NORME CEI INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 60076-1 STANDARD Edition 2.1 2000-04 Edition 2:1993 consolidée par 'amendement 1:1999 Edition 2:1993 consolidated with amendment 1:1999 Transformateurs de puissance — Partie 1: Généralités Power transformers — Part t: General sami etree I Pofoones nt : crue ecorosaosesnt eeNORME CEl INTERNATIONALE IEC INTERNATIONAL 60076-1 STAN DA RD Edition 2.4 2000-04 Edition 2:1999 consolidée par I'amendement 1:1999 Edition 2:19¢3 consclidated with amendment 1:1999 Transformateurs de puissance — Partie 1: Généralités Power transformers — Part 1: General @ HEC 2000 Droits de reproduction réservés — Copyright - all rights reserved snp mp te monn wrt scene eu Wet soe ‘econ mosh reve Rouen sie g a 2. rae de Verembé Gonava, Swererand tevemationai Ecrotecrnioa! Comenission Teletan: 4a} 22919 6300 ‘emai: inmaii6iac.ch IEC web ste mei ioa.ch cone eAX Commission Eleetrorechrgua latwmationsle ie Sromettonal Elesiscternnicel Commission PRICE GORE x Manayapoaion SreiepsreMontOO8 HOMIE a eecgaia agar © pte Senses cn60078-1 1E6:19934A1:1998 -3- CONTENTS FOREWORD 7 - cimase 1 Scope and service conditions. 7 9 i | ee 9 4.2 Service conditions... 2 Normative reterances. 3. Definitions. B14 General 3:2 Terminals and nouirel point 32.3 Windings. 3.4 Rating... 3.5 Tappings. 3.6 Losses and no-load currants... 3.7 Short-circuit impedance and voltage drop. 3.8 Temperature rise ... 3.9 Insulation 3.10. Connections. 2.41. Kings of tests... 2.12 Meteorotogical data with respect to codling.. 4 Rating... events 4.1 Rated power 4.2 Loading cycle.. 4.3 Preferred values Of rated POWEL sneer 2.4 Operation at higher than aed voltage andor at disturbed frequency. 5 Requirements tor vanstormers having a tapped winding . 5.1 General ~ Notation of tapping range 5.2 Tapping vollage — tapping current, Standard categories of tepaing voltage variation. Maximum voltage tapping... 5.3. Tapping power. Full-power 1appings ~ reduced-power tappings . 44 5.4 Specification of tappings in enquiry and order... . 5.5 Specification of short-circuit impedance, 6.6 Load loss and temperature rise. Connection and phase displacement symbols for three-phase tanstormers.. Rating plates. - 7.4 Inlormation to be given in all cases. 7.2 Additional information to be given when applicable . 8 Miscelianeous requirements. 8.1 Dimensioning of neutral connection 5.2 Oil preservation system 8.3. Load rejection on generator transformers. 9 Tolerances.80076-1 @ IEC1999+A1:1998 -ae Page 59 a 59 Gisuse 40 Tests 10.1. General requirements for routine, type and special tests. 10.2 Measurement of winding resistance: - 10.3. Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement 10.4 Measurement of short-circuit Impedance and load less 10.5 Measurement of no-load loss and current 10.8 Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current. 10.7 Measurement of 2ero-sequence impedance(s} on three-phase transformers. 10.8 Tests on on-load tap-changers. 11 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMO).. Annex A (normative) Information required with enguiry and order. aoe Annex B (informative Examples of specifications for transtormers wilh tapings...» Annex € (informative) Specification of short-cirevit impedance by boundaries... ‘Annex D fintormative) Three-phase transiormer connections...... Annex E (normative) Temperature correction of load loss... Annex F (informative) Bibliography. 81 Figure 12) - Constant flux voltage variation CFVV Figure 1b) — Variable flux voltage variation VFWV..... Figure 1¢) — Combined voltage variation CbWV.. Figure 2 = illustration of ‘clock number’ notation — three examples Figure ©.1 - Exampie of specification of short-circuit impedance by boundaries. Figure D.1 - Common connections, Figure D.2 - Additional connections - Figure 0.3 ~ Designation of connections of tree-hase auto-transformers by connection symbo's. Auto-transtormar Ya0. Figure 0.4 ~ Example of three single-phase transformers connected to form a three-phase bank (connection symbol Yd5).... sven en76-1 © IEC:1993+A1:1999 “Te INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION POWER TRANSFORMERS — Part 1: General FOREWORD 4) Tho 126 tinternational Eleet:olechnica! Commission) + a worlowide organization tor standardkzation comprsieg AI national electotachricsl comminess {IEC National Commizioes). The object of tne IEC ist promate Intemational eo operaicr an all questions conceming slandacdization in the eleciiea! anc alectonie files. To this end and in addition to other activiias, the IC publishes Iniesnational Standards. Their preparation is Gntvated fo techniecl commitiese. any 60 Nasonal Commitee mtocested in the subject ocat with may parieipate in ie preparatory work. Inomatienal, governmental and non-governmanial organizations taising th the IEC also paricipate in this preparation, The [EC golaborates closely with tho Intemational Grpanization for Stendardization (ISO) in accordance wilh concilions delemined by agreement between Ihe ‘wo organizations, 2) The formal decisions or agrooments ol the JEG on techmea! matters express, as nearly as possible, a ternetional consensus of apinion on the relevant subjects since each technical commitige fas represeriation trom ai) imeresiod Nafioral Gommitees, 23) The documents produced have the form af recammandations for Intemational use and ave published i the form Of standarea, technical specications, Yechnucal Teperls or guides and they are accepted by tne Nationa’ Committees in that sense. In over te promete international unification, IEG Nations! Committees undertake to apply |EC Internationa! Eandards tanoparerdiy to. Ine maximum exient possible in ter national and rogional stancards. Ary divergence berween ine TEC Standard ane the corresponding national oF regional standard shall be clearly ingieated in the lates The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate «= approval and cannat be randeted tasponsibie for any ecupment dectared to be In conformity with one af is standards, Attention is drawn to the possibly that gome of the elements of this Intemational Stardard may be the subject (of patent nights. The IES shall not be helt responsibie for identily'ng ary or all such patent vights 4 5 8 ‘This International Standard has been prepared by IEC by technical committee 14: Power transtormers. This coneclidated version of JEC 60076-1 is based on the second edition (1984) [documents 44(CO}78 and 14{CO)77), 8 amendment 1 (1993) [documents 14/344/EDIS and 14/345/RVD} and its corrigendum of June 1997. It bears the edition number 2.1. ‘A vertical line in the margin shows where the base publication has been modified by amendment 1. IEC 60076 consists of the following paris, under the general title: Power transformers. Part 1:1993, General. Part 2:1993, Temperature rise. Part 3:1980, insulation levels and dielectric tests. Part §:1976, Ability to withstand short circuit. Annexes A end E form an integral part of this standard. Annexes 6, ©. D and F are tor information only,i i i 0076-1 © IEC:1999+41:1999 -9- POWER TRANSFORMERS ~ Part 1: General 1 Scope and service conditions 1.4 Scope This part of Intemational Standard JEC 60076 applies to three-phase and single-phase power lranstormers (including auto-transformers} with the exception of certain categories of smalt and special transformers such as’ single-phase transformers with rated power less than 1 kVA and three-phase transtormers less than § kVA; — instrament transtormers; = transtormers for static convertors: = traction transformers mounted on roiling stock; = starting transformers; = testing transformers: ~ welding transformers, When IEC standards do not exist for such categories of transformers, this part of IEC 60076 may still be applicabie either as a whole or in part For those categories of power transformers and reactors which have their own IEC standards, this part is applicabie only to the extent in which it is specificaily calied up by cross-reference in the other standard. At several places in this part it is specified or recommended that an ‘agreement’ shall be reached concerning alternative or additional tecrmical solutions or procedures. Such agreement is 10 be made between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The matters should prelerably be raised at an early stage and the agreements included in the contract specification. 1.2 Service conditions 1.2.1. Normal service conditions This part of IEC 60076 gives detailed requirements tor transiormers for use under the following conditions: a) Altitude ‘A beight above sea-level not exceeding 1 000 m (3 S00 ft). b} Temperature of ambient air and cooling medium [A temperature of ambient air not below ~25 °C and not above +40 *C. For water-cooled jranslormers, a temperature of cooling water at the inlet not exceeding +25 °C. ‘Such siandaras exist for ary-lype stanetormars (IEC £0726), for reactors in general (IEC. 60282), for traction60076-1 @ 1EC:1993+A4-1999 atte Further limitations, with regard to cooling are given for = ojlsimmessed transtormers in }EC 60076-2; — dry-type transformers in IEC 60726. 6} Wave shape of supply voltage A supply voltage cf which the wave shape is approximately sinusoidal. NOTE This requirement ss rotmelly not efilige! in public eupply systems but may have 10 98 considered in Instalaions. wh woneiderabie convertor Jaacing. in suoh cases eres 2 cotversional rule that the Getormation shall nesiher exceed 5% lols! harmorie goniemt nor 1" even barmonic content. Algo note tho impottance ot cutont harmonics for load losa ara temperature Hse ¢) Symmetry of three-phase supply voltage For three-phase transformers, a sot of three-phase supply voltages which are approximately symmetrical. 2) Installation environment An environment with a pollution rate (see IEC 60137 and IEC 60815) that does not require special consideration regarding the external insulation of tranformer bushings or of the transformer itselt {An environment not exposed to evismic disturbance which would otherwise require special consideration in tne design, (This is assured to be the case when the ground acceleration level ayis below 2 mvis.)” 1.2.2 Provision tor unusual service conditions. Any unusual service conditions which may lead 1o special consideration in the design of 2 transformer shall be stated in the enquiry and the order. These may be factors such as high altitude, extreme high ot low temperature, tropical humidity, seismic activity, severe Contamination, unusual voltage or load current wave shapes and intermitten! icading. Thay may also concern conditions for shipment, storage end installation, such as weight ar space tations {see annex A). ‘Supplementary rules for rating and testing are given in other publications for: = Temperature rise and cooling in high ambient temperature or at high sttitude: IEC 60076-2 for oilimmersed transformers, and IEC 60726 for dry-type transformers, - External insulation at high altitude: IEC 60076-8 and IEC 60076-: transformers, and IEC 60726 for dry-type transformers. 1 for ojkimmersed 2. Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constituts provisions of this part of IEG 60076. At the time of publication, the editions indicated wore valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agree- ments based on this part of IEC 60076 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative documents indicated befow. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.| | 0076-1 © 1EC1998+A3:3999 -53- IEC 80050(42t):1990, Internationa! Electrotechnical Vocabulary ~ Chapter 421: Power transformers and reactors IEC 60088-3-3:1991. Environmental testing — Part 2: Guidance. Seismic tesi methads for equipments JEC 60076-2:1998, Power transformers ~ Part 2: Temperature rise s€C 60076-3:1980, Power transformers ~ Part 3: Insulation leveis and dielectric tests IEC 60076-2-1:1987, Power transformers - Part 3: Insulation levels and dieiectric tests. External clearances in air IEC 60076-5:197, Power transformers ~ Part 5: Ability to withstand short circuit IEC 60137:1984, Bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V IEC 60854:1991, Loading guide for oi-immersed power transformers IEC 60529:1989, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) IEC 60551:1987. Determination of transformer and reactor sound levels 1EC. 60608:1978, Application guide for power transformers IEC 60726:1982, Dry-lype power transformers 1EC 60815:1886, Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions IEC 60905:1987, Loading guide for dry-lype power transformers ISO 3:1973, Preferred numbers — Series of proterred numbers 180 9001:1987, Qualily systems - Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation and servicing 3. Definitions is part of IEC 60076, the following definitions shall apply. Other terms ‘bed to them in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (EV). For the purpose of thi use Ihe meanings ascrit 3.1 General 344 power transformer Perotic piece of apparatus with two or more windings which. By alectromagnetic induction, Granstorms a system of elfernating voltage and current Into another system of voltage and eelrent usually of different values and at the same frequency for the purpose of transmitting Slectrical power [EV 42-01-01, modified}0076-1 © 1EC:19994A1-1998 =18- BAZ auto-transforme: a transformer in which al least two windings have a common part [IEV 421-01-11] 31.3 booster transformer 2 transformer of which one winding is Inlended to be connected in series with = circuit in order {o aller its voltage anc/or shift its phase. The other winding is an energizing winding UEV 421-01-12, mositied] 3.14 cil-immersed type transformer a transformer of which the magnetic cxrcuit and windings are immersed in oil [JEV 421-01-14] ait any insulating liquid, mineral oil or other product, is regarded es oll NOTE For ine purpose ot 3.1.5 dry-type transformer a transformer of which the magnetic circuit and windings are not immersed in an insulating liquid (IEV 421-01-18] 31.6 oil preservation system the system in an oil-immersed translormer by which the thermat expansion of the oil is, accommodated. Contact between the oil and extemal air may sometimes be diminished or prevented 3.2 Terminals and neutral point 3.24 terminal ‘a conducting element intended for connecting a winding to external conductors 3.22 ine terminal a terminal intended for connection to a line conductor of a network (IEV 421-02-01] 323 neutral terminal a) For three-phase transformers and three-phase banks of single-phase transformers: ‘The terminal or terminals connected to the common point (the nevtral point) of a slar- connected or zigzag connected winding. b) For single-phase transtormers: ‘The terminal intended for connection to a neutral point of a network [IEV 421-02-02, modified} 3.2.4 Reutral point the point of a symmetrical system of voltages which is normally at zero potential 3.2.5 corresponding terminals ; Terminals of differant windings of a transformer, marked with the same letter or corresponding symbo' [IEV 421-02-08) * wnere there is a need to exDrezs that a transformer is nat auto-connected, use ws made of terms such as-——_ n—>scon0—o—omeeome 6076-1 @ 1EC:1995+A1:1999 -47- 3.3 Windings 3.34 winding the assembly of tums forming an electrical circu associated with one of ihe voltages assigned to the transformer : NOTE Fota three-phase rarsiarmar, the ‘winding’ is the combinalior of the phase wingings (see 2.5.2). HEY 425-08-01, moctied} i 3.3.2 tapped winding a winding in which the eflective number of turns can be changed in steps 3.3.3 phase winding the assembly of turns forming one phase of a three-phase winding NOTE The term ‘phase winding! should nat be used for ideniitying the assomaly ofa! cals on @ spectic loa. : EV 42-08-02: moattiea? 33.4 high-voltage winding” the winding having the highest reted voltage [IEV 421-08-03] 3.3.5 low-voltage winding” the winding having the lowest rated voltage [EV 421-03-04] NOTE For a booster transtermer, the wineing having the lowos rated voltage may be thal having the higher Ingulatien lavet 3.3.6 . intermediate-voltage winding’ ‘ 4 winding of @ multi-winding transformer having a rated voltage intermediate between the highest and lowest winding rated voltages [EV 421-03-08] auxiliary winding a winding intended only for @ smail load compared with the rated power of the transformer HEV 421-03-08} 3.3 stabilizing winding a supplementary delta-connecied winding provided in a slar-star-connected or star-zigzag- Connected transformer to decrease ite zero-sequence impedance, see 3.7.3 (JEV 421-03-09, modified} NOTE Awinang is relerred 10 a6 a stabilizing winding only it ss not intended for tvee-phase connection to ar external cru, 3.3.9 ‘common winding the common part of the windings of an auto-transtormer (EV 421-08-10] “The waning whieh aceives active power ftom the eupply source in service it referted to 26 a ‘primary wincing' Jha shat urich delvire active power te & load as a secondary wloding’. These terme have no signiteance 26 lo ihre ofthe wingings has the higher cated yollage ang shou not be used excep! 160076-1 © IEC:1999+A1:1999 ~19- 3.3.10 series winding the part of the winding of an aulo-transtormor or the winding of a booster transformer whieh is: intended to be connected in series with a circuit (IEV 42-03-11] 33.14 energizing winding the winging of a bocster tansformer which is intended to supply power to the series winding [EV 421-03-12) 3.4 Rating 3.4.1 rating | those numerical values assigned to the quantities which detine the operation of the trans- Iermer in the conditions specified in this pert of IEC 60076 and on which the manufacturer's ‘guarantoos and the tosis are based 9s (voltage, current, etc.), the numerical values of which define tha rating NOTE 1 For wansiormers having tappings, rated quemiiee ae related Io the principe) tapping (386 $5.2), uriass ctherwse species. Coresonding quaniives with analogous meaning, lated to olher spontie tabeos sto Sale tapping quanti (ooe 39.70), NOTR 2 Vollages and curcoms are alnays expressed by their re, valuas, unioss ciherwice epect 3.43 rated voltage of a winding (U,) the voltage assigned to be applied, or developed at no-load, between the terminals of an untapped winding, or of a tapped winding connected on the principal tapping (see 3.5.2). For a three-phase winding il ie the voltage between line terminals [TEV 421-04-01, modified] NOTE 1 The rated voltages of sll wendings sppesr simullancously st nodJoad when the voltage apples to one of them has its rated value NOTE 2 For single-phase transformers intended 19 be connected in star to torn s three-phase bank, the rated ‘voltage 16 indicated as phase-to-phase vallags, divided by 48 for example U, = a00v8 kv, NOTE & For ine series winging ol a Unres-phase Booster transformer sich is designed as an open wnding (see 3.10.5) tne rated voltage Is indicated as if the winding were connected in star. tor example U, = 23V kV. 34.4. rated voltage ratio - the ratio of the rated voltage of a winding to the rated voltage of another winding associate: with a lower or equal rated voltage [IEV 421-04-02] B45 rated frequency (/,) the frequency at which the transformer is dasigned to operate (IEV 421-04.03, modified] 3.4.6 rated power (5,) a conventional Value of apparent power assigned to a winding which, together with the rated voltage of the winding, determines its cated current NOTE 3. Both winaings of a twa-winding transtormer have the same raled power which by definition Is the rated power of the whole anstormer| 6076-1 © 1E0:1993+A1:1999 me NOTE 2 For @ multsmnaing transformer nail the attthmene sum of the rmted power values of all windings (Separate windings, not aulo-cernecieg) gives 2 Yougn strate al le physical ele us Compared wih a tuo boeing Heanstoomer, 347 rated current (J) (he current flowing through a line terminal of 8 winding which fs derived from rated power S, and rated voltage U; for tne winding [IEV 421-04-06, modified ‘ven by: NOTE) Fora mmmesphare winding the ratzd current J A 4 S 1 Yexa, NOTE 2 For singlewhase transformer windings intgnded to be Connected in data to form a throw-phase bank the rate6 current indcsted es ne eurent cvied by tor example 00 = Da ve 3.5 Tappings 3.5.1 tapping in a transformer having a tepped winding, a specttic connection of that winging, representing a definite effective number of turns in the tapped winding and, consequently, a definite turns ratio between this winding and any other winding with fixed number of turns NOTE One of the taprings is the principal tapping. and other tappings are cescrived in relation te the principal tapping by thelr respective tapping factors. Sae detinions of tees terms Below, 9.5.2 principal tapping the tapping to whieh the rated quantities are rolated [IEV 421-05-02] 3.6.3 tapping factor (corresponding to a given tapping) The ratio: Ye tapping ttn) or 100-22 tapping tactr exes as parsonage) where U, is the rated voltage of the winding (see 9.4.9); Uy is the voltage which wouid be deveioped at no-load at the terminals of the winding, at the tapping concerned, by applying rated voltage to an untapped winding. NOTE This definition i not eoprograte in relation 10 eeries winding of a bouster tranttormen (see 2.2.3), anc in that case the petcentage notation would be referred to Me voltage of the energizing winding oF of the warding of an esoniated system anstormer. [IEV 24-05-03, modified] 35.4 plus tapping & lapping whose tapping factor is higher than 1 [IEV 421-08-C4] 35.5 minus tapping 2 tapping whose tepping factor Is lower than 1 [HEV 424-1 05)| | i 60076-1 @ 1EC:1993-A1-1999 ~23- 3.5.6 tapping step (he difference between the tapping factors, expressed as a percentage, of twe adjacent tappings [IEV 421-05-08) 35.7 tapping range the variation range of the tapping factor, expressed as a percentage, compared with the value "100 NOTE. It this ctor canges trom 100 4 a to 100 b, the tapping tango ss sald 0 be: 4a %, -D Fe oF 28 Sita = b. ey a21-98-07] 3.5.8 tapping voltage ratio (of a pair of wincings) the ratio which is equal to the rated valtage ratio: = mutiptied by the tapping factor of the tapped winding if this is the high-voltage winding: divided by the tapping lector of the lapped winding if this is the low-voltage winding i1EV 21-05-08) NOTE. Wile the rated vorage ratio i, by atininon, atleast aqul 10 1, the tapping vitage ratio can be lowes {an 1 Ir ceean apogee te raed vtage ratios close tT 35.9 tapping duty the numerical values assigned 10 the quantities, analogous to rated quantities, which reter to lappings other than the principal tapping (see clause 5, and IEC 60608) |IEV 21-05-09, modified) 3.5.10 tapping quantities those quantities the numerical values of which define the tapping duty of a particular tapping (other than the principal tapping) NOTE Tapring quantites exis! for ary winding in the wranstocmer ard 5.33, rot only for the taped winding. (see 6.2 The tapping quantities are: tapping voltage (anlogous to rated voltage, 9.4.3): tapping power (analogous ta rated power, 3.4.6): tepping current (analogous to rated current, 8.4.7). (HEV 421-05-10, modified] 3.5.11 full-power tapping a tapping whose tapping power is equal to the rated power [IEV 421-05-14] 3.6.12 reduced-power tapping 4 lapping whose tapping power is lower than the rated powar [IEV 421-05-15) 35.13 ‘on-load tap-changer 2 device for changing the tepping connections of a winding, suitable tor operation while the translormer is energized or on load (JEV 421-11-01]en 60076-1 @ IEC 1993+A1:1998 —25— 2.6 Losses and no-load current NOTE The vaives we related t¢ he principe! topping. unless anoiner tapping Is speciiclly slated. 36.1 no-load loss the active power absorbed when rated voltage (lapning voltage) at rated frequency is applied to the terminals of one of the windings, the other winding or windings being open-circuited REV 421-06-01, modified] 3.6.2 no-load current the Lm.s, valua of the current lowing through a ling terminal of a winding when rated voltage (lapping voltage) is applied at rated frequency, the other winding or wind.ngs being open circuited NOTE 1 For 2 thvee-phase transtomer, the value is the passe, NOTE 2 The no-load current of a winding is olten expressed as a percentage of she rated currant of that winding. Fore muti-wincing sranstorner Une perconiaga is referred lo the winding with Uwe Mighost rated power. BV'21-06:02, mosited) sithmetie moan of the values of cunent in the threo 3.6.3 oad loss the absorbed active power at ratod requenty and reference temperature (see 10.1), associated with a pair of windings when rated current (tapping current) is flowing through the line terminals of one of the windings, and the terminals of the other winding are short- circuited. Further windings, if existing, are open-circuiled NOTE + For @ two-wanding transformer thece ts only one winding combination and one value of load lase. For a utiwinding tnstormer there are several valuce of Toad loge corresponding to tne diferent two-winding Pembnetions (see clause 6 of IEC 60606). A combined load loss ficure ler the complete translormer is referred 10 ‘A specified winding load combination. in general, Il is Lstally not accessible for dirkct measurement testing. NOTE 2 When the mndings of the gai have different rated power values tha load loss is reterred to rated current in the winding with ine lower rates pawor and the reference power should be mentioned. 36.4 total losses the sum of the no-load loss and the load loss, NOTE The power consumplicn of te auxiliary plas is not ‘ncludad in the sora losses ans is stated separately (lev 421-05.08, madiiee) 3.7. Short-circuit impedance and voltage drop 37.4 short-circuit impedance of a pair of windings the equivalent series impedance Z = A + jX, in ohms, at rated frequency and reference temperature, across the termuna's of one winding of a pair, when the terminals of the other winding are shor-circulted and further windings, it existing, are open-circuited. For a three phase transformer the impedance Is expressed es phase impedance (equivaient star connection}. In @ transtormer having @ tapped winding, the shori-circuit impedance is referred to a particular tapping. Unless otherwise specified the principal tapping applies. a fraction 2 of the reference impedance NOTE This quantity may De oxpresseam relative. dimensionless form, «3 Bo, ef me sare winding othe vaw percentage notation: z ze 109 ue>> __—,ere__—e 0076-1 © [EC:1993.A1-1089 -aT- wet 2ue © ora akc tr botn irosghave and single phase transformer) Us tte voliage (rates voltage oF taprirg vollago; of he winwing Io which Zand Z. balong. 'S. Sa tne eetorence value of red power The relauve value Is alse equal to the ratio between the applied voliage during a shert-circut measurement which causee the selevant rated current [or tapping curtest) to flow, and tated voliaye (or iapping vollago). THs eopied voltage is relerred Io 26 the zhort-cicuit voltage [/EV 421-07-01) of the pair of windings. tis normally expressed Be a percentage. (IEV 42-07-02, moailied) 37.2 voltage drop or rise for a specified load condition the arithmetic difference between the no-load voltage of a winding and the voltage developed at the terminals of the seme winding at a specified load and power factor, the voltage supplied to (ane off the other winding(s) being equal to: its rated value if the transtormer is connected on the principal tapping (the no-load voltage of the former winding is then equal to its rated value}; — the tapping voltage it the transformer is connected on another tapping. This difference is generally expressed as a percentage of the no-load voltage of the former winding, NGTE For multiwinging tanstommers. the voltage drop ar rise dezends net only on the load and power acter ot the wenging lise, but also on the load and power factor of the einer wrndings (see IEC 6O6DS). [EY 42-07-03) 3.7.3 . zero-sequence impedance (of a three-phase winding) the impedance, expressed in ohms per phase at rated frequancy, between tha line terminals of @ three-phase star-connected or zigzag-connecled winding, connected together, and its neutral terminal [IEW 421-07-04, modified] OTE + The 2ere-saquence impedance may have several values because it depends on how ths terminals ofthe ther winding or windlegs are connected snd loaded, NOTE 2. The 2et0-sequence impedance may be dependent on the velue of the Curent and the temperature, particulary in transformers without any delia-connecied winding. NOTE 3 ‘The zero-sequence impedance may slso be supressed es a relative vaiue {postive sequence) shod-cicuitimpodance (see 37.1). the some way as the 3,8 Temperature rise ‘The difference between lhe temperature of the part under consideration and the temperature of the external cooling medium. [1EV 421-08-01, cnoditiec] 3,9 Insulation For definitions relating to insulation see IEC 60076-3. 3.10 Connections 3.10.1 star connection (Y-connection) the winding connection so arranged that each of the phase windings of a three-phase transtormer, o¢ of each of the windings tor the same rated vollage of single-phase transformers associated in a three-phase benk, Is connected to a common point (the neutral point) and the other end to is appropriate line termina [[EV 421-10-01, madiffed]>, B007E-1 @ IEC: 989+A1:1998 ~29- 3.10.2 delta connection (D-connection) the winging connection so arranged that 1ne phase windings of a three-phase transformer, or the windings for the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a three- phase bank. are connected in series to form a closed cucuit [IEV 421-10-02, modified] i 3.10.3 j ‘epen-delta connection i the winding connection in which the phase windings of @ three-phase transtormer, or the windings for the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a three-phase bank, are connected in series without clasing one corner ot the delta [JEV 421-10-03] 3.10.4 zigzag connection (Z-connection) Ihe winding connection in which one end of each phase winding of a three-phase transformer is connected to a common point (neutral point), and each phase winding consists of two paris in which phase-displaced volteges are induced NOTE These fwo parts normally have the same rumoer of tums. [HEY 421-10-04, modihed) 3.10.5 open windings phase windings of a three-phase transtacmer which are not interconnected withia the transformer [IEV 421-10-05, modified] 3.10.6 phase displacement of a three-phase winding the angular difference between the phasors representing ine voltages between the neutral point (reel or imaginary) and the corresponding terminals of two windings, a positive- Sequence voltage system being applied to the high-voltage terminals, following each other in alphabetical sequence if they are lettarad, or in numerical sequence if they are numbered. The phasors are assumed to folate in a counter-clockwise sense [iEV 421-10-08, modified] NOTE The high-voitage winding phacori€ taken ne reference, and the displacemani for any other winding Is Conventionally expressed by the eleck notaion thas, the hour indicated by ine winding phaser when tw FV. ‘unaing phasors ai 12 eclock (ning numbers indieate inezoasing phase Jag) 3.10.7 connection symbol ‘a conventional notation indicating the connections of the high-voltage, intermediata-voltage (it any}, and low-voltage windings and theif relative phase displacement(s) expressed as a combination ot letters and clock-nour figure(s) [IEV 421-10-09, moditied} 3.11 Kinds of tests Bat routine test a test to which each individual transtormer is subjected 3112 : type test : a lest made on 2 transformer which is representative of other transtormers, to demonstrate that these transformers comply with specified requirements not covered by routine tesis, NOTE A veneformer 6 conaidared to be teprecentatve ol ethers It H is tully identieat In raliag and construction, DO he Gentes may also be conk.cerad vals i112 mada on a translormer whioh has minor ceviabons oF rating oF_ 60078-1 1EC:1903+A1:1999 -at- ‘her charaolensics These devietions shoul Ke subject 1e agreement natween he menvtectorer and Ihe purcheser ata special test a test other than a type test o- a routine lest, agreed by Ihe manufacturer and the purchaser 3.12, Meteorological data with respect te cooling 3.121 monthly average temperature aif the sum of the average of the daily maxima and the average of the daily minima during @ particular month - over many years: 8.122 yearly average temperature ‘Gne-twelfth of the sum of the monthiy average temperatures 4 Rating 4.1 Rated power The transformer shall have an assigned rated power tor each winding which shail be marked ‘on the rating plate. The rated power refers to continuons loading. This is a reference value for guarantees and tests conceming load losses and temperature rises. If different values of apparent power are assigned under different circumstances, for example, with different methods of cooling, the highest of these values is the rated power. A two-winding transformer has only one value of rated power, identical for both windings. When the transformer has rated vollage applied to @ primary winding, and rated current flows through the ferminals of a secondary winding, the transformer receives the relevant rated power for that pair of windings. The transtormer shall be capable of carrying, in continuous service, the rated power (for & muti-winding transformer: the specified combination(s} of winding rated powers) under conditions fisted in 1.2 and without exceeding the temperalure-rise limitations specified in IEC 60076-2 NOTE The interpretation of rated power according to This aubelause impliag thet it Is a value of apparent powus Input te the tranclormer - including fe own absorstion of active and eeaetive power. The apparent power inat the Iranstormer defvers 1s the Grcull Connected ta te terminals Of the secondary winging under rated fozding cites from ihe rated powor. The voltage acrocs the eacondary lems dillers from rales veliage by the vollage drop (or rise] in the transformer. Alewance for voltage drop, with regard te cad power factor. Is made in he specifestion of Ie ratod voltage and te tapping range (see clause 2 of IEC 60605), Ths i aifferent fiom the method uselt in transformer: standards based on US tradition (ANSVIECE 07.12.00), neve rated RVA' 8 "he output thal can be colivered el... rated sceoncary voltage .... According te thal method, Btowanee for vahage arop has le be mado in the design so that the nacessary prumary voltage fan be eppliad 10 the Haralormer. in addifen, ANSVIEEE spectiee, under Usual eervice conditions Yead power factor le @2 % or nigher (quotatien trom 1987 action)0076-1 © 1EC:1993+A1:1998 4.2 Loading cycte If specified in the enquiry or the contract, the transformer may, in addition to its rated power for continuous loading, be assigned a temporary load cycle which # shall be capable of periorming under conditions specified in IEC 0078-2. NOTE This option 1s 10 be used in parlicular to give 4 basis for design and guazariees conceming temporary emergency loading of large power Wensiormers In the absence of such specification, guidence on loading of transformers complying with this part may be found in IEC 60254 and in IEG 60995. The bushings, tap-changers and other auxiliary equipment shall be selected so as not to restrict the loading capability of the transtormer. NOTE These requitements do not apply te speci purpose wransfermers, some ot which do nol noed loading capsblhy above rated Power, For ethers, special equiramenis will be specifi. 4.3. Preferred values of rated power For transformers up to 10 MVA, values ol rated power should preferably be taken from the AiO series given in ISO 9 (1973): preferred numbers: series of preterred numbers. {..100, 128, 160, 209, 280, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1 009, etc.). 4.4 Operation at higher than rated voltage and/or at disturbed frequency Methods for the specification of suitable rated voltage values and tapping range to cope with a set of loading cases (loading power and power factor, corresponding line-to-line service voltages) are described in IEC 60608. Within the prescribed value of Up", a transformer shall be capable of continuous service without demage under conditions of ‘overfluxing’ where the ratio of votlage over frequency exceeds the corresponding ratio at cated vellage and rated frequency by no more than 5 %. 5 Requirements for transformers having a tapped winding 5.1 General ~ Notation of tapping range ‘The following subclauses apply to transformers in which only one of the windings is & tapped winging. Ina multiwinding transformer, the statements apply to the combination of the tapped winding with either of the untapped windings, In auto-ecanected transformers, tapings are sometimes artanged at the neutral which means that the elfective number of turns is changed simultaneously in both windings, For such transformers, the tapping particulars are subject to agreement. The requirements af this clause should be used as fer as applicable.| 60078-1 © IEC: 1993+a1:1969 -35- Unless otherwise specilied, the principal tapping is located in the middle of the tapping range. Other tappings are identified by thelr tapping factors. The number of teppings and the range ¢f variation of the transtormar ratio may be expressed in short notation by the deviations oF the Lapping factor percentages from the value 106 (tor definitions of terms, see 3.8) Exampie: A transformer with a tapped 160 kV winding having altogether 21 tappings, symmetrically placed, is designated: (100 #10. 1.5%) / 86 KV It tor some reason the tapping range is specified asymmetrically around the rated voltage, we may get or heor2nss Ves xv NOTE This way of enon nelaton [sey sessnpioe of the anangarent othe tapped wining ar! dows ne! Mpl acl! vara af pple vlage griherwiting icomee has oat win BS ona Regarding the full presentation on the nameplate of data related to individual tappings, see. Gause? ‘or tapping current. The boundary tappings where such limitations appear are called ‘maximum voltage tapping’ and ‘maximum current tapping’ (see figure 1). 5.2 Tapping voltage ~ tapping current. Standard categories of tapping voltage variation. Maximum voltage tapping ‘The short notation of tapping range and tapping steps indicates the variation range of the ratio of the transformer. But the assigned values of tapping quantities are not fully detined by this eione. Additional information is necessary. This can be given either in tabuiar form with tapping power, tapping voltage and tapping current for each tapping, or as text, indicating category of voltage variation’ and possible limitations of the range within which tie tappings are ‘full-power tappings'. | { | ‘Some tappings may be ‘reduced-power tappings' due to restrictions in either tapping voltage | ‘The extreme categories of tapping voltage variation a constant flux voltage variation (GFVV), and | i = variable tlux voltage variation (VFVV) j / ‘They are defined as follows: cry ‘The tapping voltage in any untapped winding is constant from tapping to tapping. The tapping voltages in the tepped winding are proportional to the tapping factors. veWw ‘The tapping voltage in the tapped winding is constant from tapping to tapping. The tapping voltages in any untapped winding are inversely proportional to the tapping factor.oy 80076-1 G IEC 999+AI:199¢ ~37- bY (Combined voltage variation) ln many applications and particularly with transformers having a large tapsing range, a combination is specified using both principles applied io different parts of the range: combined voltage vatiation (CVV). Tre change-over point is called ‘maximum voltage tapping’. For this system the following applies: CFV applies for tapings with tapping faciors below the maximum voltage tapping factor. VFVV applies for tapings with tapping factors above the maximum voltage tapping facter. Graphic presentation of tapping voltage variation categories: CEVV figure 48) — VFVV figure 1b) — CbVV figure 1c). Symbols: Un. 4, Tapping voltage and tapping current in the tapped winding. Us. tg Tapping voltage and tapping current in the untapped winging. Sas Tapping power. Abscissa Tapping factor, percentage (indicating relative number of affective turns in tapped winging). 1 Indicates full-powes tapings throughout the tapping range. 2 Indicates “maximum-voltago tapping’, ‘maximum current tapping’ and range of reduced power tappings.a 0076-1 © IEC-1993+A1:1599 = 39 Figure 1a) ~ Constant flux voltage va ion CFV Optional maximum current tapping shown Figure 1b) — Variable flux voltage variation VFVV 90 yoo «10 Teoping actor Optionat maximum current tapping shown60076-1 © IEC:1999+A1:1999 aate jon CA. Figure 1¢) ~ Combined voltage var The change-over point is shown in the plus tapping range. i constitutes both 2 maximum vollage tapping {Ux} and a maximum current tapping (Ja Constant, not rising anove the change- over point). An additional, optional maximum current tapping {in the CFVV range) is also shown, 5.3 Tapping power. Full-power tapings ~ reduced-power tapings All tappings shall be full-power tapings, except #s specified below. In separate-winding transformers up to and including 2 500 kVA with a tapping range not exceeding #5 % the tapping current in the tapped winding shall be equal io rated current at all minus tapings. This means that the principal tapping is a ‘maximum current tapping’, see below. Jn transformers with a tapping range wider than 25 %, restrictions may be specified on values cf tapping voltage or tapping current which would otherwise rise considerably above the rated values. When such restrictions are specified, the tappings concemed will be ‘reduced-power tapings’. This subclause describes such arrangements. ‘When the tapping lactor deviates from unity, the tapping current for full-pawer tappings may se above rated current on one of the windings. As figure 1a) illustrates, this applies ior minus tappings, on the tapped winding, under CFVV, and tor plus tapings on the untapped winding under VFVV (figure 1b}). In order to limit the corresponding reinforcement of the winding in question. it iS possible to spociiy a maximum curren tapping. From this tapping onwards the tapping current values for the winding are then spacitied fo be constant. This means that the remaining tappings towards the extreme tapping are reduced-power tapings {see figures 2), 10) and 1c) Under CDV, the ‘maximum voitage tapping’, the change-over point between GFVV and VFVV Shall at the same time Ce a Maximum current tapping’ uniess otherwise specified. This means that ine nntanoed winding current stays constant Hin tn the Axtreme nllic tannin Mienire 12)