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Concept
Lecture 3#
Definition
Facies is a body of rock characterized by a particular
combination of lithology, physical and biological
structures that bestow an aspect that different from
the bodies of rock above, below and laterally adjacent
The facies concept refers to the sum of
characteristics of a sedimentary unit, commonly at a
fairly small (cm-m) scale including:
Lithology
Grain size
Sedimentary structures
Color
Composition
Biogenic content
Facies associations/assemblage :
o constitute several facies that occur in combination, and
typically represent one depositional environment (note
that very few individual facies are diagnostic for one
specific setting)
o groups of facies genetically related to one another and
which have some environmental significance (Collinson,
1969)
Facies successions:
a progressive change in certain facies properties in a
specific direction (vertically or laterally).
o Facies analysis is the interpretation of strata in
terms of depositional environments (or
depositional systems), commonly based on a
wide variety of observations
Lithofacies
• Facies based on petrological characters such as
grain size and mineralogy
Biofacies
• Facies based on fossil content (flora & fauna)
Ichnology
Beach environment
Tidal environment
Facies Succession
Beach Env.
Deltaic Env.
Sedimentary Facies :
1. Non-Marine Environment:
• Lacustrine
• Fluvial & Alluvial Fan
• Delta & Estuarine
3. Marine Environment:
• Turbidite
Lake
Alluvial Fan & Fluvial System
Braided Stream
Meandering
Delta & Estuary
Marine delta
(estuary) River delta
Turbidite System
(Deep sea depositional)