Western Fr

ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND ILLUSTRATORS

A resident of Leesburg, Virginia, JON GUTTMAN is senior editor, research director
and contributing writer for Primedia Enthusiast Publications. Specialising in World
War I aviation, he has written eleven titles in the past including the popular
Balloon-Busting Aces of World War I in Osprey's Aircraft of the Aces series. SPAD XIII
Berkshire-based HARRY DEMPSEY is a talented profile artist who specialises in
fighter aireraft of World Wa r I. He has illustrated aII of Osprey's World War I Aircraft
of the Aces titles to date. Harry completed the three-views for this volume.
FOKKER D VII
Born in Leicestershire in 1954, MARK POSTLETHWAITE developed a lifelong
passion for aviation history, and first worked as a photographer, before turning Western I7ront 1918
his attention solely to artwork. He is greatly distinguished in his field for the
quality and accuracy of his work, and became the youngest elected member of
the Guild of Aviation Artists in 1991. He is a valued Osprey artist and has
contributed to more than 80 of its books. Mark completed the battlescene
artwork for this volume.

JIM LAURIER is a native of New England and lives in New Hampshire. He attended
Paier School of Art in Hamden, Connecticut, from 1974-78, and since he
graduated with honours, he has been working professionally in the field of Fine
Art and Illustration. He has been commissioned to paint for the US Air Force and
has aviation paintings on permanent display at the Pentagon. Jim completed the
cockpit views for this volume.

JON GUTTMAN
First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Osprey Publishing, Editor's Note
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Print ISBN 978 I 84603432 9
PDF e-book ISBN 978 I 84603 876 I

Edired by Tony Holmes

Cover arrwork, cockpit and arm3mcnr scrap views by Jim lauricI'
Three-views by Harry Dempsey
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Barrlesccnc by Mark Postlethwaite
Thanks ro Frank W. Bailey, Alex Imrie, Colin Owers,
Page layour by Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK
Allan Toelle and Greg Van Wyngarden for their assistance
Index by Miehacl Forder
during the preparation of this volume.
Introduction 4
Typeset in ITC Conduir and Adobe Garamond
Maps by bounford.com
Originated by PDQ Digital Media Solutions, Suffolk, UK Cover Art
Chronology 8
Printed in China through Bookbuilders At 0900 hrs on 14 September 1918, Fokker D VIIs of

09 10 II 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Jasta 18 ambushed SPAD XJlls of rhe 13th Aero Sqn over Design and Development 10
Thiaucourt, resulting in Lrn Hans Mi.iller claiming three
FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY AND
aircraft destroyed and single victories being credited ro Technical Specifications 23
AVIATION PLEASE CONTACT:
!.Ins GUnther von Buren and Heinz Kusrner. One of the
ORTH AMERICA Americans who survived rhis acrion was 1Lr Leighton The Strategic Situation 36
Osprey Direct, clo Random House Distribution Center, 400 Hahn Road, Westminster, M D Bre\ver. and he subscqucnrly recalled, 'On the 14th we
21157 wcre given a low patrol, at a height of2,500 metres. \Vle The Combatants 41
E-mail: uscustol11erservice@ospreypublishing.com were nying this when we were anackcd by a group of red-
nosed Fokker~. \Y/c lost four aeroplanes within one minute!
ALL OTHER REGIONS Combat 52
Osprey Direct, The Book Service Ltd, Distribution Centre, Colchester Road, Frating Green. I was nying between a couple of men who were shot
Colchester, Essex, C07 7DW, UK down, bUI I ollly gO! one bullet in the tail of my
E-mail: customerservice@ospreypublishing.com
Statistics and Analysis 69
aeroplane. The fir\t indication I had tllat enemy aircraft
www.ospreypublishing.com were nearby W;1\. when I saw a red Fokker with a white
fuselage standing on it .. nose and spraying the fellow
Aftermath 75
German ranks French ranks USAS tanks RFC/RAF ranks behind me wirh bullel", 'I,vo Fokkers with red wings and
Rittmeister [Rittm] Capt de Cavallerie Cavalry Captain Cavalry Captain noses and whire ru~c1nge .. dived on us, :1I1d they shot down Further Reading 78
Hauptmann [Hptm) Capitaine Captain Army Captain the men on either side of me. ILts Charlie Drew, George
Kull, Buck Freeman and "Sll'VC" Brody were alllosr. Drew Index 80
Oberleutnant (Obit) Lieutenant First Lieutenant Lieutenant
was very badly wounded, Kull wos killed and th~other
Leutnant (Ltn) Sous-Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Second Lieutenant two were captured'. 1Lt ~Il.lrlc .. W. Drew, who was later
Offizierstellvertreter [OffzSt) Adjutant Warrant Officer Warrant Officer to have his wounded leg ampul.lIed. was actually taken

Feldwebel [Fw) Sergent·Chef I Master Sergeant Master Sergeant prisoner. Two Fokkcrs wcre jOll1t1y credited ro 1Lrs Roben
H. Stiles, Gerald D. Sliven, .lIlt! lurray K. Gurhrie, bur
Vizefeldwebel [Vzfw) Marechal-des-Logis Sergeant 1st Class Sergeant 1st Class
Jasra 18's only casualty wa;; 1111 ~on Bi.iren, who was
Sergeant Sergent Sergeant Sergeant wounded. The 13th'5 vetcr.ln tonlln:lI1der, Capt Charles J.
--
Unteroffizier [Uffz) Caporal Corporal Corporal Biddle, ruefully attributcd hl\ 10\\l'" to the [,ct [har in

Gefreiter [Gfr) Brigadier j Private 1st Class Private 1st Class

spire of his relentless warning... 'Ihe new men will get
carried away with themsclvc\ III ,t lombat and go tOO
Flieger [Flgr] Soldat Private Private
strong.' (Artwork by Jim Laurier)
 INTRODUCTION

If the Sopwith Camel and Fokker Dr I are universally regarded as the iconic dogfighting
antagonists of World War I, the second most familiar pair - among Americans at least
- is the SPAD XIII and the Fold<:er 0 VlI. Each has its own claim to fame.
France's first twin-gun fighter, the SPAD XIII brought a 53rd, and final, victory
and subsequent tragic death to France's most famous ace, Georges Guynemer. It also
later served as the definitive mount for its most successful fighter pilot, Rene Fonck.
As the principal fighter of the US Army Air Service (USAS), the SPAD XIII was the
aeroplane in which its 'ace of aces', Edward V. Rickenbacker, and the top-scoring
American balloon-buster Frank Luke each earned the Medal of Honor. Both France
and the United States regard it as their chief instrument of victory in the skies above
the Western Front in the conflict's last months. from inception, whereas the Fokker's incorporated a welded steel fuselage frame and Sous·Lt Rene Paul Fonck

Opposing the Allied fighters in the final stages of World War I was the superb an innovative wooden cantilever wing structure that eliminated the need for bracing of SPA103 was the most
successful French SPAO XIII
Fokker 0 VII. Although it entered combat too late to be flown by Germany's leading wires as used on the SPAD, heralding monoplane designs to come.
pilot, with nine documented
ace Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen, the 0 VII was used to deadly effect by the Both aircraft had their shortcomings. The spur reduction gear employed to adjust victories over Fokker 0 VIIs
second- and third-ranking German aces, Ernst Udet and Erich Lowenhardt. More the Hispano-Suiza 8B engine's 220hp to the SPAD XIII's most efficient propeller among his total of?S kills.
importantly, it ~ad the distinction of being regarded by its fliers and its foes alike as speed proved to be a perpetual malfunction waiting to happen, especially in its early His tunic covered in medals,
Fonck is seen here posing
the best all-around fighter aeroplane of the conflict. months of use. Visibility from the cockpit, though excellent in the upper plane, was
proudly with his fighter
As is so often the case in history, the reality behind these classic images calls for marred by some blind spots for which SPAD pilots had to vigilantly compensate when in the spring of 1918.
some qualification. Far from being an absolute 'wonder aeroplane', the Fokker 0 VII over enemy lines. (Jon Guttman)
could be outpaced by the SPAD XIII both in level flight and in a dive. On the other Poor ventilation within the Fokker 0 VII's cowling often caused its machine gun
hand the 0 VII climbed faster, was more manoeuvrable at slower speeds and was ammunition to ignite, with the nightmarish consequence of in-flight fire. Quality
reported by numerous Allied opponents to have the added trick of being able to 'hang control at Anthony Fold<er's factory at Schwerin had acquired a reputation for
on its propeller', peppering them from below with machine gun fire. unreliability that also bred vigilance on the part of Germany's Inspektion de Fliegel',
The robust airframes of both aeroplanes reflected the past three years' structural or Idflieg for short. Ironically, bener built 0 VIIs were produced under licence by
4 advances, the SPAD's being conventional 'wood and wire', but fundamentally sound Fokker's longtime rival, Albatros. 5
 An early Fokker 0 VII caught 1Lt Leslie J. Rummell of the
climbing seems to embody 93rd Aero Sqn sits in the
the phenomenon of 'hanging cockpit of SPAO XIII S7650
on its propeller' that so many No 14, which was usually
Allied pilots attributed to it. assigned to 1Lt Ralph L.
(Jon Guttman) Hartman, while 1Lt Chester
E. Wright leans on the lower
wing. (Jack Eder Collection)

When rhey were funcrioning ar full efficiency and being flown by comperent pilors,
rhere was lirrle ro choose berween rhe SPAD XlII and Fokker D VII. By rhe rime rhe
larrer appeared over rhe Wesrern Front, however, rhe German Army was in a lare srage
of rhe offensive ir had begun on 21 March 1918. Early on, rhere were barely enough
D VIIs ro replace rhe Dr Is as rhe vanguard of a fighrer force srill heavily dependent
upon ageing Albarros D Vas and Pfalz D IIIas ro offser a sreadily growing number of
firsr-rare Allied counterparrs. Too few examples of rhe new Fokker fighrer were
available in rhe summer of 1918 ro allow unirs equipped wirh rhe aircrafr ro achieve
air superioriry by rhe rime rhe lasr German offensive failed on 18 July.
From rhen until rhe Armisrice on 11 November 1918, rhe Germans remained on
rhe defensive, jusr as they had been prior ro March. This gave rhe Fokker pilors rhe
same racrical advantage rhar rheir Albarros-flying colleagues had enjoyed rhe year
Ltn Ernst Udet, commander
of Jasta 4 and Germany's
second-ranking ace with
62 victories (including eight
SPAO Xllls). poses before
a BMW-engined Fokker 0 VIIF
that was marked LO! in honour
of his fiancee, Lola Zink.
6 (Greg VanWyngarden)
before, using merhods already proven for achieving localised air superioriry, aided by
prevailing winds rhar favoured rheir side of rhe lines. Yer in spire of rhese inherent
disadvantages, by Augusr 1918 rhe SPAD pilors were encouraged ro go on rhe
offensive by rhe srraregic iniriarive rheir armies possessed on rhe ground, along wirh
superior numbers, srocks of fuel and a growing reservoir of trained, com bar-
experienced airmen.
Seprember 1918 saw rhe launching ofAllied offensives rhar achieved breakthroughs
unimaginable even a year earlier. The Brirish and Australians gained rerrirory easr of
rhe Somme River and in Flanders, and rhe French rook rhe Aisne River and liberared
parrs of rhe Champagne region. Thar monrh also saw rhe firsr large-scale pushes by
rhe Americans, ar Saint-Mihiel and in rhe Argonne Foresr, which rhe Germans came
ro see as enough of a rhrear ro deploy rwo of their mosr com bar-seasoned fighrer wings,
or Jagdgeschwader, ro rhe larrer region. Consequenrly, rhe duels berween SPAD XlIIs,
which now fully equipped rhe USAS pursuir squadrons, and Fokker D VIIs reached
a crescendo.
By rhat time the concept of air superioriry, and the technology and techniques for
achieving it, had been fully realised, and were being taken seriously. Although fighter
pilots still strove for the fame of acedom by downing five or more enemy aeroplanes,
the knighrly game of single combat had given way ro confrontations berween flights,
squadrons, groups or wings in what amounted ro sprawling air batrles. Aerial warfare
had come of age, and in the final epic dogfights of World War I the SPAD XlII and
Fokker D VII symbolised its state-of-the-arr embodiment.
7
 • ••
- . - . ~.

•
• , .
French launching
counterattack across the ... .. Rene Fonck of.SPAl03

. • • six German aircraft

... for SPAD ~IIs .

~ . - • •

... .. ..
SPAD ;VIIs enter frontline service.
.
••

•
••
'..
. . .. • - • I
... .. .
- .
• ••
• - • I

..
. . .
. . • •
" - '" I. _. ~

-
•
• •

'.
I· •.
"

CaRt Frederick Sowry, of No.

RRC scores first SPAD
victory, over a G .. - Michael begins die ", ...
- . . . . -

•• Kaiserschladit,
••
.
. . , . •
,

,. •• .
- • •
..
Capt Georges Guynemer of.
- . -. Lowenhardt of.Jasta
•
• • •• ••
- . Germans launch
Bliicher- Yorck in the Ai
betwee'n',Soissons and
R RuClolf.,winClisch, commander of.

.n
are grounding them two days
.
-

•

DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
SPAD XIII
When World War I broke out in the summer of 1914, military aviation was in its infancy
and the concept of air superiority barely existed. By the end of 1916, the essential fighter
configuration had been defined - a single-seater with a forward-firing machine gun,
usually synchronised to fire through the propeller. For the rest of the conflict, aircraft
manufacturers of the warring powers engaged in a constant struggle to gain an edge in
speed, rate of climb or manoeuvrability that would give their side control of the sky.
One influential factor in that quest was the water-cooled eight-cylinder 150hp
Hispano-Suiza 8Aa engine devised by Swiss engineer Marc Birkigt in 1915, around
which several great Allied fighters were designed. The first such aircraft, however, was
not so much designed for that powerplant as serendipitously adapted to make use of it.
Created by Lo~is Bechereau for the Societe anonyme pour l'Aviation et ses dpives,
the SPAD SA series sought to provide forward-firing armament by placing a gunner
in a pulpit held by means of struts in front of the propeller and its 80hp Le Rhone 9C
rotary engine. Introduced in late 1915, the SA 1, SA 2 and SA 4 were more terrifying
to their front gunners than to the enemy, but their basic airframe was sound.
Therefore, on 4 June 1915, Bechereau applied for a patent for his designs' single-bay
wing cellule, which featured intermediate struts of narrow chord, to which the bracing
wires were attached at the midpoint. That arrangement added sttength and, by
10 reducing vibration in the wires, lessened drag as well.
Bechereau's next fighter, the SPAD SG, was essentially a single-seat SA 4 with a
remotely controlled Hotchkiss machine gun in an unmanned nacelle in place of the
pulpit. Evaluated in April 1916, it too was a failure, but then Bechereau altered the
airframe to use the newly developed 140hp Hispano-Suiza 8A engine and armed it
with a synchronised 0.303-in Vickers machine gun. Originally designated the SPAD
SH, the prototype had a large conical spinner when test flown in March 1916. The
spinner was abandoned but its rounded radiator shell was retained.
A further development known as the SPAD 5 used a 150hp 8Aa engine that
reportedly gave it a maximum speed of 105mph and the ability to climb to an altitude
of 9,840ft in nine minutes. An impressed Aviation Militaire ordered 268 fighters on
10 May 1916.
The final production model was officially designated the SPAD 7.C1 (the 'C1'
indicating that it was a single-seat chasseur, or fighter), but was more widely known
as the SPAD VII. Initial cooling problems were eventually solved after trying a number
of different radiator configurations. The 3,500 SPAD VIIs that were eventually built
served the air arms of - and were flown by aces from - France, Britain, Russia,
Belgium, Italy and the United States. French fighter pilots were still training in SPAD
VIIs as late as 1928.
The inevitable development of improved German fighters in the late summer of
1916, Illost notably the Albatros D II with its twin machine guns, led ranking French
ace and zealous SPAD advocate Georges Guynemer to write to Bechereau in
December calling for more power and heavier armament. Birkigt's interim solution
was to increase the compression ratio of his original engine, resulting in the creation
of the 180hp 8Ab, which kept the SPAD VII's performance competitive right up until
the end of the war.
Meanwhile, on 11 June 1916, Hispano-Suiza had successfully bench-tested the
new 8B engine, which generated 208hp at 2,000 rpm at ground level, and used a spur
reduction gear to transfer that power to the propeller.
After testing the 8B in a SPAD VII, Bechereau concluded that a somewhat larger,
more robust airframe would be required to accommodate it. In addition to its size, the
SPAO XIII S504 shortly after
its delivery to SPA3 at St Pol-
sur-Mer in August 1917. Capt
Georges Guynemer would
score his 53rd victory with
the fighter on 22 August, and
subsequently die in it on 11
September. [SHAA 897.1685) 11
 SPAD 13.Cl, which was ordered into production in February 1917, had rounded
wingtips, inversely tapered ailerons, forward-staggered cabane struts with a frontal
bracing wire and, most significantly, twin 0.303-in Vickers machine guns with 380
rounds each. A parallel development, the 12.Cal, combined a 37mm Puteaux cannon
with a single 0.303-in Vickers. And while it achieved small-scale production and
enjoyed modest success when flown by some of France's aces, it proved to be such a
handful to fly that aces were abour the only pilots who could fly it.
Sous-Lt Rene Dorme, one of the many aces in Guynemer's escadrille N3, test-flew
one of the new SPADs at Buc on 4 April 1917, and at least one was undergoing
evaluation in a frontline unit on 26 April. The first aerial victory claim in a SPAD XIII,
however, came from Britain's Royal Flying Corps (RFC), which had adopted the SPAD
VII in the summer of 1916 and acquired SPAD XIII S498 in late May 1917. Given
the British serial number B3479 and tested at Candas, it exceeded expectations with a
speed of 140mph at 15,000ft, reaching that altitude in 16 minutes and 18 seconds.
On 9 June B3479 was sent to No. 19 Sqn for evaluation, and on the 13th future
RFC ace Capt Frederick Sowry drove down a German two-seater for his third victory.
Lt G. S. Buck destroyed an Alban'os whilst flying it the next day, and on 21 July Fred
Sowry drove an Alban'os D III down out of control northeast ofYpres.
The first Frenchman to score in the SPAD XIII was Capt Guynemer who, flying
S504 from St Pol-sur-Mer, near Dunkerque, shot down a DFW C V over Poperinghe
on 20 August for his 53rd- and last - victory. On 11 September he and S504 failed
to return from a mission. Later, a sergeant of the German 413th Regiment stated that
he had witnessed the SPAD's crash and identified the ace's body, but an Allied artillery
barrage drove the Germans off before they could bury him. Evidence suggests that
Guynemer was the victim of Rumpler C IV crewmen Fig Georg Seibert and Lt d R
Max Psaar of Fl Abt (A) 224w, who were themselves slain shortly after by Belgian
Lt Maurice Medaets.
Adj Pierre Gaudermen [at far
right) of SPA68 examines his
aeroplane after a rough
landing at Toul aerodrome
during the winter of 1917-18.
This view affords a good view
of the rounded wing tips of the
early-model SPAD Xilis.
12 [SHAA 876.623)
In addition to 20 pre-production machines, the Aviation Militaire ordered an initial
production batch of250 SPAD XIIIs, but by December 1917 only 131 had reached
the front. The delay was primarily due to problems associated with the Hispano-Suiza
8B's reduction gear, which continued to handicap it for months thereafter.
In addition to that, reports came in of bulging fuel tanks, eventually remedied by
a modified pressure release valve and a gauge to monitor the fuel pressure. The tank
was also partitioned, and each compartment given its own fuel line. Although the
SPAD XIII's radiator - like that of late-model SPAD VIIs - could be regulated by
manually controJled shutters, early examples were prone to leakage until sturdier ones
were quickly introduced, along with less rigid attachments that subjected them to
reduced levels of stress.
Once the initial teething troubles had been ironed our, the SPAD XIII's firepower,
combined with its ability to lose most pursuers in a dive - not only because of its
speed, but because of the wing cellule's ability to hold up to the strain - made it
popular with its pilots.
Although Britain had initially ordered 120 SPAD XIIIs, it only had 57 by April
1918, of which 16 were on strength with No. 23 Sqn. By then the newly organised
Royal Air Force (RAF) had enough indigenously designed Hispano-Suiza-powered
fighters, such as the SE 5a and the odd-looking, but excellent, Sopwith 5F 1 Dolphin,
to render the SPAD superfluous. On 4 May No. 23 Sqn replaced its SPADs with
Dolphins. Thus, no British SPAD XIII ever met the Fokker D VII in combat, nor did
any that the French shipped to Italy. France also sold 37 SPAD XIIIs to Belgium in
March 1918, but little is known about their use by its 10e Escadrille.
One French ally that did use the SPAD XIII extensively in 1918 was the United
States, which had failed to develop an effective fighter design of its own. The USAS
initially purchased Nieuport 28s - rotary-engined fighters rejected by the French -
until enough SPADs were available. Operated by the 1st Pursuit Group, the Nieuports
gave their pilots the chance to acquire combat experience over the relatively quiet
Toul sector from April to late June 1918. However, the unit suffered heavy casualties
over Chateau Thierry in July when it went up against Fokker D VIIs flown by some
of the best airmen in the Luftstreitskrafte.
The USAS got its first of an eventual 893 SPAD XIIIs in March 1918. Prior to that,
several American volunteer pilots of the Lafayette Flying Corps (LFC) had already
flown the twin-gun SPAD in combat, and the experience of men such as Charles J.
Biddle, G. DeFreest Lamer, William T. Ponder, David E. Putnam and Thomas G.
Cassady, all of whom later transferred to the USAS, would prove invaluable to the
newer pilots.
Following the collapse of the last German offensive on 18 July 1918, the 1st Pursui t
Group began replacing its Nieuporrs with SPAD XIIIs. The group's 95th Aero Sqn
drew first blood in the new fighter on 25 July, when lLt James Knowles Jr claimed a
Fokker D VII near Bouvardes. The actual damage he inflicted on his opponent is
dubious, but there is no disputing what squadronmate lLt Walter L. Avery achieved
in the same dogfight when a lucky shot in the carburettor forced his antagonist to
land in Allied lines. The captured German pilot turned out to be none other than 13

Ltn Karl Menckhoff,
StaffelfUhrer of Jasta ?2s and
a 39-victor~ ace, poses before
two Fokker 0 VIIs bearing his
'M' marking shortl~ before
becoming the first-
somewhat humiliated -
victim of an American-flown
SPAD XIII on 25 Jul~ 1918.
[Greg VanW~ngardenJ
Two 5PAD XII Is of the 95th Aero
Sqn at Saints in the summer
of 1918. This unit was the first
USAS squadron to see combat
in the new t~pe, claiming two
Fokker 0 VIis on 25 Jul~ 1918
and actuall~ downing one.
14 (Greg VanW~ngarden)
Ltn Karl Menckhoff, commander of Royal Saxon Jagdsraffel 72 and a holder of the
Orden Pour Ie MrJrite with 39 victories to his credit.
Back in the Toul sector, the 2nd Pursuit Group, led by Maj Davenport Johnson,
was formed from the 13th, 22nd, 103rd and 139th Aero Sqns on 30 June. Both the
103rd, organised from the famed American volunteer escadrille SPA124 'Lafayette' on
18 February 1918, and the 139th had already seen combat in SPAD VIIs prior to
supplementing and ultimately replacing them with XIIIs.
On 29 July the 103rd Aero Sqn's commander, Maj William Thaw, was given
command of the 3rd Pursuit Group, comprising the 28th, 49th, 93rd and 213th Aero
Sqns, at Vaucouleurs. Thaw, a founding father of the Escadrille Lafayette, appealed to
Maj Johnson to allow his old unit to join the 3rd Pursuit, and this duly occurred on
6 August when the two groups exchanged the 49th for the 103rd. By September all
three USAS pursuit groups were fully equipped with the SPAD XIII.
FOKKER DVII
Although 1917 had dawned brightly for German fighter pilots with the success of
the Alban'os D II and its successor the D III, the year ended with uncertainty and
frustration. Following the debacle of 'Bloody April', the Allied fighter units had been
acquiring a succession of superb aircraft - France's 180hp SPAD VII and 220hp SPAD
XIII and Britain's Bristol F 2B Fighter, Royal Aircraft Factory SE 5a, Sopwith Triplane
and Sopwith Camel. German efforts to counter them with successors to the Albatros
D III had yielded one disappointment after another.
The Alban-os D V was a more streamlined, lightened development of the D III. And
like tlle latter, it suffered from me sesquiplane lower wing failings mat had blighted the
D III throughout its frontline career. Indeed, lower wing failure was even worse wim the
D V than it had been with the D III, the sesquiplane having the unnerving habit of
twisting and breaking off during violent manoeuvring or when in a high-speed dive. An
attempt to reinforce the airframe, in me form of me D Va, made tlle fighter heavier, thus
reducing me aeroplane's performance, which was already little improved over me D III.
The Pfalz D III looked like a sesquiplane but was in fact a true biplane with a
smaller two-spar lower wing. Although indisputably sturdier than the Albatros,
the Pfalz, whose sleek fuselage was fashioned from diagonally wrapped plywood
strips, was criticised for being heavy, underpowered and sluggish. Additionally, its
machine guns, housed within the fuselage, were inaccessible to the pilot in the
event of a jam. The later Pfalz D IlIa featured rounder, lower wingtips, an enlarged
tail plane and guns more conventionally repositioned atop the fuselage, but the
aeroplane never overcame its image among German fighter pilots as being little
more than a secondary resort.
On its nose and partiall~
stripped of fabric, a Fokker
oVII displa~s details of its
wooden cantilever wing
structure, as well as the
slightl~ off-centre angle of
the vertical stabiliser which
helped counter propeller
torque. [Greg VanW~ngarden)
15
 Anthony Fokker's Dr I, ordered as a copy of the Sopwith Triplane but featuring an
innovative wooden box wing structure that obviated the need for bracing wires,
20ft 5 Sin.
"
" .' • ",'
On'
"
f
j '
captured imaginations with its outstanding rate of climb and manoeuvrability. Early
production models suffered structural failures due to poor quality control, however,
and even after steps were taken to remedy that, the aeroplane was handicapped by
German difficulties in supplying a suitable lubricant for its 110hp rotary engine. The
Dr I was also slower than most of its Allied counterparts, except when climbing.
In spite of the shortcomings of their fighters, skill and superior tactics allowed the
German pilots to hold their own throughout the year. They were aided by the
essentially defensive war they were fighting, with prevailing westerly winds acting as
a further handicap to Allied airmen striving to regain their side of the lines.
On 21 March 1918, however, it was the Germans who went over to the offensive
with Operation Michael- the first phase of a last desperate bid for victory in the West.
At that time the Luftsteitskrafte's best available fighter was the Fokker Dr I, fewer
than 200 of which were available. Most were allocated to Jagdgeschwader I, II and III
to serve as the 'tip of the spear', whose supporting shaft consisted ofAlbatros D Vs and
D Vas and Pfalz D Ills and D Illas. By then rumours of better aircraft were reaching
the beleaguered Jagdflieger, the first confirmations of which arrived in April in the
form of the Siemens-Schuckert Werke (SSW) D III and the FolJeer D VII.
In late January 1918, IdAieg had held a fighter competition at Berlin's Adlershof
airfield. The 31 contestants from ten manufacturers ranged from improved versions of the
Albatros D Va and Pfalz D IlIa, powered by the new high-compression straight-six
Mercedes D Illau water-cooled engine, to original, innovative designs. One outstanding
newcomer was SSW's D III, which used the 160hp Siemens und Halse Sh III II-cylinder
counter-rotary engine whose propeller and cylinders rorated in opposite directions to the
crankshaft. This unusual configuration resulted in greater propeller and cooling efficiency,
better fuel economy, reduced drag, lower weight and a greatly reduced gyroscopic effect.
Flown by Lrn Hans Mi.iller on 21 January, the SSW D III displayed exhilarating
manoeuverability and an impressive rate of climb. Idflieg ordered 30 D Ills on
1 March, followed by 50 more on 23 March and 50 of the D IV - a variant with new
wings of reduced span and equal chord (based on the D Ill's lower set) that sacrificed OPPOSITE

some of that climb rate for greater level speed - on 8 April. SPAO XIII S7513 of llt leslie
J Rummell, 93rd Aero Sqn,
JG II had 35 SSW D Ills on strength by 18 May, and Jasta 19's commander, Lt d
based at Vaucouleurs,
R Hans Pippart, probably used one to destroy a Breguet 14B.2 on the 20th. After October 1918. Rummell flew
seven to ten flying hours, however, mechanics began to report overheating, ejecting his third assigned SPAO from
spark plugs, faulty magnetos, bearing failure, faulty throttles, disintegrating piston 23 September 1918 to the end
of the war, being credited with
heads and complete engine seizures.
two Fokker 0 VIis and an
By 23 May JG II's SSWs had been withdrawn. D Ills and D IVs began returning
Albatros two·seater on 29
to frontline service on 22 July, their Sh Ills having been replaced by Sh I1I(Rh) engines September, and more DVIis
built under licence by the Rhenania Motorenfabrik AG (Rhemag), which curiously on 10, 23 and 29 October.

proved less troublesome than the originals. Even then, most of the 136 operational It also outlasted him-
Rummell died of influenza
SSWs served in the interceptor role with home defence - Kampfeinsitzer Sta.ffeln.
on 2 February 1919, while
Anthony Fokker had sent no fewer than eight aircraft to Aldershof - the rotary- S7513 was condemned at the
16 engined V9 biplane, the VII, V13 and V18 biplanes, the V17 and V20 monoplanes 1st Air Depot on 24 March. 17
 OPPOSITE
Fokker aVII [F) 4264/18 of
Ltn d R Aloys Heldmann, Jasta
10 based at Marville, October
1918. The replacement for his
Mercedes-powered Fokker aVII
244/18, 8MW-engined a VII [F)
4264/18 is reconstructed here
from Heldmann's description,
combining the usual Jasta 10
cowling with a blue fuselage
and blue and white
checquered tailplane.
Heldmann scored 10 of his 15
victories-including six SPAO
Xilis-in aVIIs and died on 1
November 1983, aged 87.
When the first Fokker a VIIs
arrived at Jasta 10, Ltn Fritz
Friedrichs overshot in 234/18,
hit the a VII to the right of the
photograph [note that it is
missing much of its lower
right wing) and came to
rest amongst some tents.
[Greg VanWyngarden]
18
and two Dr I uiplanes. Notwithstanding the attention that the SSW D III attracted,
it was Fokker's VII and V18 that won the competition.
Based on the Dr I, the VII featured a biplane version of its wooden box spar wing 22ft 11.5in.
and a 180hp Mercedes D IIIali engine. The lower wing was smaller than the upper
ro improve downward visibility, and it was built in one piece, with a curout arranged
in the steel tube fuselage frame ro accommodate it. The ailerons, installed on the
upper wing only, were fabric-covered steel tube. The interplane and cabane struts were
streamlined steel tubing. The VII also featured a car-type radiaror mounted in the
nose, rather than on the fuselage sides or the upper wing.
Although impressed by the VII's performance during early test flights, JG 1's
commander, Rittm Manfred von Richthofen, reported it ro be directionally unstable
and prone ro fall inro a spin. Fokker responded by lengthening the fuselage by 40cm
and adding a vertical stabiliser ro produce the V18. Both aircraft were tested at the
January 1918 competition, where von Richthofen and numerous other German
fighter pilots unanimously praised the biplane's overall performance, including its
ability ro retain its manoeuvrability at high altitude and ro 'hang on its prop'.
The V21 was a final refinement on the V18, the aircraft boasting a smaller rrianglJar
vertical stabilise!". It was this version that was accepted for production under the military
designation ofD VII, Fokker receiving a contract to build 400 fighters at a COSt of25,000
marks apiece. Much to his personal satisfaction after having been eclipsed by Albauos
since September 1916, Anthony Fokker saw the Johannisthal (Albarros) and
Schneidemi.ihl (Ostdeursche Alban'os Werke, or OAW) factories ofhis bitter rivals ordered
to manufacture the D VII under licence, with a five percent royalty going to Fokker.
D VIIs began arriving at Jasta 10 of JG I in late April 1918. Eagerly anticipating
its arrival, von Richthofen had only allocated Dr Is to Jastas 6 and 11 when Operation
MichaeL commenced, while Jastas 4 and 10 retained their inline-engined Albatros and
Pfalz fighters ro ensure a smooth pilot transition ro the D VII. Although the 'Red
Baron' avidly looked forward ro flying the D VII in combat himself, he never got the
chance ro prior ro being killed in action on 21 April.
19

Jasta 10 aces Ltns Fritz
Friedrichs (left] and Erich
L6wenhardt pose before a
captured SPAO XIII of SPA88
in June 1918. L6wenhardt
may have scored the first
oVII victories on 9 and 10 May
1918, but Friedrichs was killed
baling out of one on 15 July.
[Greg VanWyngarden]
20
Len de R Aloys Heldmann of]asta 10 claimed to have flown a D vn in combat in By the end of May 1918, D VIIs had
mid-April, and he brought down an SE 5a of No. 24 Sqn on 4 May (2Lt R. A. Slipper become the mainstays at Jastas 6, 10 and 11,
was taken prisoner), but it is most likely that he was still flying a Pfalz D IlIa at the while Jasta 4 operated castoff triplanes from
time. His StaffelfUhrer, Len Erich Lowenhardt, is known to have flown a D vn on the Jastas 6 and 11 until more of the new Fokker
9th, as implied by Len Richard Wenzl, then a Dr I pilot of]asta 11, when he described fighters reached the front.
an engagement berween JG I fighters and British aircraft that afternoon in his 1930 While JG I's pilots familiarised themselves
memoir, Richthofen Flieger. 'To my left, Lowenhardt in his new biplane already had with their D VIIs, and downed two SPAD
one in front of him.' VIIs on 19 May, their commander, Hptm
Lowenhardt claimed an SE 5a over Hamel at 1950 hrs for his 19th victory. This Wilhelm Reinhard, received orders on the
may have again been from No. 24 Sqn, whose 'C' Flight fought a 15-20 minute 21st to depart Cappy aerodrome for Pusieux
engagement over Bois de Hangard, although it lost no aeroplanes. RAF pilots from Ferme, from whence they would support the
the unit in turn claimed three Albatros D Vs, and they did not report encountering 7. Armee's offensive on the Chemin des
any new types during the course of the combat. Lowenhardt had a less disputable Dames. JG I arrived at Pusieux on the
success at 2030 hrs the next evening when he downed a DH 9 over Chaulnes, killing evening of the 26th, but poor weather
Lts L. E. Dunnett and H. D. Prosser of No. 27 Sqn. limited operations when the German spring
On 18 May, Wenzl, who had transferred from Jasta 11 to Jasta 6 24 hours earlier, offensive's third phase, Operation Bliicher-
flew to 2. Armee Flug Park to exchange his Fokker Dr I for a D VII. Besides the Yorck, commenced on 27 May.
superior speed and high-altitude performance that the new fighter offered, Wenzl Amid the day's confusion a mystery arose.
The British reportedly found Fokker D VII
recalled everyone being pleased to be returning to stationary, water-cooled engines.
'The inferior Rizinus oil - the elixir of life for rotary engines - made it so apparent serial No. 2184/18 near Achiet-Ie-Grand, and
that on hot days there would be no end to the forced landings.' gave it the captured aircraft registration
number G/5/12. The only German loss that
matches the acquisition is that of Len d R
Rudolf Windisch, commander of Jasta 66,
who was brought down while attacking a
French aerodrome, probably by Sous-Lt
Souleau and M d L Cavieux of SPA76.
Windisch, who was credited with a SPAD before going down, had been Vzfw Erich Sonneck of Jasta
photographed shortly prior to his demise in the cockpit of a D VII marked with a 66 poses before Ltn Rudolf
Windisch's new Fokker (OAWj
leaping stag on the fuselage side, suggesting that as a seasoned Kanone, he had the
oVII 2035/18, bearing a white
rare privilege (for an Amerika-Programm unit member at that time) of receiving one stag over a yellow shield and
of the new fighters. Maybe it was his aeroplane, or the remains thereof, that were what is undoubtedly a band in
recovered by the British in the sector? Saxon green and white.
(Greg VanWyngarden)
Adding to the day's anomalies were conflicting reports that Windisch was a
prisoner, and that he had subsequently been killed - shot while trying to escape,
perhaps? In any case, the Fokker D VII did not remain secret for long.
Meanwhile, at JG II's base at Le Mesnil-Nesle, Hptm Rudolf Berthold had also
been looking forward to his Staffeln getting D VIIs, but even the delivery of his own
machine was delayed. On 28 May JG I lent him one of its Fokker fighters, and he took
to it instantly. 'It flies very comfortably', he noted. 'Above all, the controls are so light
that I can even handle them with my right arm.' Given the fact that a neglected, still-
festering wound rendered his right arm all but useless, Berthold's comments speak
volumes for the D VII's handling characteristics - as does the fact that he used it to
shoot down a Breguet 14 over Crouy later that same morning. 21

Ltn d Rudolf Windisch did not
fly 0 VII 2035/18 long before
being downed by the French
- and his fighter ultimately
turned up in British records.
(Greg VanWyngarden)
Jagdgeschwader II
commander Obit Rudolf
Berthold [centre, facing the
camera), seen here in 1917
amid his pilots of Jasta 18,
used a Fokker 0 VII borrowed
from JG I to score the type's
first success over a SPAO XIII.
22 [Jon Guttman)
The next afrernoon Benhold was again leading Jasta 15's
Albatros D Vas in his 'borrowed' machine when they were
jumped norrh of Ville-en-Tardenois by SPADs of SPAn.
The French unie's star rum, Sous-Lt Maurice Boyau, who
had burned a German kite balloon over Bois de Dole earlier
that day, now shared in the credit for an Albarros downed
and a second that wenr unconfirmed. Evidendy, SPA7l's
Jasta 15 victims survived, bur the same cannot be said for
Sgt Andre Gelin, whose SPAD XlII became the first of its
eype (0 fall victim (0 a Fokker D VII when Bermold (LImed
the tables on his ambushers and shot Gelin down south of
Soissons at 1620 hrs. Ten minures later Lrn JosefVelrjens
was credited with a second SPAD and Lrn Georg von
TECHNICAL
Hanrelmann with a 'probable', but in realiey Gelin was
SPAn's only loss. At 1640 hI'S Berthold (Opped the day off
by claiming a Salmson 2A2, probably from SAL27.
SPECI FI CATIONS
The next few days saw another inirial surge in German
forrunes on the ground, as Chateau-Thierry fell (0 the 7.
Armee on 30 May and JG I moved up (0 occupy the
former French aerodrome at Beugneux-Cremaille on 1
June. In the air, the last few days of May saw the Fokker
D VII burst in(O almost instam prominence. Known SPAD XIII
successes for the fighter on the 31st included Breguets by
Jasta 6's Ltn d R Hans Kirschstein and Ltn Marrin The SPAD XlII displayed impressive speed and climb - whenever the reduction gear
Skowronski and a SPAD credited (0 the Geschwaderfiihrer, Hpnn Reinhard. June saw of its Hispano-Suiza 8B engine was not failing. The rounded wingtips on the early
a proliferation ofFokker D VIIs over the from, accompanied by glowing reports from XlIIs produced by SPAD and Blerior displayed inferior lateral control compared (0 the
their pilots and awed reactions from their Allied opponems. SPAD VII, however, so they were soon redesigned (0 the latter's original, angular
configuration for subsequent production batches. In an attempt (0 provide a similar
improvemem in handling (0 existing fighters while newer ones made their way (0 the
from, SPAD issued rriangular three-ply 'pockets' that could be sewed omo the ailerons
and fore and aft wingtips - 300+ XlIIs were so modified in the wimer of 1918.
This early BIE~riot·built SPAO
XIII of 5PA155, probably flown
by unit commander Capt
Edmond George, displays the
'pocket' extensions sewn onto
the wing and aileron tips to
square off their contours.
(SHAA) 23
 All but one of the SPAD XIIIs issued to No. 23 Sqn in December 1917 had SPAD XIII Early model Late model
rounded wingtips, which the French also offered to retro-fit with the wooden Dimensions
'pockets'. The British declined, however, because after evaluating the 'quick fix' the Length 20ft 6.5in 20ft 6.5in
- -
RFC representative in the Paris officer of the Ministry of Munitions stated, 'The Height 8ft 6.333in 8ft 6.333in
execution of the work is badly carried out, and should the twine rot or fray, the three- Span 27ft 8in 26ft 7in
ply corner would become detached, probably jamming or damaging the aileron'. Wing Area 227.226 sq. ft 217.430 sq. ft
In spite of this jaundiced British appraisal, early model SPAD XIIIs with pocket Weight
extensions on their wings continued to turn up in French and American squadrons Empty 1,3261b -
well into 1918. An artifact providing proof is SPAD XIII S7689 Smith IV of the 22nd Loaded 1,8881b -
Aero Sqn in which lLt Arthur Raymond Brooks scored his sixth victory on October -
Performance SPAD XIII SPAD XIII SPAD XVII
1918. This aircraft, which is now preserved at the National Air and Space Museum
Engine 220hp 220hp 300hp
in Washington, DC, has an upper wing of the later, squared-off shape, but a
Hispano·Suiza Hispano·Suiza Hispano·Suiza
replacement lower wing of the early, rounded configuration with pocket extensions.
8Ba, 8Bb or 8Bd 8BBe or 8Be 8Fb
Seeking an alternative to the Hispano-Suiza 8B, SPAD experimented with
Maximum speed (mph)
installing a 200hp Renault 8Gd in a SPAD XIII airframe, but nothing came of it. -
3,2BOft 131.2 - -
-
6,560ft 129.6 135.5 134.8
9,B4Dft 127.7 - 133
I- ~

13,120ft 124.9 - 131.2

- I- -
16,400ft 118.1 - 124.9
Climb to min sec min sec min sec
-
3,2BOft 2 20 - - - -
6,560ft 5 17 4 40 5 24
-
9,B40ft 8 45 - - 8 20
13,120ft 13 5 - - 12 32
- I-
16,400ft 20 10 - - 17 21
Service ceiling 22,360ft - -
Endurance (hours) 1% - -
-

At least one SPAD (S706) was fitted with a Rateau supercharger, located behind the
pilot's seat, but in spite of an alleged top speed of 139.8mph, its overall performance
was reportedly inferior to the standard aeroplane's.
In early 1918, the Aviation Militaire requested a fighter with a more powerful
engine than the Spad XIII's. Hispano-Suiza responded with the 300hp 8Fb, and
SPAD created a stronger airframe to accept it. The result was the SPAD 17.Cl,
Capt Rene Fonck poses before whose dimensions were virtually identical to the XIII's, but which featured a larger
a SPAD XVII, which displays an
engine cowling and more stringers to round out the fuselage behind it. The
enlarged radiator and cowling
to accommodate its 300hp wing cellule was reinforced to a factor of nine, with added bracing wires running
Hispano·Suiza 8Fb engine under the lower wing to the undercarriage. The fighter's horizontal stabilisers were
and extra bracing wires also enlarged.
extending to the
Most of the test batch of20 SPAD XVIIs served with Groupe de Combat 12 in
undercarriage. Only 20 were
built, and they saw limited
late 1918, but their performance proved to be only marginally better than the
use by GC12 in the war's last XIII's, so in 1919 the Aviation Militaire adopted the Nieuport 29 as its standard
24 weeks. (SHAA 881.1397) fighter instead. 25
 THE 'FLYING BRICK'
The first SPAD XlIIs to arrive at the 95th Aero Sqn on 25 July 1918 were welcomed
by pilots who hoped that their greater power and robust structure would offer an
advantage over the Nieuport 28, with its volatile Gnome monosoupape rotary engine
and wing fabric that was prone to tearing away in a dive. Pilots from the 94th shared
those sentiments as well, bur the aviators manning the 27th and 147th Aero Sqns, led
by RFC veterans who were more accustomed to the Nieuports' limitations, and how
to adapt to them, were less enthusiastic.
Maj Harold E. Hartney, Canadian-born commander of the 27th Aero Sqn, wrote,
'An Englishman who flew one of the SPADs on our aerodrome said, "The thing flies
like a 'bloody brick', you know". That was our opinion, too, and it remained with us
through to the end of the war'. The 'flying brick' sobriquet referred to the fact that the
SPAD's greater weight and thinner wing cross section gave it a higher wing loading
than that of the light, docile Nieuport 28. This in turn meant that the fighter had a
steeper glide angle, which normally required the engine to be running at high speed
in order for the pilot to land the SPAD XlII safely. Charles R. D'Olive of the 93rd
Aero Sqn agreed:

The SPADs were wonderful aeroplanes after you learned how to fly them. For the novice,
they had the gliding angle and the stability of a brick. Mter you learned how to fly them
you could hang rhem on a right rurn prerty nice. You had ro fly rhem with the engine.

While the Americans complained abour the SPAD's 'hot' landing characteristics,
Swiss volunteer, and five-victory ace, Jacques R. Roques of SPA48 claimed to have
developed a technique that saw him glide his SPAD in by raising the nose during final

Upper cowling details of iLt

A Raymond Brooks' SPAD XIII
as it undergoes restoration at
the Smithsonian Institution.
26 (Greg VanWyngarden)
 approach to slow it down, ptior to levelling off just before touchdown and effecting a
smooth landing. In regard to the matter oflanding, however, seven-victory ace French
ace Jean Fraissinet flatly stated 'I don't have any memory of the excessive landing speeds
you bring up'.
The other principal complaint against the SPAD XIII, from French and American
pilots alike, concerned the unreliability of the Hispano-Suiza 8B engine, with its
failure-prone spur reduction gear. 'Even out mechanics, the very best in the world,
could not keep them as serviceable as the Nieuporrs', Maj Hartney stated. 'Therefore,
our "machines available" for each day's work dropped from about 90 per cent to 50
per cent, despite long hours of night work and extra men on each job.'
While Hispano-Suiza strove to refine the quality of the 8B engine, the principal
means of making the SPAD XIII an effective fighter was constant maintenance by
the groundcrews. Hartney, as CO of the 27th Aero Sqn and later the 1st Pursuit
Group, gave due recognition to the critical role played by those oft-overlooked men:
AJthough it meant four days for a complete overhaul of the new water-cooled engine
against four hours on the air-cooled Monosoupape, they realised the additional risks
being taken by the pilots and accepted the situation with good grace.
If its pilots thought the SPAD XIII flew like a brick, it dived like a brick, too. And
when it needed to, the ability of its solid wing structure to hold together came to be
appreciated by any hard-pressed SPAD pilot who found himself ourclimbed or
outmanoeuvred by one Ot more Fokker D VIIs.
'I never knew one to fall apart', said Charles D'Olive. 'I know a fellow who got
credit for two Fokkers that followed him in a dive. When he pulled out they tried to
pullout after him and they left their wings there. He didn't fire a shot, but he got credit
for two Fokkers.'
The tactics devised to make the most of the SPAD XIII's strengths and minimise
its weaknesses - similar to those employed by American pilots to outfight more nimble
Japanese aircraft during World War II - were described in a letter home by Sgt Charles
J. Biddle, dated 23 November 1917. An LFC member ofN73, he subsequenrly had
the privilege of using a new SPAD XIII to score his first victory over a two-seater on
5 December:
You may thi!:1k it sounds foolish, or as if one was blowing a bit of talk about attacking
five when we were only tWo, bur an attack does not necessarily mean that you chaIge into
the middle of them and mix it up. On the contrary you can, by diving at high speed from
above, get in some shots and then by using your great speed climb up above them again
out of reach before they get in a shor. If you remember to leave your motor on as you
are diving, and in this way to come down as fast as possible, without at the same time
going so fast as to interfere with your shooting, the great speed gained in this way will
enable you to make a short, steep climb. You can thus tegain a position perhaps 200
metres above the heads of the Huns, where they cannot effectively shoot at you. I am now
28 of course speaking only of an attack on a group of single-seater machines.
A French SPAD XIII with a
bullet hole through its
windscreen shows a wealth of
upper cowling detail.
[Blaine Pardoe)
If the engagement ends here, the chances of bringing one down are not great, but you
can sometimes by such methods and by, for instance, hitting some part of one of the
machines, so worry the Huns that one will get separated from his comrades in the general
confusion so that you can get a fair crack at him.
The advantage in level and especially diving speed that the SPAD XIII held over
even the BMW-engined Fokker D VII was attested to by Ltn Richard Wenzl ofJasta
6 as he described several combats he had with American fighters on 30 October 1918:
The scene was always the same. A tight turn and then the SPAD pilots were overtaken,
but they saved themselves by going into a vertical nosedive. Naturally, we couldn't follow
them, so we forced an entire SPAD Right of seven aircraft down in turn. My rage over
this bunch knew no bounds.
Lrn Friedrich Noltenius, serving with Jasta 6 on 9 October, also noted that during
an encounter with SPADs that day, 'I attacked them one after the other but without
hitting them. One of them was able to catch me off guard, but he shot miserably.
I learned that I was unable to gain on the 200hp SPAD, even with the BMW engine.'
Later, improved production batches ofSPAD XIIIs left fonder memories among those
who flew them. 'The SPAD was an awfully comfortable aeroplane to fly', recalled
Leighton Brewer of the 13th Aero Sqn, 'as it had a large cockpit, and the heat from the
water-cooled engine kept the pilot warm up to 5,000 metres. It was a wonderfLu aeroplane
to fight in - probably the best fighter aeroplane developed during World War I.'
Brewer's SPAD, which bore the personal number '3', served throughout his time
at the front with five different engines, of which he stated:
The first two were very good and the last three not so good. The first one lasted 60 hours
and the second 40 hours when I cracked a cylinder over the lines and had to go back
home. I had my aeroplane fixed up to suit me. I have pretty small hands, and had a hard
time squeezing both machine gun triggers at the same time. I had my mechanic turn one
around to put them closer together. I had the instruments placed JUSt where I wanted
them, and also had a piece of iron pllt under the sear. 29

As with most German fighter
pilots of 1918, Ltn Richard
Wenzl, StaffelfOhrer of Jasta
6, was elated to receive both
the Mercedes· and later
8MW·engined Fokker 0 VIIs.
He scored most of his 12
victories in the aircraft.
[Greg VanWyngarden]
The Mercedes 0 III engine was
installed in most German
fighters from 1916 through to
1918, including the Fokker
oVII. Powered by the higher-
compression IlIaU, the 0 VII
was a very good fighter, but
the BMW lila made it a great
30 one. [Greg VanWyngarden]
FOKKER DVII
Afrer receiving a Fokker D VII with a 180hp Mercedes IIIali engine on 18 May, Lm
Richard Wenzl ofJasta 11 gave it an initial appraisal:
We were astounded at what Fokker had been able to wring our of the long-outdated
Mercedes engine. The new biplane was not as manoeuvrable as our rriplanes, bur ir was
somewhar speedier. It was a little slow climbing at low altitude, but it climbed better at
high altitude, as we had installed the high-compression engines that were designed for
high altitude.
As Wenzl noted, JG I's pilots were pleased to return to oil-lubricated stationary
engines after the unreliability displayed by the castor oil-lubricated rotaries of their
Fokker Dr Is. Lm Fritz Friedrichs of Jasta 10 also learned of the D VII's inherenr
structural soundness when an exploding anti-aircraft shell broke a lower wing spar in
half, but the overall wing cellule held unril he flew home. About that time Wenzl was
also fired upon by one of his own StaffeL mates whilst dogfighting with SE 5as, but
he called it 'a forgivable mistake because the D VII did bear a certain similarity to the
SE 5'.
Many of the D VII's virtues lay in its cantilever wing, whose thicker airfoil and
high aspect ratio gave it a lift coefficient of 1.1, compared to 1.0 for the SPAD, and
consequently a superior rate of climb. Its horn-balanced control surfaces also reduced
control forces, endowing it with a rare combination of outstanding agility and
forgiving ease.
There seemed to be only three things wrong with the D VII. Elated though they
were with their first D VIIs using the 180hp Mercedes IIIali, many pilots thought it
would benefit from a better engine - and later that summer it got two. Mercedes
produced the 200hp IIIaliv, but it was the Fokker D VII (F), powered by the 185hp
BMW IlIa, that exhibited the most stellar performance, especially at altitudes of
18,000ft or above. This combination truly made it the terror of the Western Front,
as Lm Wenzl recalled:
On 22 June the first BMW Fokkers arrived and were issued to Jasta 11. The aces each
got one as well. I led the Staffilwhile Kirschstein was in Berlin, and I tried our his BMW,
which pleased me greatly. This machine easily reached 6,000 metres in 24 minutes -
that was a tremendous feat in those days. The effects of these new machines immediately
became evident. 5taffel 11 was once more shooting down a good many machines because
it was now an easy thing to overtake and shoot down those French reconnaissance
aeroplanes that flew exrraordinarily high.
Behind the whimsical face on
A second more disturbing flaw was a tendency for the D VII's ammunition to Obit Hermann Pritsch's 0 VII of
Jasta 17 are ventilating holes
overheat and explode within the confines of its front cowling. On 15 July 1918,
added to the cowling to
Fold<er D VII 309/18, flown by Lm Fritz Friedrichs (Jasta 10's balloon specialist with
reduce the disconcerting
eleven aeroplanes and ten 'gasbags' to his credit, suddenly burst into flame, most likely possibility of spontaneous
due to the spontaneous combustion of his phosphorus rounds. When his fuel tank ignition of his ammunition.
exploded Friedrichs abandoned his aeroplane, but his parachute caught on the The positions and shapes of
such apertures varied from
tailplane and ripped, causing him to plunge to his death.
aeroplane to aeroplane and
Fellow JG I pilot Lm d RJulius Bender ofJasta 4 had a similar experience the next Stoffel to Stoffel.
day when his ammunition went off, setting his D VII (2063/18) afire. Bender took (Greg VanWyngarden]
to his parachute at an altitude ofjust 200 metres and
was fortunate to alight with only a sprained ankle.
Improved ammunition was the ultimate remedy to
the problem, but a common interim precaution was
to cut ventilating holes or louvres in the cowling in a
manner that varied from one Jasta to another.
The Fokker D VII's third and arguably most
vocally expressed fault was that there never seemed
to be enough of them to satisfy demand, and the
fighters produced to supplement them almost
invariably suffered in comparison when appraised by
the pilots who had to settle for them.
In mid-May early examples of the LFG Roland
D VI, featuring a fuselage built up of wooden clinkers
like a boat, were assigned to Jastas 23b, 32b, 33 and
35b. Its performance was no better than that of
the Albatros D Va, and in late May Jasta 23b's
commander, Lt d R Otto Kissenberth, flew a
captured Sopwith Camel in preference to his unit's
LFG Rolands! The SSW D III and D IV were well
accepted once their engine problems were rectified,
but their most striking virtue, their rate of climb, as 31
 well as continued German doubrs about the reliability of rotary engines in general,
resulted in them being allocated more often to home defence Kampfeinsitzer Staffeln
than to frontline Jastas.
August saw the appearance of the Pfalz D XII at the front. Although its frontal radiator
frequently led Allied pilots to mistake it for the Fokker D VII, the new Pfalz featured the
same semi-monocoque plywood fuselage as the earlier D III, while its wings, of a drag-
reducing thin aerofoil section inspired by the SPAD, were conventionally wire-braced
Witll rwo bays ofN-shaped interplane strurs.
In his posrwar memoir Jagdstaffel Unsere Heimat, Lrn Rudolf Stark mentioned that
his command, Jasta 35b, accepted Pfalz D XIls on 1 September 'only after much
discussion and long telephone conversations', and that every pilot 'climbed into the
new machine with preconceived notions and immediately voiced all manner of
complaints'. His mechanics were already so 'spoiled' by the Fokker D VII's cantilever
wings that they complained of the renewed labour required to keep the Pfalz's guy
wires adjusted berween missions. Later, Stark admitted, the Pfalz D XII turned out to
be a fairly good aeroplane that 'climbed well and could fly along with the Fold<er
D VII in all respects, and in a dive it was a bit faster. But in turns and combat it was
slow and could not compare with the Fokkers.'
Statistics aside, the Fokker D VII had set a new standard in the Luftstreitskrafte.
By the end of June 1918 virtually every other fighter of its generation was
comparatively judged against that standard, and most were found wanting.
Dimensions
FOKKER VERSUS SPAD
On 3 July 1918, the American 1st Pursuit Group received the following intelligence
report from the French VI Armee, under whose auspices it was then serving in the
Chateau Thierry sector:
The triplane Fokker is disappearing lirrle by lirtle. The Fokker 0 VII (biplane) is reponed
by our pursuir pilors to be encounrered frequenrly. It is an excellenr machine, being
bener rhan rhe 180hp SPAD and equal to rhe 220hp SPAD in horizonral speed, and ir
is apparenrly able to climb fasrer, is exrremely manoeuvrable and able to conrinue
acrobacy ar high alritudes of 5000 to 5500 merres.
By then the Americans had already learned what the 'square nose', as they also
called the D VII, could do against their Nieuport 28s, with the added misfortune of
having had to face some of the best pilots rhe Germans could put in them. The arrival
of SPAD XIlls in July was greeted with mixed feelings in the 1st Pursuit Group, and
the SPADs' first clashes with Fokkers were equally mixed, combining encouraging
Fokker 0 VII [F] 7788/18,
successes with the frustration of all too frequent engine failures.
delivered to Coblenz on 2
Even when victorious, American pilots regarded the D VII as an adversary to January 1919 for testing by
respect. On 10 October lLt Richard D. Shelby of the 139th Aero Sqn had dropped the USAS, displays its 185hp
out of his patrol with a rough-running engine and was circling over the lines to await 8MW lila engine, as well as
the five·colour lozenge
his comrades' return when he noticed five or six aeroplanes making diving passes at
camouflage pattern printed
the trenches below. Diving to take position behind them, he identified them as on the fabric. [R. Watts Album

=3
Span 29ft3.5in 'Fokkers from the Checkerboard Circus', painted in red and white squares. Those via Greg VanWyngarden]

Length 22ft l1.5in

-----
Height 9ft 2.25in
Wing Area 221.4 sq. ft
Weights

Empty 1,4?4Ib
--- -
Loaded 2,1121b
--
Performance

\
f-----
Powerplant Mercedes Illaii ( 180h p) BMW Ilia (185hp)
I---
Maximum speed (mph) 118.1 125
r-- ----f- - f---
Climb to min sec min sec

3,280ft 4 15 1 40
6,560ft 8 18 ? 5
-
,
9840ft 13 49 ? 0
- I- -
13,120ft 22 48 10 15
16,400ft 38 5 15 30
-
Service Ceiling 20, 000£1 24,280ft

32
Endurance (hours) 1 '12 -
33
 D VIIs were the best fighter aeroplanes produced during the war, cerrainly at low
altitude', he said, 'and these were flown by veterans. By the time I realised who they
were, things were happening so fast I didn't have time ro be scared'. Closing on the
rearmost Fokker, Shelby fired at close range and followed it down as the fighter dived,
streaming white vapour, unril his guns jammed:

Although he crashed inside our lines, I didn't actually see it because I was so busy trying
ro apply immediate action ro my guns. The first indication that I was in trouble came
when my instrumenr panel exploded in my face. I didn't know where the shot had come
from, so I rwisted around ro look over my shoulder, and my hean caught in my throat.
There, a dozen yards behind me and square on my tail, was one of the Fokkers with the
A superb view of the cockpit
muzzles of both guns flickering. When you are in trouble in a SPAD, you dive,
of 0 VII 4635/18 undergoing
so I dived.
restoration at the
Smithsonian Institution. The
In spite of shot-up controls, Shelby managed ro pull our of his 200mph dive JUSt fuel gauge lies between the

above the Meuse River, his propeller kicking up spray as he did so. Barely clearing the gun barrels, while the rev
counter is between the
riverbank, he flew past Verdun and sporred a small field. 'I fishtailed straight in and
breeches. To the left of the
made a pretty good landing', he conluded. 'The aeroplane was shot up but otherwise left hand gun is the grease
in pretty good shape.' pump for the engine water

No German loss corresponds ro Shelby's third accredited vicrory, for which he pump. The brown handle
forward of the fuel gauge
received the Distinguished SeI'vice Cross (DSC), but he may in turn have been the
is the decompression lever
tenth vicrory claimed by Obit Theodor Cammann of]asta 74, whose aeroplanes are to ease starting the engine.
known ro have sported chequered markings. (Greg VanWyngarden)

: .

3S

THE STRATEGIC
SITUATION
The SPAD XlII's arrival on the Western Front in the late summer of 1917 attended
the series ofAllied offensives that bogged down by the end of the year. In the months
that followed, as the French strove to deliver the new fighter in quantity even while
correcting its flaws, the Germans were also mobilising and upgrading their ground and
air assets for a grand strike of their own.
With revolution-wracked Russia out of the war and the Italians reeling back to the
Piave River in the wake of their disastrous defeat at Caporetto on 26 October 1917,
the Germans saw what could be a final opportunity to force France and Britain to sue
for peace before their American allies reached the front in force. By the time the
Fokker D VII entered operational service in the late spring of 1918, that critical effort
was already in progress.
The American declaration of war against Germany on 6 April 1917 had already
affected the Luftsrreitskrafte, compelling it to initiate what it dubbed the Amerika-
Programm in June. On paper, this doubled the number of Jagdstaffeln in anticipation
of whatever th-e US Army fielded in the course of the year, and it was t be lent
substance through the accelerated development of a new generation of state-of-the-
art fighters. The training programme was also drastically expanded by the addition of
a second fighter school, Jastaschule II, alongside Jastaschule I at Valenciennes/
Famars on 8 August 1917, followed by the newer school's relocation to Nivelles in
February 1918.
By the time Operation Michael was launched on 21 March 1918, however, the
Luftstreitskrafte's best fighter was still the Fokker Dr I, serving primarily with the
36 three crack Jagdgeschwader while the other Jagdstaffeln got by on Albatros D Vs and
A Jasta 27 line·up at Halluin-
Ost aerodrome in late May
1918 shows a typical unit in
transition. The aircraft visible
in this photograph are, from
left to right, a newly delivered
Fokker 0 VII, an Albatros 0 Va,
a Fokker Or I, a 0 VII, two more
Or Is and another 0 VII.
[Greg VanWyngarden)
D Vas and Pfalz D Ills and D IIIas. The discrepancy in fighting quality was especially
marked in the hastily created Amerika-Programm Jagdstaffeln, which usually consisted
of a veteran commander and perhaps a small cadre of experienced men, surrounded
by hastily trained pilots who would duly have to complete their apprenticeship in
battle against the Allies.
On top of their usually being undersrrength, the newer Jastas also had older,
sometimes obsolescent, hand-me-down fighters in which their neophyte pilots would
have to acquire whatever combat experience they could the hard way - rendered aU
the harder by the generally superior quality, as well as quantity, of their opponents'
machines by this stage of the war.
Although the more experienced German aviators flew their aeroplanes with great
tactical skill and elan, their British counterparts fought back with confidence in the
intrinsic superiority of their own fighters, namely the Sopwith Camel and Dolphin,
the SE 5a and the Bristol F 2B. Likewise, the French retained confidence in their
reliable, still-capable SPAD VIIs, even if the progressively more numerous SPAD XlII,
with its troublesome Hispano-Suiza 8B engine, was continuing to am'act mixed
reviews. In November 1917, for example, a number of escadrilles had reported that
their SPAD XIIls were grounded for two days out of three because of persistent
engine trouble.
The first USAS fighter units to see action - the 94th and 95th Aero Sqns - had
commenced operations in the relatively quiet Toul sector on 31 March 1918. They
were equipped with Nieuport 28s until a sufficient number of SPAD XlIIs became
available to replace them. The 103rd Aero Sqn, created directly from the all-volunteer
Escadrille SPA124 'Lafayette' on 18 February 1918, used a mixed bag of SPAD VIIs
and XlIIs over the Champagne and Flanders fronts, as did the 139th Aero Sqn in the
Toul sector in July. 37
 The final German offensive J'-V'"' e Giraumont When the Fokker D VII finally made its combat debut in May 1918, the German
along the Marne on lS July e SPAO XIII bases eLaon eSissonne
e Fokker 0 VII bases
offensive was about to enter its third phase, with the element of surprise and much of
1918 pitted all three
Jogdgeschwoder and other "" Front line the initiative already lost. In spite of some early German successes, the Allies showed
crack Fokker 0 VII·equipped no sign of collapsing, and at the end of June the USAS committed its 1st Pursuit
~;""I: 9
Jostos against the most
1"",,-,,: ARME£ ! Group, consisting of the 27th, 94th, 95th and 147th Aero Sqns, to the Chateau
seasoned Groupes de Combat ~
". Thierry sector.
and escadrilles of French ---..../" ~~~/'e '1..<;- .~ -v
The Americans had gained considerable experience, and confidence in Toul during
Escadre I, as well as the i Soissons <...-- \ ?
American 1st Pursuit Group, eVauberon ! eBuzancy ARMff the spring of 1918, but their opposition there had been second-rate Alban'os and
ePierrefonds S '- eVauxcere
1
operating from Saints with ~ rFismes"
ARMEr
Pfalz-equipped Amerika-Programm JagdstaffeLn. Throughout July the Fokker D VIIs,
Nieuport 28s until the 9Sth :: \..
Aero Sqn committed its new ARMtf
x
~
/ eSeugneux
-~~~
'=-",\""," ~,\\. t.
flown by some of Germany's best surviving pilots, ran roughshod over the hapless

SPAo Xilis to the fight on

_:$ B'II 0
I y.s~r- urcq
i··
~\". Rei ms
~\\\\\: =
;1: Nieuporr 28s. SPAD xnIs finally began to reach the 1st Pursuit Group in mid-July,
2S July. S
~--v-
-" Trugny.
"--....J eFere·en-Tardenois $
~ '1'1:
•
and the 95th subsequently claimed the group's first successes with the new fighter
. f '\ ourcq~~ _::1 type on the 25th_
~~ eCoincy IV
( ~~ eVilie-en-Tardenois § ARMtf By then the last German bid for victory had been irretrievably lost, a final push over
~ ~

\
,.J
,
~
,\\'~ \
~,..,- .~o:
eOorm../'ans "ior'!.e ,\"",...,. .
"r--....
the Marne having been repulsed on 18 July. From then on it was the Allies' turn to go

j
VI
ARMtE ._..J
'1111111,,1I1111"\~ I
J Chateau·Thierry
';
~'"I"lIn'''''~
~\""t'JU"II\\\\:
tpernay.
I
J\ J v Dstende"-- ---- I
ARMtf Nieupo;!--e e SPAO XIII bases
'- IX Dunkirk
__ --. /<1 ~E e Fokker 0 VII bases
ARMtf

eChampaubert
(\ "" Front line

a to miles eTre~on
)~\,~.r""" BELGIUM ~(>
l~illmlllll=,=,1~=rJ11 eVllleneux $ '" r(
~ eLirte
"/~ ~eU,·
o 15km

eSaints
eVilleneuve ( __/ )
~
A
rrase §
E eOouai r"-....
-'1;; ~ \)
?

eGougan~on ~ eCambrai I I
$ n ~
$' J. r' .f, /J ~

e
Albertf{
i eP~ronne
~ ~....J
'-J
!
I")
) \\
Amiens ~J1\e - ~ ( '\
Members of Groupe de ~ \ eSt Ouentin Aisoe I ... - :

Combat 18 at Montdidier rest

between strafing missions
before some SPAo Xilis of
{
""""n""111
l'l,
I-""~
""
eSissonne
A I
~

tt gny
l.........
'l
JStenav_....___-'\..
'e "-.r
r-
UXEMBOUR~
J
SPA48. From left are: Lt Jean ( :: Marne e~\ , Marville (
Gigodot, CO, SPA1S3
[4 victories), Sgt Michel
Vauberone
-a!
eSOissons

~.
Beugneux ~
~''''~
\\\".... elms
eLeffineourt (Jametz GE R MAN Y
~1I~1II1"''''''f''If''tt,u....\\\\\\\'\"""'"l'~ars_1 -Tour t'
~ Verdun. :
Bellaigue, SPA1S3, Lt Roger
...,\UlltI\\
. ··""t'toJney
)
).f' t.,e e Metz
Cael, SPA48, Adh Auguste
ChMe~u-Thierry e l Puxi@."x
;:.,,,,,,,,,"\\".11'""l'~i
, I
/" ""'- -V Ch~lons.sur.Marnee Souilly e ~;
Binoche, SPA48 [3). SLt Andre I.PARIS Throughout the German and
Barcat, SPA1S3 (S). Adj t'( L·ISl B' eSt Mihiel
a-en- arrols eRembercourt
'\--.~
.,~
Allied offensives of 1918, both
Touqulnlsaints sides shifted their fighter
Raymond Boudou, SPA48 (2). Rancourt. • eBehonne Toul lllll"'I, ....'.n
Bar-Ie-Duee ) e eNancy ,•••,••,
MdL Georges Halberger, e groups or squadrons to
Vaueouleurs ( e Oehey
SPA1S3 (S). SLt Marie Gilbert , whichever front seemed most
de Guingand, SPA48 [8). F RAN C E ) critical. 8y October the
Sgt Remy Morel, SPA1S3, Col \ Americans were facing both
Alexandre Mercier, SPA48 (2).
SLt Robert Bajac, SPA48 (4 J
and Adj Jean Marie oanglade,
l \
JG II, based at Stenay, and
Marville-based JG I - the
'Flying Circus' - over the
38 SPA48 [1) (SHAA B93.1078J Meuse-Argonne. 39

In this rare view, SPAD Xilis of
the 1D3rd Aero Sqn sit in front
of a typical hangar at
Vaucouleurs aerodrome in
September 1918. Note the
French rudder stripes on
aeroplane No. 12 in the
foreground. [Livingston Irving
album via Jon Guttman)
40
onto the offensive once more, starting with the French army that same day, followed
by the British along the Somme on 8 August and the Americans at St Mihiel on
12 September.
Much needed improvements in the reliability of the Hispano-Suiza 8B allowed the
SPAD XIII to proliferate throughout the French air service, and by September the
USAS also boasted three operational pursuit groups of four squadrons each, fully
equipped with SPAD XIIIs.
Although rapidly growing numbers of Fokker D VIIs equipped theJagdgeschwader,
and they were slowly finding their way into army Jastas and naval Marine FeldJastas too,
their tactical deployment had reverted to the situation prior to Operation Michael.
Units were now shifting from one base to another to concentrate against whichever
Allied offensive seemed most threatening at the moment.
Yet in spite o.f the flagging spirits permeating the German army, the D VII pilots
retained faith in their aeroplanes, and a dogged determination to do thei: part in
making the Allies pay dearly for every gain either on the ground or in the air. Given
the overwhelming and still growing preponderance of aircraft swelling the Allied ranks,
however, the D VII pilots could do little more than delay their country's ultimate,
inevitable defeat.
THE COMBATANTS
Sous-Lt Andre Martenot de
Cordoux, who scored six to
eight victories in a Caudron
G4, a Nieuport 24 and SPAD
VIis and Xllls, sports a silver
pin of SPA94's 'La Morte Qui
Fauche' marking, which he
claimed to have conceived.
Aeronautique Fran~aise [SHAA 892.4178]
French fighter pilot training was not exactly uniform, with literally
two schools for learning the fundamentals of flight. SPAD pilot Andre
Martenot de Cordoux, an infantryman who was accepted into the
Aeronautique Franyaise on 15 August 1915, described the primary
training he received, with a passing reference to the other method:
I started my training at the school at Pau, in 25hp and 45hp 'Penguins'.
The Penguin was a Bleriot aeroplane with its wings cut short. It was not
truly an aeroplane for it only hopped a few metres in the air. With a
45hp motor you could bounce about 20 metres, bur not for long. You
simply rolled abour the field in them. The instructor, or moniteur, would
let you go on your way across the field, then turn and come back. The
moniteur would estimate how much control you exercised. You went
strictly solo - that was to build confidence in a pilot, as it simulated
lone flight. We had a nice large field, so no one would be in the way.
Then it was onto 100hp Bleriots, learning to fly in a circle. You
would do a circuit of 150 kilomerres during the final test for your brevet, \
or flying certificate. We had several accidents every week - some killed,
some injured. For my own part, I never had a mishap in training. On ANDRE MARTENOT DE CORDOUX
A~ AUX IHIIT VICTQIRllS OFFICI1!LLES
26 December 1915 I earned my military pilot's brevet.
There was, by the way, another training field at Avard that used two- 4J
 The French and Americans
usually flew in V-shaped
flights of three to six aircraft,
although Edwin C. Parsons of
Tunisia, on 28 July '1
Escadrille SPA3 claimed to
.11 '1 Rllot's license on 7. June have often flown with a
I '1 •• I
comrade in a prototype of the
On 1 January 1913 he transferred to aviation, and after basic two-man element that

training at Avord obtained military Rilot's brevet No 231. was subsequently used in
World War II. Fokker 0 VII
Madon was a caRoral flying B1eriots with
Jasras were generally divided
broke out, later becoming a sergent and transitioning to
into two Ketten of four or five
Maurice Farmans. On 1915 he and his mechanic each, but only if they could
became lost in bad weathe~ and landed in neutral muster full strength at that

Switzerland. After one failure, Madon succeeded point in the war.

., 27. December, only

to be 'rewarded' by the French authorities with 60 days'
confinement for blundering Into the a rSfJace oUhelr
neutral neighbour in the first Rlace!
After serving in MF.218, Madon asked to ,. I

chasse fJilot, and following training at P.au and Cazaux

he was assigned to N38 on 1 SefJtember 1916. He soon seater Caudrons for dual-conrrol training for those who wanred an alternate means ro the
showed his mettle, downing a Fokker E ilion 28 'Bleriot' method at Pau.
SeRtember, followed by two more on 9 and
for which he received Hie ... ... ..
I- After you rook the test circuit, the commandant, observing the steadiness and skill of
the studenr, would choose the pilot for his role. The pilot was then trained further on
desp.atching an LVG on I I' I- .11 more advanced aircraft - Nieuports for scout pilots, Voisin pushers for bomber training
fJromoted to adjutant on tlie • I.
and the Caudron or Farman for reconnaissance training. I was assigned ro the Caudrons.

... . .. :.
...
. .
after scoring his tenth victory, he was made a Chevalier

. . .. 2 July, Madon esumed

would tYfJically dismiss the matter, casually remarking
'the Boches know their losses'.
.11 . .. ... . . ....... , - -
On 7 February 1916, Martenor lefrAvord for rhe Groupe Division d'Enrrainemenr
(GDE) ar Plessis-Belleville, where he conrinued training unril assigned ro operarional
: • : £ ,, , : mentored, as he was always keen to share his techni~ues
lieutenant - he was p'ut in command of SPA38. Althougli with others. Andre Martenot de Cordoux of N94, who had
his Rersonal thistle insignia had evolved into a s~uadron Rreviously served alongside Madon, remarked on tlie
I' .11 as its leader, chose to identify himself to
his Rilots in the same way that Manfred von Richthofen
occasion of his second victory, a RumfJler C IV on 25 July

. . .... .
... ... . .. ..... . ....
had - by fJainting the fuselage ot his SPAD XIII, and a keep' out of the line of fire of his rear
cannon-e~uip'p'ed SP.AD XII, red. Madon's first credited gun. I afJfJroached from slightly below, zig-zagging from
• I 12 June 1918, and the 'scouts' downed side to side until I was ready to take aim, then I fired from
17. July were undoubtedly D VIIs, as were tlie
definite DVIIs he downed on 31 July and 11 August and
....
.. . . . ... toO

..... .
the 'scout' that oecame his 41st, and last, official victim
. I I
.. .....

. .. ..
25 Novemoer, oy which time he also lield
. .
Commandant Edouard
Duseigneur, commander
addition to his official tally, which made him tlie I-

-, of Groupe de Combat 11
fourth-ranking Frencli ace, Madon was refJorted to have
scored so many uncredited victories that had he been in
.. ... .
I-

.. , . :... ... ...

....

.
t.. .. • •

.
comprising SPA12, 31, 57 and
154, stands before his 8"~riot­
the RAF. or the USAS, his score would have reached
Whenever told that a claim could not be confirmed by his
.
.. .... . .... . ..... . built SPAD XIII. The griffin
emblem was his own personal
marking. [SHAA 883.3265) 43

Officers and ground personnel
of the 103rd Aero Sqn with a
SPAO XIII at Vaucouleurs in
September 1918. Identified
from second left are lLts
Martin F McOuiken, Lawrence
E. Cauffman, G. De Freest
Lamer, Frank 0'0. Hunter,
Hugo A. Kenyon and
Livingston Irving.
[Livingston Irving album via
Jon Guttman)
44
escadrille C28 on 9 April 1916. Flying a twin-engined Caudron G 4, Cpl Martenot Cigognes'in February 1918. Parsons said he and comtade Adj Jean Denneulin devised
and his observer-gunner Soldat de 2e Classe Claude Martin shot down an LVG on 20 a 'hunter-killer technique' that involved the latter flying 50 metres above and 50
May. Badly wounded during the fight, Martenot left the hospital in February 1917 metres to the left or right of Parsons. 'I never had to look - he was always there',
with his right leg seven centimetres shorter than his left. Parsons recalled. 'If he spotted enemy aeroplanes that migh t endanget us, he'd sweep
In spite of this handicap, he underwent aerial gunnery and flight training in single- down waggling his wings and pointing to the danger zone. If I spotted our quarry,
seaters, then served in interceptor detachement N513 of the Groupe de Protection outside I'd waggle and we'd go into the attack.'
Paris, also flying reconnaissance missions on detached duty with C56 and N38. The latter This flexible tactic for mutual support, first employed to shoot down a two-seater
escadrille's distinguished airmen included Sous-Lt Georges Madon, who was the fourth- on 16 May and subsequently to score two more joint victories, bears a remarkable
ranking French ace with 41 victories. More importantly, Madon was an ontstanding resemblance to the basic Rotte and Vierfinger concepts credited to German ace
mentor whose tutelage helped Martenot and N38 LFC volunteer David Putnam 'make Werner Molders during the Spanish Civil War almost 20 years later.
ace' in their own right.
After being wounded in the arm during combat and injured further in the
subsequent crash landing, Martenot returned to find N513, along with Detachements
N512 and N514, merged into new fighter escadrille N94 on 14 May 1917. He spent
the rest of the war with that outfit flying Nieuport 24s, SPAD VIIs and XlIIs, and
increasing his tally to at least six and possibly as many as eight victories.
The basic French and American element within the squadron usually comprised
three aeroplanes in V formation, which by 1918 had been expanded to a flight of six
to nine. Martenot described his escadrille SPA94 as usually operating in two flights,
whereas the American pursuit squadrons, like the British, always had three.
An interesting - and, in retrospect, advanced - alternative to the usual V-shaped
element most common for SPADs was described by Sous-Lt Edwin C. Parsons,
a former member of N124 'Lafayette' who transferred to the famous SPA3 'Les
Former Lafayette Flying Corps
ace ill David E. Putnam was
a flight leader in the 139th
Aero Sqn with 13 accredited
victories to his name when he
was killed by lln Georg von
Hantelmann of Jasta 15 on
12 September 1918. Both
men were just 19 at the time.
rJack Eder Collection via
Jon Guttman) 45

Born in Savannah, Georgia, on 8 December 1894, FranK
O'Driscoli Hunter graduated from the Hotchkiss School in
1913 and joined the Aviation Section of the US Army Signal
•• 191? Afte~ training in the United States and France,
he was assigned to the 94th Aero S~n on 22 May
reassigned to the 103rd Aero S~n a week later.
aCCJuired the nickname 'Monk', which he ar!f~arently liked,
because his SPAD XIII sRorted a small Rersonal marking in
the form of a monkey below the cockp'lt.
Hunter's first victory was over a two·seater near Mount
Kemmel on 2 June, but he did not score again until 13
Sep.tember, when he and 1Lt Gorman DeFreest Lamer, his
flig t leader who had two p'revious victories as an LFQ
member with SPA86, shared in downing a Fokker 0 VII.
"'Monk" Hunterwas my dep.uty flight commander, and the
USAS
American SPAD pilots were products of a wide variety of training and experience.
Some started at home on docile two-seat Curtiss IN-4s, followed by single-seat
Thomas-Morse S 4C or Standard E 1 fighter trainers. Others learned in France at
. : . one or more of the 12 training aerodromes the USAS established in Issoudun, hoping
that an accident would not curtail their careers prematurely at 'Field 13' - the adjacent
cemetery. Some trained in Britain and a few in Foggia, Italy, before being transferred
to France for fighter conversion onto Nieuports and SPADs.
The newly enlisted USAS pilots were fortunate in having their ranks leavened with
a cadre of veterans transferred in from French service with the LFC or from Britain's
RFC. Had it not been for the experience imparted by squadron leaders like Capt
Charles]. Biddle, operations officers such as Maj G. Raoul Lufbery or flight leaders
like lLt David Putnam, the casualties suffered by the high-spirited, but often
overconfident, neophytes would have been far greater. Besides the Lafayette volunteers,
scores of USAS pilots were farmed out to French escadrilles through the GDE, filling
out their ami ted ranks and gaining invaluable combat experience until enough SPADs

.. . . .
• 'O' •• . I • •• .0 • • 0 • I

was there', Lamer recalled. 'It would do me an injustice to I. ... :. were available for their own units.
-.
Rut me in the same class with "Monk" Hunter, w
much my sUp'erior as a fighter boy. He was a true dare-devil.' .... ... o.
...
.
" •• 'O' ...
Leighton Brewer, who was one of only five pilots to serve in the 13th Aero Sqn
from start to finish, completed his flight training at Issoudun on 1 May, but until

.
_. 0
Coming fully into his stride, Hunter downed two 0 VIIs ana rose in rank to major in enough SPADs arrived to equip his fighter outfit, he and several colleagues volunteered
. 17. SeJ=ltember, two more near Ligny- .'O' • •• I" . . ... • II '0 • to fly reconnaissance missions in Sopwith lA2s and Salmson 2A2s with the 90th Aero

..
devant-Dun on 4 Octobe~ and another Fokker at • • •• • •• •• Sqn, based at Ourches. At the end ofJune he and lLt Harry B. Freeman were ordered
: .... .
Bantheville two days later. He and another LFC veteran
1Lt William T. P.onder, downed a Halbertadt two-seater • 0 .. ., . to the 13th, commanded by Capt Biddle, who already had cwo victories to his credit
while flying in N73 and with the 103rd Aero Sqn.

. . .
over La Croix aux BOIS on 19 October, and four days later
-. . :
o •• '0
In January 1918, the French expanded further on their 1916 concept of the groupe
de combat or its German equivalent, the Jagdgeschwader, as a means of achieving local
air superiority. E~cadre de Combat 1, commanded by the veteran Chef de B taillon
Victor Menard, combined three such groupes, GC15 (SPA37, 81, 93 and 97), GC18
(SPA48, 94, 153 and 155) and GC19 (SPA73, 85, 95 and 96)_
With pilots being unable to communicate with each other when in the air beyond the
use offlare guns, hand gestures and wing waggling, any coordinated effort by the groups,
squadrons and wings had to be decided upon prior to the mission commencing_ Such
planning was heavily dependent on everyone reaching the rendezvous point on time.
The escadre concept, which gave the French a single unified command that could move
46 12 fighter squadrons to whichever sector required their services, was soon put to the test.
Biddle was encouraged by the high level of skill and morale exhibited by most of
his pilots, but past experience left him all too aware of the quality of the opposition,
and the penchant of German Jagdstaffeln to pounce on any SPAD pilot cocky enough
to venture off on his own. Biddle wrote home of how he strove to impress the
importance of team effort and 'discouraging the great tendency for one man to try to
dash off by himself and be a hero at the expense of the whole', adding that, 'Any man
who leaves a patrol for such a purpose will be put on the ground for a couple of weeks
and confined to camp, and ifhe repeats the performance I shall send him to the rear'.
Leighton Brewer recalled his experiences upon reaching the 13th Aero Sqn:
We initially had six men to a flight, but during the first or second week in August they
added a seventh. The Flight Commander always led his flight, bur the rest of us flew
differenr positions in it in order to gain experience. When we panolled with an odd
number of aeroplanes, we flew in a V, and when we had an even number, the extra man
flew a little above the V, closing its rear.
We never operated on a scale larger than a squadron. Frequently, the whole group was
our at the same time, bur operaring at different levels.
We used to take offwhenever we were ready, or if everyone was ready, at the same rime 4?
 Ltn Gustav Fradrich of Jasta
72s, based at Bergnicourt
aerodrome in July 191B,
sports a Heinecke parachute,
which was unreliable but
often proved to be more of a
lifesaver than the Allied pilots'
issuance of no parachutes at
all. [Greg VanWyngarden]
48
in order of side numbers. We would meet at 1,000 metres over some designated spot,
assemble the formation and then start climbing as we approached the lines. Most of our
flights were high ones, 3,500 or 5,000 metres, except when we were strafing infant~, or
whenever we had low clouds.
Actually, I flew on the highest level patrol flown by the USAS in World War I. Our
flight had gone out on 7 September, with Freeman leading. We sighted a group of
German aeroplanes on their side of the lines at about 5,000 metres and started climbing
to get above them. We climbed, and they climbed, until we gOt up to 21 ,500ft and they
couldn't quite make it. So, we crossed over and hopped them. Didn't miss oxygen much,
but I felt very bloated. That's another thing - you couldn't eat too much bteakfast before
a high patrol or you'd swell up a lot.'
LUFTSTREITSKRAFTE
German fighter pilots had often served in reconnaissance or bombing units before
requesting transfer to, or being seconded due to displays of an aggressive nature for
training at, one of the two German fighter schools. Born in 1897, Alfred Wenz had
enlisted in the infantry - and was wounded - in 1914, at age 16. 'I later became a flyer
by first attending a single-seater fighter school at Valenciennes, before moving to
Braunschweig and the pilot replacement centre, where I was eventually sent to a two-
seater squadron for a few weeks', he explained. 'Later I was assigned to ]agdstaffel 11
of the Richthofen ]agdgeschwader'.
Len Wenz was credited with five victories, but he is best known for what occurred
on 10 August 1918. 'Soon after shooting down an English aeroplane over the River
Somme at about 12,000ft', he wtote, 'I collided with my comrade, Obit Lowenhardt.
It was necessary that we both take to our parachutes. Mine opened. His did not. That
was a great misfortune'.
That incident highlighted the most marked difference between German and Allied
airmen in 1918. Uffz Otto Heinecke, a groundcrewman in Fliegel' Abteilung 23, had
devised a more compact parachute pack to give pilots the same option of abandoning
a doomed aeroplane that had already been afforded balloon observers by the bulkier
Paulus parachutes since the war began. When the necessity arose, the airman jumped
from the aeroplane and a static line attached to a harness around his shoulder and
legs would pull the parachute pack clear of the empennage before a second static line,
secured inside the cockpit, extricated the canopy from the pack.
Parachuting from aircraft had been done since 1911, and practical 'chutes such as
Heinecke's had in fact been conceived as early as 1916. The Germans had issued a few
for experimental use in 1917, but their operational employment was delayed by high-
ranking officers on both sides, who debated whether they would encourage aircrews
to abandon aeroplanes that could be ridden to the ground, or even undermine their
aggressiveness in the air. The Luftstreistkrafte, heavily outnumbered even as Germany
launched the Kaiserschlacht, was the first to declare such objections as utter nonsense,
and the consequent loss of trained airmen whose lives might otherwise be saved to be
a luxury it could ill afford.
The first Heinecke parachutes began arriving at Jagdstaffeln in April 1918 - at
about the same time as the first Fokker D VIIs were making their way to]G 1.
The parachutes got off to a shaky start. Some pilots, including Manfred von
Richthofen, doubted their reliability as being worth the 15 kilograms they added to
their fighters' weight. Their early use seemed to justifY the scepticism, as an alarming
one-third of the first 70 airmen to bale out were killed, either because their parachutes
caught on the empennage of their aeroplanes, or because the harnesses gave way under
the stress of a body suddenly jerked out of free fall at 80mph.
The latter problem was addressed in the late summer of 1918 by the adoption of
reinforced harnesses with wider leg straps that distributed the weight better. That resulted
in a noticeable improvement in the parachutes' reliability, and an encouragingly higher
survival rate. As with the Fokker D VII, however, even as they gained acceptance there 49
 were never enough parachutes to go around. Pilots often had to share with their Jasta
mates, and repair damaged or partially burned parachutes for re-use.
Still, at least the Germans had a choice toward survival in mid to late 1918. The
......
RAF finally ordered that parachutes be issued to its single-seat squadrons on 16
September 1918. The French and Americans did not allow their pilots to use them at
liKe Hell's 'Angels, G ... : . . .. II.

all before the armistice.

Although German fighter tactics were founded on the Boelcke Dicta, how each
II

talent for killing off Allied

...... toO ...

... .. ...
Jasta carried out those basic principles varied wirh the unit commander's policy. Some
Sta.ffeLfiihrer were cautious - and in the case of those leading newly formed Amerika-
.- . ~
'. I ....- .. ....
.
Programm units, the caution was justified. Others exuded an aggressive confidence
that rubbed off on the pilots, or was imposed directly upon them. :1 • ' ..... :':
- ....
..
When Uffz Willi Gabriel, a Halberstadt CL II ground attack pilot with
Schutzstaffel 15, transferred to JG Ion 19 May 1918, he recalled the following . ... .
••
. ... ..
greeting from its commander, Hptm Wilhelm Reinhard:

We know that you can fly, but it is of no use coming here to rest on your laurels. This is
1-.

.. ..
tt.

....."
' .•
II
.
.. .. .
.

no rest-camp. If you have no confirmed victory wirhin four weeks you may remove 20 Sefltember, followed by !Jastaschule at Val
- .. :. . ...
yourself back to your unit. You are posted to Jasta II.
.. . .
Gabriel duly brought down a DH 9 four days later. His final tally of 11 included
.- .
.... . .
... .... . -.
four in one day.
Besides leading the Geschwaderen masse, Reinhard (like Manfred von Richthofen ~

, .. .... ... ...

... ....... .. .
before him) allowed pilots to fly lone sorties under the right circumstances - a policy .
..
that Gabriel, for one, liked. After Reinhard's death while test-flying a Dornier D I SPAD and a SOflwith C
. . ........
. ... ~ . . .... . : ... .. ...
:...
....
prototype on 3 July, however, Obit Hermann Goring was assigned command of
.- ..-
JG 1, and he forbade lone patrolling.
'In 1918', Wenz recalled, 'it was necessary to take off on patrols three to five times
.. :..
-. ...- . ..-. . :.
~ . : . .. I
.
. ... ... .
......
.
a day, which meant that daily we had flyers who were killed, wounded or missing in
.......
... ..... ...
.I.... • , .:

... • .
..
.
'""

action. In the last months of the war, we would have 20 or 30 aircraft in the air at one
..
time, and it was necessary that we combat the American, English or French groups of
100 to 120 aeroplanes'.
....... .
...... ..
. • . . ,
• .. . : ...
.

-. - ..
.
I
.

.. . ....
.. -. .- • -..
~ .
Maurice Boyau of SPA??, f
•• • .. tt
. • .I. . . . . .
I. II

.. .. • • • ... i. •

. . ... .. ... ... .. '. I .. • i I. ~

.... . . .-. ht his total to 25, but while he was

. - .--• ••
These Fokker 0 VIis, bearing •
- '.
..... ... .. -.
I

• .
the red and white livery and

.... .... ....

raven emblems of Ltn August ... i •• : : II- .tt - -
-. .- '.
Rabe's Jasta 18, have been
neatly lined up for inspection
.....
:.
.
... . ..
• I

-. .- • . . •
-.
• .-
by visiting chief of the

.. ...... ..
. .... . •
-. .- .
. .
Luftstreitskrafte, Gen Ltn
. . :. .. ,
Ernst Wilhelm von Hoeppner. • II.

50 [Greg VanWyngarden)
 COMBAT
The series of Allied offensives from mid-July to the armistice were replete with aerial
clashes between SPAD XIIIs and Fokker D VIIs, many of them well documented by
unit records, citations for awards, in the participants' personal logs or letters, or all of
the above. Generally, they involved French or American units venturing into German
territory and having to fight their way back, but there were occasional German forays
over the lines to pursue a fleeing reconnaissance aeroplane, strafe Allied troops or have
a go at an especially troublesome Allied balloon.
One French squadron that had had particularly bad luck against the Fokkers was
SPAI59. Between its formation on 16 January 1918 and late July, the escadrille had
not scored a single confirmed victory, while losing 13 pilots killed or taken prisoner.
That included its commander, Lt Georges Mazimann, killed in a SPAD VII by ObIt
Bruno Loerzer of Jagdgeschwader III on 20 July.
By then, SPA159 was getting SPAD XIIIs, but just as important as the new aircraft
was its new leader. On the 29th, Lt Henri Hay de Slade was transferred from SPA86
to take command, with Sous-Lt Louis Risacher, who had previously scored two
victories in SPA3, assigned as his deputy. 'Slade was a nice companion', Risacher
recalled. 'The rest-were young pilots who knew nothing about the job. I had tq. teach
them everything. Everything.' Slade, then credited with 11 victories, was equally at a
loss as to what to do to reverse the unit's fortunes:
I'd been something of a loner before, and did not know how to impart my techniques
to others. BLIt something had to be done, so I had my SPAD XlII painted all over with
prominent red stripes down the fuselage, and before taking the men up on patrol I told
them that in the event of combat to stay up and watch what I did. I knew that the red
52 stripes would make it easy for them to recognise me in the most confused dogfight.
Sure enough, we came upon an enemy formation, and I dived into them, deliberately SPAD Xilis of the hitherto-
going through all my standard manoeuvres in the course of the fight, during which I hapless SPA1S9 at Lormaison
aerodrome in August 1918.
managed to shoot down one of my adversaries. Mter a few such 'lessons', I gradually let
The red-striped machine was
the others join me in combat to apply what they had seen, and it must have worked flown by the newly appointed
because from then on SPA159 started taking a toll of the enemy, while its losses markedly commander, Lt Henry Hay de
decreased. Slade, while aeroplane No.2,
with what seems to be a red
vertical stabiliser, was
On 11 August, Sgt Georges Priollaud, an experienced transferee from SPA65,
probably flown by his deputy,
claimed SPAI59's first confirmed victory. Slade resumed his scoring three days later, Lt Louis Risacher.
ultimately bringing his own tally up to 19, including two balloons (one shared with [SHAA 876.613)
LFC Sgt Edwin Bradley Fairchild) on 10 October.
Risacher shot down two German fighters over the Foret de St Gobain on 31 August
and scored his fifth over a D VII on 18 October:
I had a young pilot with me, and that absurd fellow saw five or six Fokker 0 VIIs below
us. I'd seen them, of course, bLlt I was not in position to attack. But as soon as he saw
them he attacked, so 1 had to save him. That's why 1dove myself to let him get away, but
I had all the Huns behind me and above me, and they shot at me for five to ten minutes.
Suddenly, I saw a SPAD coming in, shooting. The Germans saw the source of the attack
- one German passed to my left with the SPAD on his tail. The SPAD shot him and he
fell to pieces. It was Claude Haegelen of SPAI 00.
At the very same moment a second SPAD - I knew it was an American aeroplane by
his cockades - coming in at full speed took on another Hun and shot him to pieces. I
said 'God save America!', and at that moment I put speed to myoid aeroplane and took
a third D VII in a loop. He looked behind at me and then fell to pieces, crashing to
earth. The others went away.' 53
 Risacher's Yankee benefactor seems to have been 1Lr Chester E. Wright of the 93rd
Aero Sqn, who scored his fourth victory over Bantheville at 1100 hrs that day - and
whose victim may have been Len d R Erich Klink of]asta 68, killed in that location.
Wright would down two more Fokkers that afternoon. Haegelen's opponent went
down west of Landres St Georges for his 21st victory. Risacher's fifth, which fell over
Buzancy, was also the 12th, and final, success for SPA159.
Although Edwin Fairchild was the only original member to make a contribution
to SPA159's belated victory list, Slade's leadership by example did significantly reduce
its casualties. On 2 September he claimed a scout over Terny-Sorny, and though
Sous-Lt Rene d'Aux was wounded - and possibly credited to Fig Eyssler of]asta 66-
he did not leave the fight until the enemy disengaged. On 3 October SPA159's Cpl
Raymond Desouches was lost in a SPAD VII, probably becoming the tenth victim of
Vzfw Dietrich Averes of ]asta 81. MdL Marcel Granger and his SPAD XIII went
missing on the 21st, probably falling to the guns of Len von Hantelmann of]asta 15,
and two days later 'Brad' Fairchild became the escadrilles last casualty, although he
lived to add his testimony to the hazards of fighting the D VII:
I was shor down by a Fokker, so I can rell you rhey were wonderful. Around Marcq, I
led a parrol againsr some 'cold mear'. I arracked him and holed his wings, bur he
.. ,
Most SPAO Xilis were armed with two 0.303-in Vickers machine guns, each firing 400
......
ourmanoeuvred me. I rried ro pass under him so as ro ler rhe orhers hop him. I looked
up ro see rhe orher four SPADs heading home wirh eighr Fokkers onro rhem. He pur a
buller rhrough my reserve rank and gas blew in my face. I heard a 'crash', breaking my
srick, and I wenr down inro a spin. I came down in rhe rrees. It knocked me our, and I
was in hospiral for a couple of days. I was very forrunare.
Fairchild's opponent, ]asta 11 's Len Friedrich Noltenius, wrote his own recollection
of the encounter that showed both how wrong the American was in regarding him as
'cold meat', and just how fortunate his I7th confirmed victim had been:
I saw four SPADs arrive from rhe norrh. I rurned back in order nor ro be cur off, and mer
rhem ar rhe from. Immediarely I arracked rhe lowesr one. He spun down and I wenr
afrer him wirhour rhe orhers imervening. We finally romped around ar an alrirude ofjusr
50 merres. Whilsr in a rum, [ hir him in rhe fuel rank. Then borh my guns jammed
complerely and I had ro break off because I saw rhe orher rhree SPADs come down, and
wirhour ammunirion, I was unable ro fighr ir our wirh rhem.'
USAS SPAD XllIs INTO ACTION
While the critical Third Battle of the Marne was taking place, the American 2nd and
, .,
.
. I
I
,, .
A,.. •
"'
r II, • ,
" , . "'
,,
 3rd Pursuit Groups were being organised in the relatively quiet Toul sector in
preparation for Gen Pershing's planned St Mihiel offensive. This included the veteran
103rd Aero Sqn, which arrived in late June to find the local Amerika-Programm jastas
64w and 65 significantly bolstered by the arrival of]asta 18 - the fitst unit in the
sector fully equipped with Fokker D VIIs. By August ]astas 64w and 65 were replacing
their A1batros and Pfalz scouts with D VIIs as well.
The 103rd's first clash with a D VII occurred during a mid-morning patrol on
1 August, when lLt Edgar G. Tobin attacked one with a black fuselage and red tail at
an altitude of 1,500 metres. After firing 75 rounds at it, he saw it falloff in a vrille. This
went rightly unconfirmed, but at 2010 hrs on the 10th, Tobin took on another Foklcer
at an altitude of 4,500 metres and, after firing 75 rounds, saw it fallout of control to
crash near Thiaucourt. This was credited as Tobin's fourth victory (of an eventual six),
and ]asta 64w recorded the loss of FIg Herbert Koch, killed at Pont-a-Mousson.
Mid-August saw the return of the 1st Pursuit Group to the sector from its ordeal
around Chateau-Thierry.
In the less-seasoned 13th Aero Sqn of the 2nd Pursuit Group, Capt Biddle was
encouraged by the high level ofskill and general morale ofmost ofhis pilots, but he tried
to stress the importance of team effort and 'discouraged the great tendency for one man
to try to dash off by himself and be a hero at the expense of the whole', adding that 'any
man who leaves a patrol for such a purpose will be put on the ground for a couple ofweeks
and confined to camp, and ifhe repeats the performance I shall send him to the rear'.
The youngest of the 2nd Pursuit Group's squadrons, the 22nd, opened its account
when lLt A. Raymond Brooks downed a Rumpler over Armacourt on 2 September.
Two days later, Brooks was leading lLts Frank B. Tyndall and Clinton ]ones]r on
patrol when they saw the 10th Balloon Company's 'gasbag' go up in flames. Giving had to crash-land. Nearby, his squadronmate lLt Charles Rudolph D'Olive fired Ltn Gunther von Buren of

chase to its attacker, the trio drove the Fokker D VII down in German lines, wounding
Swiss pilot Ufh Albert Bader of]asta 64w.
The St Mihiel push commenced on 12 September, with Pershing directing 665,000
troops in 19 divisions, backed by 3,220 guns and 267 tanks, to clear the salient of the
ten divisions of Gen Max von Gallwitz's Armee Gruppe C. Aware of their precarious
situation, the Germans were caught in the act of withdrawing, resulting in the capture
of some 15,000 troops and 257 guns within six days at a cost of7,000 Allied casualties
- one-third of what the Army Medical Corps had anticipated.
In the air, Brig Gen William Mitchell commanded 1,476 aircraft (mostly American
and French, but including three Italian Caproni bomber squadrons). Additional
voluntary support-was lent bY'the nine British bomber squadrons of Maj Gen Bugh
Trenchard's Independent Force. Besides ]astas 18, 64w and 65, however, the Germans
had transferred]G II (under ObIt Oskar von Bonigk, and comprising ]astas 12, 13,
15 and 19) into the sector. The Fokker pilots still faced a hopeless task challenging
the Allies' numerical supremacy, but they inflicted a heavy toll on the Americans
nevertheless.
Rain and thunderstorms marred the offensive's first day, but both sides flew sorties
whenever they could. At 1020 hrs lLt Leslie]. Rummell of the 93rdAero Sqn claimed
,6 a Fokker D VII over Thiaucourt, but then became lost in a cloud, ran out of fuel and
25 to 30 rounds at a Fokker over Vieville-en-Haye, and claimed to have seen the Jasta 18 was credited with
destroying a SPAD of the
German go down in a steep spin when a magneto quit and he had to retire.
13th Aero Sqn for his second
While those future aces were opening their accounts, lLt David Putnam of the victory on 14 September
139th Aero Sqn was closing his. At 1830 hrs he engaged eight Fokker D VIIs and 1918, although he was
downed one for his 13th official victory. On his way home, he saw seven more Fokkers himself brought down
wounded by the combined fire
attacking a Breguet 14 over Limey and plunged into the enemy formation. His
of three other 'Grim Reapers'
intervention saved the two-seater, but he was struck twice in the heart and came down just minutes later.
in a poppy field. Putnam and the man credited with shooting him down, Ltn Georg [Greg VanWyngarden]
von Hantelmann of]asta 15, were the same age - 19.
The weather im proved on 13 September, heralding several days of intense combat.
At 0900 hrs on the 14th, ]asta 18 hit the 13th Aero Sqn over Thiaucourt, with Ltn
Hans Miiller claiming three SPADs and Lts Giinther von Biiren and Heinz Kiistner
downing one each in the next 15 minutes. A survivor of this one-sided clash was lLt
Leighton Brewer, who recalled:
On the 14th we were given a low patrol, at a height of2,500 metres. We were flying this
when we were attacked by a group of red-nosed Fokkers. We lost four aeroplanes within
one minute! 1 was flying between a couple of men who were shot down, bur I only gOt
one bullet in the tail of my aeroplane. The first indication I had that enemy aircraft were 57

LIn Franz Buchner, CO of
Jasta 13, celebrates his 30th
victory before his OAW-built
Fokker 0 VII on 18 September
1918. No fewer than 13 of his
final40-aeroplane tally were
French or American SPAO Xilis.
(Greg VanWyngarden]
nearby was when I saw a red Fokker wirh a whire fuselage standing on its nose and
spraying the fellow behind me with bullets. Two Fokkers with red wings and noses and
white fuselages dived on us, and they shot down the men on either side of me. I Lts
Charlie Drew, George Kull, Buck Freeman and 'Steve' Brody were all lost. Drew was
very badly wounded, Kull was killed and the other two were prisoners.
1Lt Charles W Drew was taken prisoner -larer ro have his wounded leg amputated
- as were lLt AI ron A. Brody and lLt Harry B. Freeman, bur lLt George R. Kull was
killed. Two Fokkers were jointly credited ro lLts Robert H. Stiles, Gerald D. Stivers
and Murray K. Guthrie, but Jasta 18's only casualty was von Buren, who was
wounded. Grieving over his losses, Capt Biddle attributed them ro the fact that in
spite of his relentless warnings, 'the new men will get carried away with themselves in
a combat and go roo strong'.
One of many pilots who could testify ro the SPAD XlII's durability that morning
was lLt Sumner Sewell of the 95th Aero Sqn. Jumped at the tail end of his formation
by JG II's CO, ObIt von Boenigk, Sewell dropped out with a burning fuel tank. Going
into a power dive in an attempt ro keep the flames away from his cockpit, he succeeded
in blowing them out and crash-landed in Allied lines. Moments after he crawled from
the charred wreckage, an object brushed
Sewell's elbow and thumped down at his
feet. It was the wheel of his aeroplane,
which had come off during his dive!
That afternoon Capt Ray C. Bridgman,
commander of the 22nd Aero Sqn, led 'C'
Flight as escorts for a Salmson 2A2 on a
reconnaissance mission at 1300 hrs. When
the six Americans arrived at the rendezvous
point at Mars-la-Tour, however, all they
found were three stepped formations of
five, six and twelve Fokkers! The latter,
uppermost, D VIIs, sporting the blue
fuselages and red cowls of Jasta 15,
descended on the SPADs. lLt Brooks,
serving as deputy in the first-left position,
climbed to engage the Germans, and
ended up fighting eight of them. ,Four
others fell upon the rest of the flight.
Brooks saw lLt Philip E. Hassinger shot
down in flames. Over the next ten
minures, he took on eight of the Fokkers in
an effort ro cover the retirement of his
remaining comrades, claiming to have shot
down two of his antagonists and damaged
two others, before force landing in Allied
lines. Although miraculously unhurt, he later said that he was 'all in' in tears over
Hassinger's death, and was convinced that his entire flight had been wiped out.
Brooks, who insisted upon sharing the credit for his two confirmed vicrories with
Hassinger, was awarded the DSC.
Arthur Kimber, who had been attached ro SPA85 before joining the
22nd, was in the left rear of the formation 'ro bring up the tail and cover the others',
and he subsequently described what happened ro the rest of'C' Flight during Brooks'
epic struggle:
About four of the red-nosed, blue-bodied machines jumped on me. They had height
and were in the sun, and all I could do was wriggle. At that moment I looked below and
saw that five or six other Fokkers had come up and were attacking the rest of the patrol.
In a dogfight like that, it soon develops into each man for himself, and the devil takes
the hindmost. Well, 1 was the hindmost! But at the same time I didn't like the idea of
being easy meat for the devil Huns. We were about 5,200 metres high and about ten
kilometres behind the Bache lines.
I watched my taillike a cat and saw the enemy come in. One especially attracted my
attention, and he was only about 75 metres off. He moved prettily, and I moved like mad
to get out of his sights. But he wasn't my only worry, for there were three or four picking
on me alone! No sooner would I avoid one than another one would be firing on me!
Kimber's SPAD S15201 No. 19, which he had christened Nick III, was riddled
with 70 bullets while he tried to escape in 'a fast, steep right-hand spiral dive, going
down almost vertically, and yet turning enough ro keep the other fellow's sights off me.
For 1200 metres, those streaks and bullets kept flying past me. Then the Boche seemed
ro pull out of the following dive, evidently convinced that they had sent a SPAD down
out of comro!. I let Nick dive vertically for another 800 metres, just for good luck, and
then gently pulled him rowards our lines'.
In spite of coming under inaccurate ami-aircraft fire during the return flight,
Kimber made it back ro his aerodrome. 'My landing was terrible and bouncy', he
wrote, 'because among other things, the Boche had shot off my left tyre. As I taxied
up to the hangars, a great crowd of pilots and mechanics gathered around my
aeroplane, and, of course, they had to have the story and congratulate me upon getting
away. Nick and I were certainly lucky, there's no question about that!'
The 'demise' of Kimber's SPAD was credited to Vzfw Karl Schmuckle near
St Benoit at 1620 hrs German time for his fifth victory. Five minutes, earlier Lrn von
Hantelmann had claimed two SPADs over Lake Lachaussee, one of which was likely
S7580 No. 23, which rook Phil Hassinger ro a fiery death. The other, not confirmed,
was flown by lLt Robert]. Little, who was driven down in Allied lines unhurt - he
subsequently flew his repaired SPAD back to Tou!. Ray Brooks' force-landed SPAD
S15229 No. 20 Smith III was credited to ObIt von Boenigk.
On 26 September Arthur Kimber's luck would run out in a tragically ironic way.
Borrowing lLtJames Beane's SPAD S15268 No. 12 for a strafing mission on the first
day of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, Kimber was diving toward the railway station at S9
 llt Frank Hays, shown beside
his SPAD XIII No 24 of the 13th encounter more difficult terrain and .( w·1I 11I1 I

Aero Sqn, was credited with every yard. The intensity of the six-w . ·k 1.11\ I II I I
six victories and survived the USAS was stronger and its pilots more exp 'II 'II
war. He was rather more
local jastas, they would now be facing J 1 'Ri hdlOf II (
fortunate than a good many
of his squadronmates.
sector on 26 September - the very day the offen iv' I . '.111
(Greg VanWyngarden] It was within the first week of the Argonne campaign th.1l ~lli\1
in some of the Allied air services' most celebrated expl it. II
newly promoted Capt Edward V Rickenbacker, commander r th . l) ""
dived through five Fokker D VIIs to shoot down one of the two LV r' 01111.11 .111'
aeroplanes that they were esconing, as well as one of the Fokkers. Thi~ . plllll
eventually earned him the Medal of Honor on 6 November 1930.
The 26th saw as much activity on the part of the French as the Americans, most
notably the stork-marked SPAD XlIIs of GCI2. At 1145 hrs Lt Rene Fonck of
SPA103 drove two Fokker D VIIs down to crash near Sommepy, followed by a
Halberstadt two-seater at 1210 hrs. At 1805 Ius Fonck, leading three fellow SPA103 After a failed balloon attock 011
pilots, spotted eight Fokkers over St SoupIer. '1 awaited the attack confidendy, and 26 September 1918, Vzfw Karl

would have willingly provoked it when a SPAD came in unexpectedly to lend a hand', Weinmann's Fokker 0 VII of
Jasta 50 attracts curious
he wrote. The interloper was fellow GC12 ace Capt Xavier de Sevin, CO of SPA26.
Frenchmen at Ville·sur·Tourbe,
Fonck claimed that the ensuing fight was one of the most difficult of his career. Adj including Capt Armand de
Jean Brugere downed a Fokker, but was attacked by two others, one of which Fonck Turenne of SPA12 [left,

claimed in the process of rescuing him. 'During this time', he added, 'Capitaine de foreground). He was one of
the three pilots from three
Sevin was going through a very risky acrobatic manoeuvre in order to shake off a
different escadrilles who
Boche who had come to grips with him, and who seemed to me to be a rather bold brought it down. (SHAA
devil. Only the captain's skill as a pilot permitted him to escape, for his motor had 889.1281 via Greg
conked out and he was pursued to within 100 metres of the ground.' VanWyngarden)

Romagne with a payload of four 25lb Cooper bombs when his aeroplane suddenly
exploded. An Amercan anillery barrage was going on in the area at that time, and
Kimber apparendy collided with one of the shells.
In spite of the 'bloody nose' it had suffered on 14 September, the 13th did better
the next day, as 1Lt Leighton Brewer noted at the time:

1 remember seeing a Fokker, wirh Hank SrovaJl's SPAD righr behind him, so I tipped up
and sprayed right in fronr of him so that he had to go through my fire, as well as Srovall's.
The Fokkers all had red noses and wings, but some of rhem seemed ro have white
fuselages, and oth_ers had grey.

•
Hank Stovall and Brewer were credited with a Fokker each, 1Lts Murray Guthrie
and Frank K. Hays shared in another and a founh D VII was credited to Maj Carl A.
Spaatz, a staff officer attached to the squadron. 'He said he had three weeks' leave and
wanted to spend it getting some practical experience', Brewer recalled. 'He asked to
be assigned to the squadron, and be considered as a "Lieutenant" while he was there.'
Spaatz would score a second victory on 26 September before leaving the 13th.
With the St Mihiel offensive behind it, the US First Army launched a more
o ambitious offensive against the German 5. Armee in the Argonne Forest, only to 61
 PREVIOUS PAGES:
The first day of the Allied
Meuse-Argonne offensive on
26 September 1918 was
attended by numerous aerial
dramas. One involved Vzfw
Karl Weinmann of Jasta SO,
who was trying to burn a
balloon near Ville-sur-Tourbe
when he was brought down
by Sous-Lt Rene Schurck of
SPA91, Adj Emile Regnier of
SPA89 and SPA12's Capt
Armand de Turenne. Since
taking command of his unit
on 12 January 1918, Turenne
had retained the cockerel's
head of his previous outfit,
SPA48, combined with
SPA12's white radiator
cowlings. Turenne flew
Levasseur-built SPAO XIII
S48?? on this occasion.
SPAO XII Is resplendent in the
red and blue tail bands of
newly formed escadrille
SPA164 line up at Somme-
Vesle aerodrome in
September 1918. [Henri
Barancy Album via Jon
Guttman)
4 month combat career, and Robert was the one who scored it:
Another of the newer escadrilles to enter
Five Alban-os two-seaters entered the melee, and Fonck downed two of them before
his machine gun jammed. That raised his day's bag to six. British Sopwith Camel aces the struggle was SPAI64, formed within
John Trollope and Henry Woollett had equalled that feat, but only Fonck had now GC21 on 13 August around a cadre of
achieved it twice, having done so previously on 9 May. His success was somewhat pilots from the groupe's SPAI24, including
marred, however, by de Sevin also claiming one of his Fokkers, only to be robbed of its commander, Lt Henri Barancy, and his
the credit because he had been forced to land, leaving Fonck to submit the sole claim. executive officer, SOLlS-Lt Marcel Robert.
De Sevin's SPAD was probably one of two credited to Lt d R Karl Maletzky of Amongst the new personnel was an
Jasta 50. Nearby, however, Vzfw Karl Weinmann tried to attack a French balloon, but American assigned from the USAS, lLt
he was pounced on by a trio of SPADs from three different escadrilles. Brought down Russel C. McCormick.
All ofGC21's squadrons were identified
and captured, he was jointly credited to SPAl2's commander, Capt Armand de
Turenne, Adj Emile Regnier of SPA89 and Sous-Lt Rene Schurck of SPA91. by diagonal fuselage bands in different
Finally, on 29 September 2Lt Frank Luke of the 27th Aero Sqn burned three colours, with SPAI64's being blue and red.
balloons in quick succession before being mortally wounded by ground fire. That Sous-Lt Robert recalled:
morning's exploit brought his tally to 14 balloons and four aircraft, and led to his
becoming - posthumously - the first USAS member to receive the Medal of Honor. SPA164 was consrirllred almosr enrirely of
On 3 October, Maj J. P. C. Sewell issued a general report on French aviation, which youngsrers righr our of school. Therefore, we
read in part: had ro perfecr rheir rraining, reach rhem how
ro shoor, drill rhem in parrol formarion
The 200hp Hispano-Suiza SPADs are becoming more ourclassed every day. Their flying and familiarise rhem wirh rhe secror.
visibiliry is bad and rheir climbing powers insufficienr. No new single-searers seem likely And, unril rhey could be rhrown inro rhe fray
ro be rumed our in numbers unril (ar rhe earliesr) rhe summer of 1919, when SPADs, wirhour roo much risk, we had ro engage
Nieuporrs and Dolphins wirh 300hp Hispano-Suiza engines will probably be in use. rhem in warlike acriviries wirh prudence.
Wearher condirions in Seprember 1918
In spite of that pessimistic report, many of the American SPAD XIII pilots were were parricularly bad, and wirh rhe end of
rhe war nigh, rhar explains why we did nor have many combars, wirh some probable bur Sous-Lt Marcel Robert, depury
coming fully into their stride in October. Capt Rickenbacker claimed a Fokker D VII
commander of SPA164, in a
that very day, while his squadronmate lLt Hamilton Coolidge became an ace by no cerrain vicrories. Thar SPA164 suffered only one loss by rhe rime of rhe Armisrice was
SPAO VII - a less potent but
shooting down another D VII and a balloon, then teamed up with Rickenbacker and a grear success in irself. more reliable type whose
We had one casualry on 5 Seprember during a fighr wirh a parrol of Fokkers ar 4,000
the 95th Aero Sqn's lLt Edwin P. Curtis to destroy an LVG. 180hp version srill soldiered
merres over Somme-Py, in rhe Champagne secror. In rhe course of rhar combar, on alongside SPAO Xilis
While the Americans slogged it out both in and above the Argonne Forest, to their
through to the end of the war.
west the French were advancing in the Champagne. McCormick rook a buller in his leg. For my parr, I was busy wirh four Fokkers, of which
(SHAA B87.3855)
rhree came very close, bur wirhour any evidenr resulr - ar leasr norhing confirmable.'
Force-landing in Allied lines, the wounded McCormick was posted out ofSPAI64.
He was probably flying the SPAD credited to Ltn Karl Ritscherle of Jasta 60 north
of Soissons.
'On 26 September', Robert continued, 'Barancy and I claimed two Fokkers in the
region ofAssiges, but those were counted only as "probabies" . On 30 September, Cpls
Limay Heine and Gaston Gerain attacked an enemy aeroplane over Challeronge,
which fell damaged in enemy lines and could not be confirmed. Heine didn't come
back from that patrol, however, and he and his SPAD were found four days later near
Cernay wood. That was our only fataliry.' Heine may have fallen victim to Vzfw Alfons
Nagler ofjasta 81, who claimed a SPAD ovet Ville that day.
SPA164 was to be credited with only one confirmed victory in its two-and-a-half-
65
 ()11 2J LOber, I was leading a freelance hunting patrol entirely made up of young pilots
when I attacked a two-scat reconnaissance aeroplane at 4,000 metres over Vouziers. The
enemy machine caught fire. Too busy watching him fall in flames, I myself was surprised
by his escort pattol, which I had not noticed before. My aeroplane was fired on, point-
blank, from behind. With my SPAD riddled with bullets, I had to cut my motor, and I
tried to glide to our lines - not without pirouetting to evade the volleys of my attackers,
who did not leave me alone until we were down to 500 metres. We were then inside
French lines, and I was able to land my SPAD without damage in fallow land ncar a
battery zone in the frontline.
German records credited a SPAD 111 that area to Vzfw Christian Donhauser
ofJasta 17, as Robert recalled:
Yes, it's certainly I who was confirmed to Vzfw Donhauser, even though he hadn't 'shot
me down' in the strict sense of the term, but only forced me to land ncar Vrizy, under
his eyes but without the slightest damage, in our lines in a large field of stubble. I then
took off from here again two hours later after a fortunate repair allowed me to return my
motor to working order. Since then, I have never understood why he didn't finish me
while I was stopped on the ground. Doubtless he was afraid of the fire of the anti-aircraft
artillery batteries ncar which I had landed.
At 1610 hI'S on 29 October, ILtJames Beane led his flight down on eight low-flying
By the time SPAo Xills encountered Fokker 0 VIIs in
the spring of 1918, fighter pilots on both sides had
a choice of gunsights. The earliest and simplest
involved lining up a bead on a pylon with a ring about
three inches in diameter, with four radial wires
attached to an inner ring of 0.5- and i-inch diameter,
which allowed for the speed and direction of
target, as well as that of the pilot's own aeroplane.
• A •• . ,-
Aldis brothers ofSp'arkhill, Birmingham, in
constructed a tube that contained a series of lenses
marked with two concentric rings that transmitted
p'arallellight rays, its centre always being directly on tlie
axis o~ the sight regardless of the position of the aimer's
eye. Both the Aldis sight and its French eHuivalent, tne
Collimateur Cretien, were hermetically sealed to contain
an inert gas, which prevented the lenses from fogging.
The German oigee firm's
version was said to lack the
was just two little red beads, mounted at the 0pp.0slte
ends of a bar, and you lined up your target between
Sort ot automatically computed the right lead if
it was lined up right:
Whichever sight one used, in a dogfight a pilot had
to aVOid becoming fixated on a target for more than a
few seconds, since it narrowed hiS periflheral vision.
The consequences were best summed up l:iy an
American adage that has aflfllied to aerial combat ever
since - 'It's the one you do 't see that gets you:
Depicted here is the death of Offstv Otto Esswein
of Jasta 26, who had been credited With 12 Victories,
mostly in Fokker Dr Is, l:iy
coming into his stride in the new 0 VII, he was shot
down near Hartennes on 21 July. The ace had fallen
victim either to Sous-Lt Maurice Boyau of SPA??, wno
was credited witn an enemy aeroplane in flames
south of Soissons at 1905 hI'S fm his 25th victory, or
Lt Henri Hay de Slade of SPAB6, who specified a 0 VII in
flames southeast of Belleu at li'~5 hI'S for his

Fokkers over Aincreville. In the ensuing fight, he was credited with one in flames and inert gas, which limited its

a second shared with ILt Remington deB. Vernam - bringing both of their scores to
six - while ILts Jacques M. Swaab and Clinton Jones claimed a third Fokker. Their A few p'i1ots eschewed botn

of my own invention', said

Andre Martenot de Cordoux of
. ,
. ,
without glass nearest to my
eye, a bead midway down the

Ltn Christian Oonhauser of

Jasta 17, seen here with a
said Leighton Brewer ot tne
Fokker 0 VII (F) at Col benz in
January 1919, was credited
with shooting down Sous-Lt and I were the only ones that
Robert on 23 October 1918, •• •• . II

but the Frenchman survived through all the etal of tne

to land in Allied lines. He duly
repaired his engine and flew
..
back to Somme-Vesle two
hours later.
(Greg VanWyngarden) 67
 opponents were probably from Jasta 6, which claimed two SPADs - whose pilots, 1Lts
John C. Crissey and Frank B. Tyndall, actually landed safely in Allied lines - while
suffering the loss ofLt d R Martin Fischer, killed near Montfaucon, south ofAincreville.
On 4 November the 103rd Aero Sqn's B Flight was in action again, as recounted
by DeFreest Lamer:

My B Flight reached its peak during this action. We were on patrol when I sported a
Sta./fel of seven Fokkers, and I quickly led my flight inra a favourable position between
them and the sun. AJI this time, the Germans gave no indication that they had seen us
- they could not have been a very experienced ourfir. When all was ready, down we wem,
and we stayed above the Fokkers throughour the fight that followed. We shot or drove
all seven of them down, of which three were officially credited - one ro 1Lt John Frost,
one ra lLt Hetbert B. Bartholf and I, and one to me alone. The final success of this
mission was also the 32nd, and last, vicrary for the 103rd Aero Sqn since it had officially
joined the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in July 1918. Not one of us had been
STATISTICS AND
touched.
ANALYSIS
The previous day, with the Germans falling back on all fronts, JG 1's adjutant,
ObIt Karl Bodenschatz, recorded eight victories in the Geschwader log, and
commented on the general situation:

Now there is practically no rest. The American offensive on the ground cominues without
interruption. Behind shot-up waves come more waves, and behind these come more and
more, and still more!
And in the air, when enemy squadrons retreat, fresh squadrons take their place again
and again and again! When the aeroplanes of the Richthofen Geschwader land, the pilots
do not even give a thought ra the bullet holes in their wings. They rerum from every
combat mission with a greater wonder than it was before possible that they had survived
and rerurned once more.
The next day JG I tallied four more victories, and noted, 'The men turn their backs
on rumours, put on their fur-lined boots and climb behind their machine guns.
Nothing else matters.'
On 6 November the 28th Aero Sqn got an indication of the state of German fighter
pilot morale as the war came to an end. lLt Martinus Stenseth shared his eighth
victory with 1st Lt~ Hugh C. McClung and Ben E. Brown when they shot do.wn a
two-seater over the Foret de Woevre. McClung, however, was injured when engine
failure caused him to crash-land near Bethelainville. Meanwhile, Brown was attacked
by Fokkers ofJasta 6, wounded and brought down in German lines. He was the 30th,
and last, victory for Lrn Ulrich Neckel, and for JG I. Brown reported:
The four Fokker pilots who chased me down came ra Loupy Ie Chateau ra shake hands
with me. Lrn Neckel was their flight commander. He raId me who he was and then
B complimented me for gerting the bi-place. They seemed ra be a very sporry lot of pilots.
Any attempt at trying to accurately compare the performance of the SPAD XIII when
in combat with the Fokker D VII is handicapped by several factors, starring with the
difficulty in ascertaining the aircraft type being described in each side's combat reports.
In the second half of 1918 the French had a tendency to refer to all their fighter
opposition as either an avion de chasse' or a 'Fokker', which by that late stage of the
war had become synonymous terms to them - as indeed it had earlier, in reference to
Eindeckers during the 'Fokker Scourge' of 1915-16.
Even when the odd French or American claim specified that the aircraft destroyed
was a 'Fokker D VII', one still cannot be 100 percent sure whether or not the victim
might in fact have been a Pfalz D XII. Indeed, the latter type's car-type radiator and
N-shaped struts gave it a superficial similarity to its more famous stablemate at a
distance or in the heat of combat.
The Germans, on the other hand, often referred generically to SPADs, which even
late in the war could just as likely refer to the 180hp SPAD VII as to the XIII, since
many French escadrilles - unlike the exclusively SPAD XIII-equipped USAS
aero squadrons - were still flying both types. For that matter, their references to
'SPADs' could often extend to SPAD XI or XVI two-seaters, or misidentified
Salmson 2A2s.
Another problem lies with the already common phenomenon of overclaiming.
One usually prefers to attribute the discrepancies between pilot and squadron tallies
against records of actual enemy losses to over-optimistic misperceptions of the extent
of the damage done to the enemy aeroplane, multiple claims on the same victim or
plain wishful thinking, but in all cases made in good faith. 69
French infantrymen examine
the remains of Cpl Limay
Heine's SPAD XIII of SPA164.
Heine was killed near
Challerange on 30 September
1918, having probably fallen
victim to Vzfw Alfons Nagler
of Jasta 81. [SHAA 887.3888J
Verificarion was generally easier for rhe Germans rhan for rhe Allies because rhe
fighring occurred more over rheir rerrirory, However, a closer look ar rheir claims
compared ro some of rhe more derailed Allied squadron or personal logs reveals
numerous insrances of French or American SPAOs credired ro German pilors rhar in
facr force-landed on rhe Allied side of rhe lines, wirh rhe pilor slighrly injured or
unhurr and rhe damage ro rhe aeroplane irself ofren quickly repairable. In Seprember
1918, for example, German fighrer pilors were credired wirh a roral of 147 'SPADs',
whereas rhe French lisred 42 SPAO XIIIs and rhe Americans 37 losr during rhe course
of rhe monrh. Even allowing for rwo-searers among rhe German claims, ir is clear rhar
rheir perceprions could be jusr as faulry as rhose of rheir opponenrs, even wirh rhe
advanrage of fighring more ofren over rheir own side of rhe lines.
Accounrs by Allied pilors of how rhey were broughr down, bur neverrheless
survived rheir run-ins wirh rhe enemy, do much ro explain how rhe French or
Americans may have been credired ro Fokker unirs when no corresponding dead,
wounded or PoWs appear on rhe German casualry lim. Fighring behind his own lines,
a German pi lor had a berrer chance of force-landing a damaged or disabled aeroplane
safely - and if all else failed, he could keep off rhe 1918 casualry lisr by raking ro his
parachure, provided ir worked.
Given rhe similar performance of rheir fighrers, rhe SPAO and Fokker pilors faced
differing challenges roward anaining or mainraining air superioriry in rhe lasr 1110nrhs
of rhe war. Tacrically, rhe Germans derived much benefir from usually fighring over
rheir home ground wirh rhe prevailing wind blowing rheir way. Thus, a downed
Fokker and irs pilor - unless he was killed - borh faced bener odds of being recovered
and rerurned ro com bar.
The pilor of a damaged or disabled SPAO, on rhe orher hand, faced a difficulr
flighr or glide back ro his lines. A remarkable number of SPAO pilors did make ir
back, parrly rhrough skill and dererminarion, and in no small measure rhanks ro rhe
robusr consrrucrion of rheir aeroplanes.
All orher facrors being equal, a barrie of am'irion favoured rhe Germans. However,
all facrors were nor equal, as rhe Allies had rhe numbers, and unresnicred access ro fuel
and al11l11unirion, ro rerain rhe iniriarive in spire of rheir losses. And rhey did inOi t
casualries on rhe Germans, which rhe laner were less able ro afford.
One way of gauging a fighrer's success can lie in comparing rhe ourcomes when rhe
besr pilors flying me rival rypes mer. Known SPAD XIII aces who fell vicrim ro Fokker
o VIIs included no fewer rhan rhree aces who died ar rhe hands of rhe same German
pilor wirhin a week - David E. Purnam (13 vicrories), Maurice Boyau (35 vicrories)
and Joseph F. Wehner (five vicrories), all credired ro Georg von Hanrelmann. In
addirion, on 16 July 1918 Sous-Lr Andre Barcar ofSPA153 (five vicrories) was killed,
along wirh squadronmare Sous-Lr Georges Lurzius, in rhe Suippes area by Lrn Hans
Pipparr and Vzfw Richard Schneider ofJasra 19.
On 10 Ocrober, one day afrer scoring his fifrh vicrory and being prol11ored ro
lieurenanr, Russian volunreer Vikror Federov of SPA89 was wounded in a SPAD XIII,
possibly by Lrn Max Nadler ofjasra 62. On rhe same day, 2Lr Wilberr W. Whire of rhe
147rh Aero Sqn was killed in a head-on collision wirh a Fokker, and was posrhumously
credired wim ir as his eighrh vicrory. The German pilor, Lrn Walrer Kohlbach ofjasra 10,
survived rhanks ro his parachure and was credired wirh Whire's SPAD for his fifm, and
final, vicrory. Kohlbach was also claimed by - and credired ro - Capr Rickenbacker!
1Lr Karl Schoen J r of rhe 139rh Aero Sqn shared in rhe desrrucrion of rwo Fokkers
over Oamvillers ar 1520 hrs on 29 Ocrober, raking his score ro seven, jusr before he
roo was shor down and killed, probably by Lrn Friedrich Schliewen ofjasra 6. Two aces
of rhe 22nd Aero Sqn fell vicrim ro Fokkers on 30 Ocrober, 1Lr James O. Beane (six
vicrories) being killed and 1Lr Remingron deB. Vernam (five vicrories) raken prisoner
and subsequendy dying of his wounds.
Known Fokker 0 VII losses ro SPAO XIIIs began wirh Offsrv Orro Esswein,
a successful Dr I ace ofJasra 26 who added lirde or norhing ro his 12 vicrories in his
new 0 VII before being killed on 21 July 1918, probably by Sous-Lr Boyau ofSPA77.
Four days larer Lrn Karl Menckhoff, CO of Jasra 72s and vicror over 39 Allied
aeroplanes, suffered rhe humiliarion of being broughr down and caprured following
combar wirh lLr WaIrer L. Avery, a relarive neophyre in rhe American 95rh Aero Sqn.
On 3 Ocrober Lrn Frirz Hahn, CO of Jasra 41 wirh 21 vicrories, was morrally
wounded over Sr Marrin l'Heureux, eirher by Sous-Lr Andre Marrenor de Cordoux
This Fokker 0 VII in 1st Pursuit
Group hands at Rembercourt
aerodrome is believed to have
been the aircraft flown by ltn
Gustav 80hren of Jasta 10
that was brought down nea r
Exermont on 18 October 1918
by llt Albert J. Weatherhead
Jr of the 95th Aero Sqn.
[Greg VanWyngarden) 71

American World War I ace of
aces, commander of the 94th
Aero 5qn and victor over a
record [for 5PAD pilots) 12
Fokker 0 VIIs, Capt Edward V.
Rickenbacker strikes a classic
pose beside 5PAO XIII 54523
'Old Number l' at
Rembercourt aerodrome
in October 1918.
(Greg VanWyngarden]
of SPA94, who claimed a probable D VII there, or Lt Robert Le Petit of SPA67, who
was credited with a D VII over Dontrien, just south of St Martin. On 23 October
Vzfw Gustav KJaudat of Jasta 15 (six victories) was wounded and put out of the war
by Capt Edward V. Rickenbacker, CO of the 94th Aero Sqn. On the 27th, Vzfw Karl
Paul Schlegel, a 22-victory ace of Jasta 45, was killed by Sous-Lt Pierre Marinovitch
ofSPA94.
One possible additional SPAD-credited German casualty was Ltn Oliver von
Beaulieu-Marconnay, CO and 25-victory ace of Jasta 19. On 18 October he was
attacking a SPAD when he was wounded in the thigh, and although he made it back
to his aerodrome, he died of post-operative complications on the 26th, just after
receiving the Orden Pour Ie Merite. Several D VII claims were made that day, including
one near Landre by 1Lt Chester E. Wright of the 93rd Aero Sqn that Lt Louis Risacher
of SPA159 testified to be one of several Fokkers that were attacking him - he claimed
to have subsequently turned on his assailants and downed another D VII over Buzan<;:y.
The Germans, however, determined that Beaulieu had in fact been hit by a German
bullet, possibly fired amid the confusion of battle by a member ofJasta 74.
Adding up the claims yields a total of nine SPAD aces killed, wounded or captured
by Fokkers, against six D VII masters whose losses were credited in one way or another
to SPAD pilots if one gives von Beaulieu-Marconnay's case the benefit of rhe doubt.
It should be noted, however, that for every casualty there was an ace credited to his
enemies who lived to fight another day.
On the Allied side, lLt Sumner Sewell was
apparently shot down in flames by Hptm Oskar
Freiherr von Boenigk, CO of JG II, but survived
miraculously unhurt. Von Boenigk may also have
claimed lLtArthur Raymond Brooks' SPAD the next
day, although Brooks, credited with his fourth and
fifth victories in that same melee, survived to score a
sixth before the armistice.
On 26 September Lt Xavier de Sevin, 12-victory
ace and CO of SPA26, was brought down in French
lines and probably credited to Lm de R Karl Maletsky
of Jasta 50. De Sevin was unhurt, however. A more
grievous loss to SPA26 occurred on 5 October when
Lt Roland Garros was lost. A pioneer of fighter
aviation's earliest days, who had been captured by the
Germans inApril1915, escaped, returned to combat
and btought his tally to neat-acedome at four, Garros
was killed by Ltn de R Hermann Habich ofJasta 49.
Besides the mutual credits logged for White and
Kohlbach, Lms Justus Grassmann and Aloys
Heldmann were credited with SPADs on 10 October,
which American records would suggest correspond to
the death of2Lt William E. Brotherton of the 147th
Aero Sqn and to Brotherton's CO, Capt James A.
Meissner. Although the latter pilot's SPAD was shot
up, Meissner actually made it back to base at Rembercourt unharmed and survived Obit Oskar Freiherr von
Boenigk commanded JG II
the war with eight victories.
from mid-August 1918
On the German side, Ltn Nather of Jasta 62 was slightly wounded on 27
through to the end of the war,
September, and was possibly credited to lLt William J. Hoover of the 27th Aero Sqn. inflicting heavy casualties on
Back in action on 23 October, Nather duly burned a balloon and was subsequently the Americans and increasing
attacked, claimed by and credited to lLt Jacques M. Swaab of the 22nd Aero Sqn, his own score to 26 [eight of
which were 5PAO Xllls).
although this time he evidently survived uninjured.
(Greg VanWyngarden]
The latter date also saw Ltn Friedrich Noltenius of Jasta 11 burn a 'gasbag' of the
American 2nd Balloon Company and then come under attack from some vindictive
SPADs. 'I applied full throttle and escaped at the double-double quick', Noltenius
wrote in his diary. 'The SPADs did not react with sufficient determination, and shot
at me from behind at very long range, so I escaped unscathed.' One of his assailants,
1Lts Lansing C. Holden of the 95th Aero Sqn, admitted in a letter that 'It was a stern
chase, and he got away', yet the AEF credited him and his partner, lLt Edwin P
Curtis, with shooting Noltenius' Fokker down!
The overall toll taken on Allied aircraft of all types by Fokker D VIIs in the war's
final months was indisputably heavy. As far as their performance against SPAD XIIIs
goes, however, the conclusion that emerges from a careful analysis of claims and losses
on both sides proves to be curiously inconclusive. 73
 Leading SPAD XIII Fokker D VII Killers
French Pilots Squadron(s) oVIIs Total
Capt Rene Paul Fonck SPA103 9 75
Lt Bernard H. Barny de Romanet SPA37 & 157 7 18
Lt Georges Felix Madan SPA38 5 41
American Pilots Squadron oVIIs Total
Capt Edward V. Rickenbacker 94th AS 12 25
lLt Frank 0'0. Hunter 103rd AS 7 9
lLt Murray K. Guthrie 13th AS 5 5
I

lLt Frank K. Hays 13th AS 5 5

lLt Leslie J. Rummell
1Lt Chester E. Wright
lLt James D. Beane
93rd AS
93rd AS
22nd AS
5
5
5
7
9
5
AFTERMATH
Capt Reed McK. Chambers 94th AS 5 7
lLt Charles R. D'olive 93rd AS 5 5
lLt Harold H. George 139th AS 5 5
Capt Martinus. Stenseth 28th AS 5 8
There were 1,069 Fokker D VIIs at the front at the time of the armistice, with 78
Capt Jacques M. Swaab 22nd AS 5 10
Jagdstaffeln having anywhere from six to 12 of them on strength. A grand total of
2,768 were eventually delivered. In contrast, no fewer than 8,472 SPAD XIIIs were
Leading Fokker D VII SPAD XIII Killers
produced by nine contractors, of which 893 had been delivered to the USAS by the
Pilot Jasta(s) SPADXlIls Total
time the war came to an end.
Ltn Georg von Hantelmann 15 15 25 Although the German Army was collapsing all over the front from Flanders to
Ltn Erich Uiwenhardt 10 14 53 Lorraine, the beleaguered Jagdstaffeln remained full of fight up until they got their
Ltn Franz Buchner 13 13 40 orders to stand down. Many of the fighter pilots accepted news of the Kaiser's
Ltn Hans Christian F. Donhauser 27 10 19 abdication and their country's capitulation with a combination of incredulity and
f--
Ltn Walter Blume 9 9 28 disgust that in many cases lent itself to later acceptance of the Nazi-encouraged myth
of a German Army stabbed in the back by profiteers, communists and traitors,
Ltn Arthur Laumann 55 & 10 9 28
predominantly Jewish.
Ltn Max Nather 52 9 25
The hard fact, however, is that the Jagdflieger's war was all but lost before their
Ltn Ernst Udet 4 8 52
world-beating Fokker D VIIs were available in anywhere near the numbers required
Obit oskar Freiherr von Boenigk 21 & JG II 8 25 to make a difference. There had been just 19 examples of the fighter at the front on
Ltn Gustav Dorr 45 5 35 1 May 1918, by which point the British had recovered from the first shock of
Ltn Oliver von Beau·lieu-Marconcay 15 & 19 5 25 Operation Michael- and the Luftstreitskrafte's most inspirational ace, and fighter
•
Ltn Alois Heldmann 10 5 15 leader, Manfred von Richthofen, was already dead. By 1 July, when 407 Fokker D VIIs
1

Ltn Carl Menckhoff 72s 5 39 were operational, the Third Battle of the Aisne (27 May to 3 June) and the advances
Ltn Ulrich Neckel 12,19 & 5 5 30
on Noyon and Montdidier (9-13 June) had ended with the French Army firmly
holding, and showing no sign of collapse. On 1 September, when 838 Fokkers were
Ltn Hermann Becker 12 5 23
at the front, the French, British and Americans were all either on, or about to go on,
Ltn Hans Muller 18 5 12
the offensive.
Ltn Richard Wenzl 5 5 12
The SPAD XlII continued a postwar career for years, being phased out of frontline
Vzfw Alfons Nagler 81 5 10 French service by newer type in 1923. American SPAD XlIIs, re-engined with 180hp 75
Postwar casualty. While
taking off in SPAO XIII S18867
on 21 December 1918, Capt
Hobart A. H. 'Hobey' 8aker,
commander of the 141st Aero
Sqn and a 103rd Aero Sqn
veteran with two victories to
his credit, crashed to his
death. (Greg VanWyngarden)
A Fokker 0 VII surrendered to
US forces after the armistice
undergoes evaluation at
McCook Field, Ohio.
[Jon Guttman)
Wright-Hispano Es, were used as fighter trainers. SPAD XHIs also saw postwar service
with the air forces of Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Portugal, Spain, Thailand
and Japan.
So impressed were the Allies by the Fokker D VII's performance that the Treaty of US Marine Corps, influencing subsequent American biplane fighter designs. Others Fokker 0 VII 4635/18 of Jasta
65, which had landed at the
Versailles included a specific demand for the surrender of 1,700 of the fighters. found their way to Hollywood, where they were used - and, all too often, used up in
1st Pursuit Group's advance
Ironically, in order to meet those terms the Germans had to continue production into deliberately staged crashes - in such films as Hell's Angels.
field at Verdun on 9 November
1919! After the 142 D VIIs ceded to the United States underwent flight evaluation, Never one to let a treaty stand in the way of business, Anthony Fokker managed 1918 - in error according
many were pressed into service with the US Army Air Service, US Navy and to smuggle 400 engines and parts to 120 aircraft our of Germany so he could tool up to its pilot, Ltn Heinz von
for resumed production in his native Holland, where the D VII and its two-seater Beaulieu-Marconnay - shows
a wealth of detail as it
derivative, the C I, became mainstays and the progenitors of further generations of
undergoes restoration at
Dutch biplanes whose service extended to World War H. the Smithsonian Institution
As late as 1929, the Swiss Alfred Comte firm built eight D VIIs under licence to in Washington, DC.
supplement the interned specimens serving in the Fliegertruppe. Belgium, which (Greg VanWyngarden)
received 324 Fokkers, used them until 1931. Fokker D VIIs also saw postwar service
with the air arms of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Lithuania, Sweden, Rumania,
Larvia and the Soviet Union. Not bad for an aeroplane whose use was supposedly
controlled by the Treaty of Versailles.
??
 Gutrman, J., 'The Hard-Luck Escadrille: Markings and a Shorr History of SPA159
'Ie Point, Over the Front (Summer 1988)
Guttman,]., 'Triumphs and Tribulations: Pierre de Cazenove de Pradines', Cross &
Cockade (USA) JournaL (Spring 1980)
Jeanes, W., 'The Diary of Captain Richard Denny Shelvy, DSC', Over the Front
(Summer 2007)
Tager, H., 'A Man for Sonderfilme: Rudolf Windisch', Over the Front (Fall 2002)

FURTHER READING

BOOKS
Biddle, Maj C. J., Fighting Airman: The way ofthe EagLe (Ace Books, 1968)
Bruce, J. M., SPAD 13. C1 (Windsock Datafile 32, Albatross Productions, 1992)
Fonck, Capt R., edited by Stanley M. Ulanoff, Ace ofAces (Doubleday & Co., 1967)
Ftanks, N. L. R., Bailey, F. W. and Guest, R., Above the Lines (Grub Street, 1993)
Ftanks, N. L. R. and Bailey, F. W., Over the Front (Grub Street, 1992)
Franks, N. L. R. and Bailey, F. W., The Storks (Grub Street, London)
La Vie Aerienne ILLustree, 1917-18
Gray, P L., The Fokker D VII (Profile Publications, Ltd No 25)
Kilduff, P, The Red Baron Combat Wing: jagdgeschwader Richthofen in BattLe (Arms
& Armour Press, 1997)
Porret, D., Les "As"franrais de La Grande Guerre (Service Historique de l'Armee de
I'Air, Chateau de Vincennes, 1983)
Rickenbacker, E. V, Fighting the Flying Circus (Avon Books, 1965)
Wenzl, R., Richthofen-FLieger (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1930)

MAGAZINES
Abbott, D-S., 'The Fokker D VII in Service', Over the Front (Fall 2000)
Duiven, R., 'Das Konigliches Jagdgeschwader Nr.II', Over the Front (Fall 1994)
Bailey, F. W., 'The 103rd Aero, USAS (Formerly Lafayette Escadrille)', Cross &
Cockade (USA) JournaL (Winter 1978)
Brewer, L., 'How It Was', Cross & Cockade (USA) JournaL (Spring 1962)
8 79
Bruce,]. M., 'SPAD Story', Air InternationaL (May 1976)
 RELATED TITLES
INDEX
References to illustrations are shown in bold. Fried,ichs, Lrn Fritz 18, 20, 30, 31 Muller, Lrn Hans 17,57,74
Frost, ILt Joh n 68
Averes, Vzfw Dietrich 54 Nagler, VZhv Alfons 65, 70, 74
Avery, ILt Walter L 9, 13, 71 Gabriel, Uff, Willi 50 Nather, Lrn Max 71, 73, 74
Garros, Lt Roland 73 Neckel, Len Ulrich 68, 74
Bader, Uff, Albert 56 Gaudermen, Adj Pierre 12 Noltenius, Lrn Friedrich 29, 55, 73
Bajac, Sous-Lt Robert 38 Gelin, Sgt Andre 8, 22
Baker, Capt Hobart A H 'Hobey' 76 George, I Lt Harold H 74 Parsons, Sous-Lt Edwin 43, 44-5
Barcat, Sous-Lt Andre 38, 71 Gerain, Cpl Gaston 65 Pippart, Lrn-d-R Hans 17,71
Barny de Romanct, Lr Bernard H 74 G igodot, Lt Jean 38 Ponder, 1Lt William T 13, 46
Bartholf, I Lt Herbert B 68 Goring, Obit Hermann 50 Priollaud, Sgt Georges 53
Beane, I LtJames D 59, 66, 71, 74 Granger, M-d-L Marcel 54 Prirsch, Obit Hermann 31
Beaulieu-Marconnay, Lm Oliver VOll 72, 74, 77 Grassmann, Lrn JUStuS 73 Prosser, Lt H D, RFC 20
Becker, Lrn Hermann 74 Guingand, Sous-Lt Marie Gilbert de 38 Psaar, Lt-d-R Max 12
Bellaigue, Sgt Michel 38 guns and gunsighrs 54, 55, 67 Purnam, 1Lt David E 13,44,45,47,51, ACE 039 • 978 1 84176 222 7 ACE 042 • 978 1 84176 375 0 ACE 047 • 978 1 84176 316 3
Bender, Lrn-d-R Julius 31 Guthrie, I Lt Murray K cover, 58, 60, 74 57,71
Berthold, Hptm Rudolf8, 21, 22,22 Guynemer, Capt Georges 4, 8, 11, I I, 12 Pyne, I Lt Percy R 46
Biddle, Capt Charles J 13,28-9,47,56,58
Binoche, Adj Auguste 39 Habich, Lrn-d-R Hermann 73 Rabe, Len August 50
Birkigt, Marc, engineer 10, II, 54 Haegelen, Sous-Lt Claude 53, 54 Regnier, Adj Emile 62-3, 64
Blume, Lrn Walter 74 Halberger, M-d-L Georges 38 Reinhard, Hptm Wilhelm 21,22,50
Bodenschatz, Obit Karl 68 Hanrelmann, Lrn Georg von 22, 45, 51, 51, 54, Rjchthofen, Rittm Manfred Freiherr von 4, 18,
Boenigk, Obit Freihert Oskar von 56, 58, 59,73, 57,59,71,74 49,75
73,74 Harrney, Maj Harold E 26, 28 Rickenbacker, Capt Edward V 4,9,9,61,64,
Bohren, Len Gustav 71 Hassinger, I Lt Philip E 58 71,72,72,74
Boudou, Adj Raymond 38 Hays, I Lt Frank 60, 60, 74 Risacher, Sous-Lt Louis 52, 53--4, 72
Boyau, Sous-Lt Maurice 22, 51,67,71 Heine, Cpl Limay 65, 70 Rirscherle, Lrn Katl 65
Brewer, ILt Leighton 29, 47, 47-8,57-8,60,67 Heinecke, Uff, OttO 49 Robert, Sous-Lt Marcel 65, 65, 65-6
Bridgeman, Capt Ray C 58 Heldmann, Len Aloys 19,20,73,74 Roques, Sous-Lt Jacques R 26, 28
Brooks, I Lt Arthur Raymond 24, 26, 56, 58-9, Hahn, Lrn Fritz 71 Rummell, I Lt Leslie J 7, 16, 56, 74
59,73 Holden, I Lt Lansing C 73
Brotherton, 2Lt William E 73 Hoover, 1Lt William J 73 Schlegel, Vzw Karl Paul 72
Brown, 1Lt Ben E 68 Hunter, I Lt Frank O'Driscoll44, 46, 46, 74 Schliewen. Lm Friedrich 71
Brugere, Adj Jean 61 SchmlickJe, VZhv Karl 59
Buchner, Lrn Franz 9,58,74 Irving, 1Lr Livingston 44 Schneider, Vzfw Richard 7J
Buck, Lt G S, RFC 8, 12 Schoen, I Lt Karl, J r 7J
Buren, Len GUnther von cover, 9, 57. 57, 58 Johnson, Maj Davenport 14 Schurck, Sous-Lt Rene 62-3, 64
Jones, lLt Clinton, Jr 56, 66 Seibert, Fig Georg 12 ACE 053 • 9781841765334 ACE 067 • 978 1 84176 886 1 AEU 017 • 978 1 84176 752 9
Cael, Lt Roger 38 Sewell, I Lt Sumner 58, 73
Cam mann, Obit Theodor 35 Kenyon, I Lt Hugo A 44 Shelby, I Lt Richard D 33, 35
Cassady, I Lt Thomas G 13 Kimber, I Lt Arthur 59, 59-60 Skowronski. Lm Marrin 22
Cauffman, I Lr Lawrence E 44 Kirschtein, Lrn-d-R Hans 22 Slade, Lt Henri Hay de 52-3, 53, 54, 67
Cavieux, M-d-L 8, 21 Kissenberth, Lt-d-R OttO 31 Son neck, Yzfw Erich 21 USAS 1st Pursuit ~
Cessieux, Asp Henri 51 K1audat, VZhV Gustav 51, 72 Souleau, Sous-Lt 8, 21 Group .~
Chambers, Capt Reed McK 74 Klink, Lrn-d-R Erich 54 Sowry, Capt Frederick, RFC 8, 12
Coolidge, 1Lr Hamilton 64 Knowles, I Lt James, Jr 13 Spaatz, Maj Carl A 60
Corsi, Cpl Edward C 51 Koch, Fig Herbert 56 Spad )(JU8, 10-14,11,12,14,16,75-6
Crissey, I Lt John C 68 Kohlbach, Lrn Walter 71, 73 power and performance 23-5, 23, 26, 27,
Curtis, ILt Edwin P 64, 73 Kull, I Lt George R cover, 58 28-9,29
Ki.ismer. Lm Heinz cover, 57 Smith lV24, 26, 35
Danglade, Adj Jean Marie 38 Spad XVl [ 24, 25
D'Aux, Sous-Lt Rene 54 Lamer, I Lt G DeFreest 13,44,46, 68 Stark, Lrn Rudolf, Jagdstaffil Unsere Heimat 32
De Sevin, Capt Xavier 61,64,73 Laumann, Lm Arthur 74 Stenseth, ILt Martinus 68, 74
Denneulin, Adj Jean 45 Le Petit, Lt Robert 72 Stiles, I Lt Robert H cover, 58
Desouches, Cpl Raymond 54 Little, I Lt Robert J 59 Stivers, I Lt Gerald D cover, 58
D'Olive, ILt Charles D 26, 28, 57, 74 Loer,er, Obit Bruno 52 Stovall, I Lt Hank 60, 67
Donhauser, VZhV Hans Christian 66, 66, 74 Lowcnhardt, Lrn Erich 4, 8, 20, 20, 49, 74 Swaab, I Lt Jacques M 66, 73, 74
Donne, SOlls-Lr Rene 12 Lufuery, Maj G Raoul 47
DOff, Lrn Gustav 74 Lufrstreirskrafte, Jasta 1850; Jasta 27 37 Thaw, Maj William 14
Drew, 1Lt Charles W cover, 58 Luke, 2Lt Frank 4, 9, 51, 64 Tobin, I Lt Edgar 56
Dunnett, Lt L E, IU'C 20 Lurzius, SOlls-Lt Ge~rges 7J Turenne, Capt Armand de 61, 62-3, 64 AEU 018 • 978 1 84176 753 6 AEU 019 • 978 1 84176 727 7 AEU 028 • 978 1 84603 3094
Duseigneur, Comdt Edouard 43 lyndall, I Lt Frank B 56, 68 •
McClung, I Lt Hugh C 68
Esswein, Offz.st OttO 67, 71 McQuiken, ILt Marrin F 44 Udet, Lrn Ernst 4, 6, 74
Eyssler, Flgr 54 Madon, Capr Georges Felix 42, 42, 44, 74 VISIT THE OSPREY WEBSITE
Maletzky, Lrn-d-R Katl 64, 73 Veltjens, Lrn Josef 22
Fairchild, Sgt Edwin Bradley 53, 54, 54-5 Marinovitch, SOlls-Lr Pierre 72 Vernam, I Lt Remington de B 66, 71
Federov, Sous-Lt Viktor 71 Martenot de Cordoux, Sous-Lt Andre 41, 41,42, Information about forthcoming books· Author information· Read extracts and see
Fischer, Lrn-d-R Martin 68 43--4,67,71 Walk, Cpl Rene 51
Fokker D VlI 6,8,15,15,17-22,20,21,75, Martin, Soldat 2eCl Claude 44 Weatherhead, I Lt Albert J 71 sample pages· Sign up for our free newsletters· Competitions and prizes. Osprey blog
76,76-7 Mazimann, Lr Georges 52 Wehner, I Lt Joseph F 51, 7J
power and performance 30-1,30,31-2, Medaets, Lt Maurice 12 Weinmann, Vzfw Karl 61, 62-3, 64
33,34 Meissner. Capt James A 73 Wenz, Lrn Alfred 49, 50 www.ospreypublishing.com
Fonck, Sous-Lt Rene Paul 4, 5, 9, 24, 61, 64, 74 Menard, Chef de Bataillon Victor 46 Wenzl, Lrn Richard, 20, 29, 30, 30, 31,74
Fradrich, Ltn Gustav 48 Menckhoff, Lrn Katl9, 14,14,71,74 White, 2Lt Wilbert W 71,73
Frassincr, Sous-Lc Jean 28 Mercier, Col Alexandre 38 Windisch, Lrn-d-R Rudolf 8, 21, 21, 22
78 80 Freeman, I Lt Harty 'Buck' 47,58 Morel, Sgt R6ny 38 Wright, 1Lt Chester E 7, 54, 72, 74 To order any of these titles, or for more information on Osprey Publishing, contact:
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This is the account of the machines of war pitted against each other
and the combatants who operated them. Step onto the battlefield
and immerse yourself in the experience of real historic combat.

SPAD XIII
vs Fokker D VII
Western Front 1918

Entering combat in May 1918, the Fokker 0 VII soon earned a

reputation as the most formidable fighter of the war, but the French
and American airmen who flew the SPAD XIII learned to use its
strengths - greater speed, especially in a dive, and o~tstanding
durability - to their advantage. The two fighters were the ultimate
development of World War I aircraft, and a near-even match in the
epic dogfights that raged in the skies above the last great campaigns
on the Western Front. Profusely illustrated with rare photography
and innovative artwork, this is the fascinating story of the pilots and
aeroplanes that duelled above the trenches in the closing months of
the war.

Colour artwork _ Photographs _ Unrivalled detail _ Cutaway artwork

US $17.95 UK £ 12.99

I
CAN$19.95
OSPREY IS B N 978-1-84603-432-9
PUBLISHING

51795

9 ornn!46 034329 I