HYUNDAI 210LC7

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Marco Aurélio olivetto

 SECTION 3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Group 1 Hydraulic Circuit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-1

Group 2 Main Circuit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-2
Group 3 Pilot Circuit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-5
Group 4 Single Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-13
Group 5 Combined Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-23
 SECTION 3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
GROUP 1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT(red color)
10 11 8 9

4
RED RED

PBP
(XBp1) (XBp2)

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2 2

XAa2
XAa1

Dr1
1 Main pump
XBa2
2 Main control valve
VA VB VB VA
XBa1 XAa2
3 Swing motor
XBa2 XAk 4 Travel motor
12 5 RCV lever(LH)
XAb2
XBk 6 RCV lever(RH)
Dr4
PbL 7 RCV pedal
dr3 XAb2
Pk As
XBs XAb Ab1 8 Boom cylinder(LH)
3 Bs
XAs
Bb1
9 Boom cylinder(RH)
Pns
XBtl
XBb
10 Arm cylinder
Dr6 XA0
XBs Atl
XB0 11 Bucket cylinder
SH Btl
25 XAtl
12 Turning joint
dr4
PG XAs
XAtr
13 Check valve
Atr
14 Check valve
Btr

XBtr 15 Hydraulic tank

C
R1 16 Oil cooler
PA PB
P2 R2 17 Air breather
PH
Px 18 Bypass valve
A B 19 Strainer
20 Spin filter
Pz
P1 Py 21 Line filter
SWING ARM 5 7 TRAVEL BUCKET BOOM 6 PG
24
22 Solenoid valve
1 A1 A2 23 Accumulator
14 13 24 Pressure switch
XAs XBs XBa1 XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1
dr2~dr8 16 25 Shuttle valve
(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4)
XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr 26 Last guard filter
(1) (2) (3) (4)
17
23 26 15 Pm1
Fl
Pm2

20 (Pi1)
Fr
Pns Pk Pm1 Pm2 PZ
22 dr1
(Pi2)

A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
18
M
P4 PG(S/Motor)
19 dr1
P3 PG(MCV) 21 A3
P2
P1
21073HS01

3-1
HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT(#9307 and up, yellow color)

C1 P2 P1
4 10 11 8 9
R/H

CK1 Rs Pn2 Pn1

A 2
B

D
B
(Foward)
C2 P3 D P4 B5
DR S/Motor DB A5
P Pk C5
C1 P3 D P4 D5
Pc5 Pb5
A Pd5
C Pa5
CK2

A
12 C4
B
(Backward) D4
B4
Pc41 DR3
Pb4
L/H
Pa4 1 Main pump
C2 P2 P1 Pd40

Pc40 Pc42 2 Main control valve

PG
3 Swing motor
SH Pb3
Pc3
PB C 3 DR2 Pd41
4 Travel motor
Pa21
5 Rcv lever(LH)
B2
B (CCW)
V3 6 Rcv lever(RH)
A2
C2
D2
Pb21 7 Rcv pedal
DR1
A
Pc2
Pd2
Pb20 8 Boom cylinder(LH)
(CW) Pa20
P02
9 Boom cylinder(RH)
Patt 24
DB(R7) PA C1 B1 10 Arm cylinder
D1 A1
Pc1 Pb1 11 Bucket cylinder
Pd1 Pa1
12 Turning joint
DR0
P01 13 Check valve
14 Check valve
6 24 Ptr
SWING ARM 5 BUCKET BOOM TRAVEL 7
Pu
15 Hydraulic tank
P1 P2 T1
16 Oil cooler
17 Air breather
Psv

(2) (3) (2)

A1 a4 A2 18 Bypass valve
(1) (3) (4) (1) (4)

SH
14 13 19 Strainer
(2) (1) (4) (3) 26 1 a1 a2
Pb1
A B D E G F H J
Pa1 Pd1 Pc1
20 Spin filter
Dr#,dr#,R# 16
25 Pc2 Pd2 Pc40 Pa5 Pb5 Pa20 Pb20 21 Line filter
27 Pd40 17 22 Solenoid valve
Pm1 Pm2
22 (MCV) 15 23 Accumulator
Pb4 Pk
(T/Joint) Pm1
Pu
Pm2 (MCV) 23 Pi1 Pi2
(Pump) (Pump) (Fl,MCV) (Fr,MCV)
20 24 Pressure switch
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 18
P4 PG(S/Motor) M 25 Shuttle valve
19 a3
P3 Pg1(MCV) Dr 26 Last guard filter
P2
B1 B3 A3
P1 27 Shockless valve
21073HS01A
21

3-1-1
GROUP 2 MAIN CIRCUIT

The main hydraulic circuit consists of suction circuit, delivery circuit, return circuit and drain circuit.
The hydraulic system consists of one main pump, one control valve, one swing motor, four cylinders
and two travel motors.
The swash plate type variable displacement axial piston pump is used as the main pump and is
driven by the engine at ratio 1.0 of engine speed.

1. SUCTION AND DELIVERY CIRCUIT

To cylinders To motors

Main control valve To oil cooler

To hydraulic oil tank

Main pump
Suction filter

Hydraulic oil tank

(210-7) 3-03

The pumps receive oil from the hydraulic tank through a suction filter. The discharged oil from the
pump flows into the control valve and goes out the tank ports.
The oil discharged from the main pump flows to the actuators through the control valve.
The control valve controls the hydraulic functions.
The return oil from the actuators flows to the hydraulic tank through the control valve and the oil
cooler.

3-2
2. RETURN CIRCUIT

Check valve(2)
Full flow filter Oil cooler 1.5kgf/cm 2

Main control valve Actuators

Check valve(1)
3.0kgf/cm 2

Bypass relief valve

1.5kgf/cm 2

21073CI01

All oil returned from each actuator returns to the hydraulic tank through the control valve.
The bypass check valves are provided in the return circuit.
The setting pressure of bypass check valves are 1.5kgf/cm2(21psi) and 3.0kgf/cm2(43psi). Usually, oil
returns to the hydraulic tank from the left side of control valve through oil cooler.
When oil temperature is low, viscosity becomes higher and flow resistance increases when passing
through the oil cooler. When the oil pressure exceeds 3.0kgf/cm2(43psi), the oil returns directly to the
hydraulic tank, resulting in the oil temperature being raised quickly at an appropriate level.
When the oil cooler is clogged, the oil returns directly to the hydraulic tank through bypass check valve(1).
The full-flow filter and bypass relief valve are provided in the hydraulic tank.
The oil returned from right and left side of control valve is combined and filtered by the full-flow filter. A
bypass relief valve is provided in the full-flow filter.
When the filter element is clogged, the bypass relief valve opens at 1.5kgf/cm2(21psi) differential pressure.

3-3
3. DRAIN CIRCUIT

Travel motor Swing motor

Main pump

Turning joint

Bypass valve
1.5kgf/cm2

Spin filter
Hydraulic
oil tank

(210-7) 3-04

Besides internal leaks from the motors and main pump, the oil for lubrication circulates. These oil have
to be fed to the hydraulic tank passing through spin filter.
When the drain oil pressure exceed 1.5kgf/cm2(21psi), the oil returns to the hydraulic tank directly.

1) TRAVEL MOTOR DRAIN CIRCUIT

Oil leaked from the right and left travel motors comes out of the drain ports provided in the
respective motor casing and join with each other. These oils pass through the turning joint and
return to the hydraulic tank after being filtered by spin filter.
2) SWING MOTOR DRAIN CIRCUIT
Oil leaked from the swing motor returns to the hydraulic tank passing through a spin filter with oil
drained from the travel circuit .
3) MAIN PUMP DRAIN CIRCUIT
Oil leaked from main pump returns to the hydraulic tank passing through spin filter.

3-4
GROUP 3 PILOT CIRCUIT

Remote control valve Remote control valve

RCV pedal (RH lever)
(LH lever)

Safety lock
solenoid valve Swing parking brake

Control valve
Travel speed solenoid valve

Max flow cut off solenoid valve

Power boost solenoid valve

Boom priority valve

Line filter
Main pump
Relief valve
35kgf/cm2

Pilot pump
Suction filter

(210-7) 3-05

The pilot circuit consists of suction circuit, delivery circuit and return circuit.
The pilot pump is provided with relief valve, receives the oil from the hydraulic tank through the
suction filter.
The discharged oil from the pilot pump flows to the remote control valve through line filter, EPPR
valve, solenoid valve assemblies, swing parking brake, main control valve and safety lock solenoid
valve.

3-5
1. SUCTION, DELIVERY AND RETURN CIRCUIT

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl
Dr6 XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG Py

TR SW AM BK BM

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1 PILOT
PUMP
XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pm2
Pz LINE FILTER
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

SAFETY
SOLENOID
VALVE

The pilot pump receive oil from the hydraulic tank. The discharged oil from the pilot pump flows to
the safety solenoid valve through the line filter. The oil is filtered by the line filter. The pilot relief
valve is provided in the pilot pump for limiting the pilot circuit pressure.
The oil filtered by line filter flows remote control valve through safety solenoid valve.
The return oil flow into the hydraulic tank.

3-6
2. SAFETY VALVE(SAFETY LEVER)

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl
Dr6 XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz PG
P1 Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

LEVER
DOWN HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

SOLENOID VALVE LEVER

UP
SAFETY
SOLENOID VALVE

When the lever of the safety solenoid valve is moved downward, oil flows into the remote control
valve through solenoid valve and line filter.
When the lever of the safety solenoid valve is moved upward, oil does not flow into the remote
control valve, because of the blocked port.

3-7
3. BOOM PRIORITY SYSTEM
ARM BUCKET BOOM
TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl
Dr6 XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz PG
P1 Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When carrying out the combined operation of swing and boom or arm, the boom or arm operating
speed is lowered then normal operation.
To increase working efficieny, swing speed reducing system is used.
When heavy duty working mode in work mode is on, pilot oil from pilot pump flow into Pns port in
main control valve through solenoid valve. Pns oil pressure move swing reducing spool to lower
positon and oil flow rate to the swing motor decreased.
Then, the boom or arm speed is increased.
This is called the boom priority system.

3-8
4. TRAVEL SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROL PISTON
TRAVEL MOTOR PILOT VALVE
RED RED
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

VA VB VB VA

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

Pk

dr3 XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl
Dr6 XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz PG
P1 Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When the travel speed switch is pushed, the travel speed solenoid valve is actuated and the
discharged oil from the pilot pump flows to the Pk port of pilot valve in the travel motors.
As a result, the control piston is pushed by the main oil flow, thus the displacement is minimized.
When the travel speed switch is pushed once more, the travel speed solenoid valve is return to
original position by the force of spring, the hydraulic oil of Pk port retums to the hydraulic tank.
As a result, the control piston is returned by the main oil flow, thus the displacement is maximized.

3-9
5. MAIN RELIEF PRESSURE CHANGE SYSTEM

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2

XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl
Dr6 XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl

XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz PG
P1 Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When the power boost switch on the left control lever is pushed ON, the power boost solenoid valve
is actuated, the discharged oil from the pilot pump flows into Pz port of the main relief valve of main
control valve; then the setting pressure of the main relief valve is raised from 330kgf/cm2 to 360kgf/cm2
for increasing the digging power. And even when pressed continuously, it is canceled after 8
seconds.

3 - 10
6. MAX FLOW CUT OFF SYSTEM

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

TR SW AM BK BM

Pz P1 PG Py

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr
A1 A2

Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV) HYDRAULIC TANK
P2
dr2 P1
Pm1 Pm2
Fl Fr
(Pi1) (Pi2)
M
dr1

A3

When the breaker operation mode is selected on the cluster, max flow cut off solenoid valve actuates
automatically.
Thus pilot pressure(Pm1,2) is sent to the regulator and pump discharge volume is decreased.

3 - 11
7. SWING PARKING BRAKE RELEASE
ARM BUCKET BOOM
TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
SWING MOTOR XAa1
Dr1

XBs XBa2
SH ARM 1 ARM 2
XBa1 XAa2

PG XAs XBa2 XAk

Ak1
dr4
BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
C XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
PA PB SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
A B OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When the swing control lever is tilted, the pilot oil flow into SH port of shuttle valve, this pressure
move spool so, discharged oil from pilot valve flow into PG port.
This pressure is applied to swing motor disc, thus the brake is released.
When the swing control lever is set in the neutral position, oil in the swing motor disc cylinder is
drained, thus the brake is applied.

3 - 12
GROUP 4 SINGLE OPERATION
1. BOOM UP OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the right control lever is pulled back, the boom spools in the main control valve are moved to
the up position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the front and rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large
chamber of boom cylinders.
At the same time, the oil from the small chamber of boom cylinders returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the boom spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the boom goes up.
The excessive pressure in the boom cylinder bottom end circuit is prevented by relief valve.
When the boom is up and the control lever is returned to neutral position, the circuit for the holding
pressure at the bottom end of the boom cylinder is closed by the boom holding valve.
This prevents the hydraulic drift of boom cylinder.

3 - 13
GROUP 4 SINGLE OPERATION
1. BOOM UP OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the right control lever is pulled back, the boom spools in the main control valve are moved to
the up position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the front and rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large
chamber of boom cylinders.
At the same time, the oil from the small chamber of boom cylinders returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the boom spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the boom goes up.
The excessive pressure in the boom cylinder bottom end circuit is prevented by relief valve.
When the boom is up and the control lever is returned to neutral position, the circuit for the holding
pressure at the bottom end of the boom cylinder is closed by the boom holding valve.
This prevents the hydraulic drift of boom cylinder.

3 - 13
2. BOOM DOWN OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px R2
P2

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the right control lever is pushed forward, the boom spools in the main control valve are moved
to the down position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small chamber of
boom cylinders. At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of boom cylinders returns to the
hydraulic tank through the boom spool in the main control valve.
When the down speed of boom is faster, the oil returned from the large chamber of boom cylinder
combines with the oil from the rear pump, and flows into the small chamber of the cylinder.
This prevents cylinder cavitation by the negative pressure when the rear pump flow can not match
the boom down speed. And the excessive pressure in the boom cylinder rod end circuit is
prevented by the relief valve.

3 - 14
3. ARM ROLL IN OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the left control lever is pulled back, the arm spools in the main control valve are moved the to
roll in position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the front and rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large
chamber of arm cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from small chamber of arm cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank through
the arm spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the arm rolls in.
The cavitation which will happen to the bottom of the arm cylinder is also prevented by the make-up
valve in the main control valve.

3 - 15
4. ARM ROLL OUT OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz
Pz P1 PG
PG Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the left control lever is pushed forward, the arm spool in the main control valve are moved to
the roll out position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the front and rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small
chamber of arm cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of arm cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the arm spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the arm rolls out.
The cavitation which will happen to the rod of the arm cylinder is also prevented by the make-up
valve in the main control valve.

3 - 16
5. BUCKET ROLL IN OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the right control lever is pulled left, the bucket spool in the main control valve is moved to the
roll in position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large chamber of
bucket cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from the small chamber of bucket cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the boom spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the bucket rolls in.
The cavitation which will happen to the bottom of the bucket cylinder is also prevented by the make-
up valve in the main control valve.

3 - 17
6. BUCKET ROLL OUT OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the right control lever is pushed right, the bucket spool in the main control valve is moved to
the roll out position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the front pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small chamber of
bucket cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of bucket cylinder retums to the hydraulic oil tank
through the bucket spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the bucket rolls out.
The cavitation which will happen to the rod of the bucket cylinder is also prevented by the make-up
valve in the main control valve.

3 - 18
7. SWING OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
SWING MOTOR XAa1
Dr1

XBs XBa2
SH ARM 1 ARM 2
XBa1 XAa2

PG XAs XBa2 XAk

Ak1
dr4
BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
C XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
PA PB SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
A B OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
TR SW AM BK BM
PILOT
PUMP

XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1

XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When the left control lever is pushed left or right, the swing spool in the main control valve is moved
to the left or right swing position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control valve.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the swing motor.
At the same time, the return oil from the swing motor returns to the hydraulic oil tank through the
swing spool in the main control valve.
When this happens, the superstructure swings to the left or right.
The swing parking brake, make up valve and the overload relief valve are provided in the swing
motors. The cavitation which will happen to the swing motor is also prevented by the make up valve
in the swing motor itself.

3 - 19
SWING CIRCUIT OPERATION

PARKING BRAKE
BRAKE RELEASE VALVE
BRAKE OFF
SH BRAKE ON

PG
dr4

MAKE UP VALVE
C(MAKE UP PORT)

PA PB MOTOR BRAKE VALVE

A B
TO/FROM MAIN CONTROL VALVE

1) MOTOR BRAKE VALVE

Motor brake valve for the swing motor limits to cushion the starting and stopping pressure of swing
operation.
2) MAKE UP VALVE
The make up valves prevent cavitation by supplying return oil to the vacuum side of the motor.
3) PARKING BRAKE
In case that the parking, of the machine at slope is required during operation, there is the danger of
involuntary swing caused by the self weight of the machine. The brake is connected to prevent this
involuntary swing.
PARKING BRAKE "OFF" OPERATION
The parking brake is released by the pilot pressure oil from the pilot pump.
When the left control lever placed in the swing position, the pilot pressure at the shuttle valve is
transferred to the brake release valve and the brake release valve is change over. Then the pilot
pressure lift the brake piston and release the parking brake.
PARKING BRAKE "ON" OPERATION
When the control lever placed in the neutral position, the pressure of the pilot oil passage down.
Then the brake release valve returned to the neutral position and the oil is returned from the brake
piston to the tank. And the brake is set to 'ON".
BYPASS VALVE
This bypass valve absorbs shocks produced as swing motion stops and reduced oscillation cause
by swing motion.

3 - 20
8. TRAVEL FORWARD AND REVERSE OPERATION

TRAVEL MOTOR
RED RED BOOM
ARM BUCKET
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

VA VB VB VA

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

Pk

dr3
XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

TR SW AM BK BM
FRONT REAR
PUMP PUMP
PILOT
XAs XBs XBa1XAa1 XBk XAk XAb1 XBb1 PUMP
XAtl XBtl XAtr XBtr

XAs
HYDRAULIC TANK
Pns Pk Pm1 Pz
Pm2
A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
P4 PG(S/Motor)
P3 PG(MCV)
P2
dr2 P1

When the travel levers are pushed forward or reverse position, the travel spools in the main control
valve are moved to the forward or reverse travel position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote
control valve.
The oil from the both pumps flows into the main control valve and then goes to the both travel motors
through the turning joint.
The return oil from both travel motors returns to the hydraulic oil tank through the turning joint and the
travel spools in the main control valve.
When this happens, the machine moves to the forward or reverse.

3 - 21
TRAVEL CIRCUIT OPERATION

RED RED

VA VB dr3
VB VA
Pk
OVERLOAD
CHECK VALVE RELIEF VALVE

TURNING JOINT COUNTER

BALANCE VALVE

TO/FROM MAIN CONTROL VALVE

Valves are provided on travel motors to offer the following functions.

1) COUNTER BALANCE VALVE

When stopping the motor of slope descending, this valve to prevent the motor over run.
2) OVERLOAD RELIEF VALVE
Relief valve limit the circuit pressure below 365kgf/cm2 to prevent high pressure generated at at time
of stopping the machine. Stopping the motor, this valve sucks the oil from lower pressure passage
for preventing the negative pressure and the cavitation of the motor.

3 - 22
GROUP 5 COMBINED OPERATION
1. OUTLINE
ARM BUCKET BOOM
TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
STRAIGHT
TRAVEL PILOT
SPOOL PUMP

The oil from the front and rear pump flows through the neutral oil passage, bypass oil passage and
confluence oil passage in the main control valve. Then the oil goes to each actuator and operates
them. Check valves and orifices are located on these oil passage in the main control valve.
These control the oil from the main pumps so as to correspond to the operation of each actuator and
smooth the combined operation.

STRAIGHT TRAVEL SPOOL

This straight travel spool for straight travel is provided in the main control valve.
If any actuator is operated when traveling, the straight travel spool is pushed to the left by the pilot oil
pressure.
Consequently, the left and right travel oil supply passage are connected, and equivalent amount of
oil flows into the left and right travel motors. This keeps the straight travel.

3 - 23
2. COMBINED SWING AND BOOM OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the swing and boom functions are operated, simultaneously the swing spool and boom spools
in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the
remote control valve.
The oil from the front pump flows into the swing motor through swing spool and the boom cylinder
through boom 2 spool.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the boom cylinders through the boom 1 spool in the right
control valve.
The superstructure swings and the boom is operated.

3 - 24
3. COMBINED SWING AND ARM OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the swing and arm functions are operated, simultaneously the swing spool and arm spools in
the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote
control valve.
The oil from the front pump flows into the swing motor through swing spool and the arm cylinder
through arm 1 spool.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the arm cylinder through the arm 2 spool of the right control
valve.
The superstructure swings and the arm is operated.

3 - 25
4. COMBINED SWING AND BUCKET OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the swing and bucket functions are operated, simultaneously the swing spool and bucket
spool in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the
remote control valve.
The oil from the front pump flows into the swing motor through the swing spool in the left control
valve.
The oil from the rear pump flows into the bucket cylinder through the bucket spool in the right control
valve.

3 - 26
5. COMBINED SWING, BOOM, ARM AND BUCKET OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the swing, boom, arm and bucket functions are operated, simultaneously each spool in the
main control valve is moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote control
valve.
The oil from the front pump flows into the swing motor, boom cylinders and arm cylinder through the
swing spool, boom 2 spool, arm 1 spool, and the parallel and confluence oil passage in the left
control valve. The oil from the rear pump flows into the boom cylinders, arm cylinder and bucket
cylinder through the boom 1 spool, arm 2 spool, bucket spool and the parallel and confluence oil
passage in the right control valve.
The superstructure swings and the boom, arm and bucket are operated.

3 - 27
6. COMBINED SWING AND TRAVEL OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the swing and travel functions are operated, simultaneously the swing spool and travel spools
in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the
remote control valve and straight travel spool is pushed to the left by the pilot oil pressure from the
pilot pump.
The oil from the front pump flows into the swing motor through the swing spool. The oil from the rear
pump flows into the travel motor through the RH travel spool of the right control valve and the LH
travel spool of the left control valve via the straight travel spool.
The superstructure swings and the machine travels straight.

3 - 28
7. COMBINED BOOM AND TRAVEL OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the boom and travel functions are operated, simultaneously the boom spools and travel
spools in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the
remote control valve and the straight travel spool is pushed to the left by the oil pressure from pilot
pump.
The oil from the front pump flows into the boom cylinders through the boom 2 spool and boom 1
spool via the parallel and confluence oil passage in case boom up operation. The oil from the rear
pump flows into the travel motors through the RH travel spool of the right control valve and the LH
travel spool of the left control valve via the straight travel spool.

3 - 29
8. COMBINED ARM AND TRAVEL OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl
XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the arm and travel functions are operated, simultaneously the arm spools and travel spools in
the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the remote
control valve and the straight travel spool is pushed to the left by the oil pressure from pilot pump.
The oil from the front pump flows into the arm cylinders through the arm 1 spool and arm 2 spool via
the parallel and confluence oil passage. The oil from the rear pump flows into the travel motors
through the RH travel spool of the right control valve and the LH travel spool of the left control valve
via the straight travel spool.
The arm is operated and the machine travels straight.

3 - 30
9. COMBINED BUCKET AND TRAVEL OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

TRAVEL MOTOR CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

(XBp1) (XBp2)
PBP

PaL Dr3 Fl Fr Dr2

XAa2
XAa1
Dr1

XBa2
ARM 1 ARM 2
SWING MOTOR XBa1 XAa2
XBa2 XAk
Ak1

BUCKET Bk1
BOOM 2 XBk
XAb2
Dr4
PbL
XAb2
XBs Pns XAb Ab1
SWING BOOM 1 Bb1
XAs
XBb
XBtl Dr6
XA0
OPTION XB0
TRAVEL(LH)
XAtl

XAtr
Atr

TRAVEL(RH) Btr
XBtr

R1
P2 R2
PH
Px

Pz P1 PG
Py

FRONT REAR
HYDRAULIC TANK PUMP PUMP
PILOT
PUMP

When the bucket and travel functions are operated, simultaneously the bucket spool and travel
spools in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure from the
remote control valve, and the straight travel spool is pushed to the left by the oil pressure from pilot
pump. The oil from the front pump flows into the bucket cylinder through the bucket spool via the
confluence oil passage. The oil from the rear pump flows into the travel motors through the RH
travel spool of the right control valve and the LH travel spool of the left control valve via the straight
travel spool of the control valve.
The bucket is operated and the machine travels straight.

3 - 31