Ax3 + 4Ax + Bx2 + 4B + Cx3 + Dx2
which breaks down into system of equations
A+C =1
B+D =0
4A = 4
4B = 6.
We solve this to find A = 1, B = 32 , C = 0, and D = − 32 . Therefore
Z 3 Z Z Z
x + 4x + 6 1 3 1 3 1
dx = dx + dx − dx
x4 + 4x2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 4
3 3 x
= ln |x| − − arctan + C.
2x 4 2
4 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 2

10. Find the√ center of mass of the region bounded by the x-axis, the line x = 4 and
the curve y = x. √
Solution: The region is bounded by the curve y = x and the x-axis from x = 0 to
x = 4. Hence · ¯4
Z Z
1 4 √ 2 1 4 1 x2 ¯¯
Mx = ( x) dx = xdx = =4
2 0 2 0 2 2 ¯0
Z 4 Z 4 · ¯
√ 3 2 5 ¯¯4 64
My = x xdx = x dx =
2 x 2 =
0 0 5 ¯0 5
Z 4 · ¯
√ 2 3 ¯¯4 16
A= x dx = x 2 = .
0 3 ¯0 3
Therefore
64
My 5 12 Mx 4 3
x̄ = = 16 = and ȳ = = 16 = .
A 3
5 A 3
4
The center of mass occurs at ( 12 3
5 , 4 ).

11. Solve the initial value problem

(
y0 = − sin
2y
x

y(0) = 2,

Solution: This is a separable differential equation.

dy − sin x
=
dx 2y
Z Z
2y dy = − sin x dx

y 2 = cos x + C
√
y = ± cos x + C
Use the initial condition to find
√
2 = ± cos 0 + C
4=1+C
C=3
and we need the positive square root. Therefore
√
y = cos x + 3

12. Solve the initial value problem

(
y0 = 2x + y
.
y(0) = 1

Solution: Write in the form of a linear differential equation:

dy
− y = 2x.
dx
 SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 2 5
R
The integrating factor is e (−1)dx = e−x . Multiply both sides of the equation by the
integrating factor:
dy d
e−x − ye−x = (ye−x ) = 2xe−x .
dx dx
Now integrate both sides of the equation:
Z Z
d(ye ) = 2xe−x dx.
−x

For the right hand side, use integration by parts with u = 2x, dv = e−x dx, du = 2dx,
v = −e−x . Z
ye = −2xe + 2 e−x dx = −2xe−x − 2e−x + C
−x −x

y = −2x − 2 + Cex
Use the initial condition to find C:
1 = −2(0) − 2 + Ce0 = C − 2
3=C
Therefore
y = −2x + 3ex − 2.