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Substation Protection Devices

Abstract
As we know the safety is very first requirement for any system. So here I am discussing about some
protection devices use in the Electrical Power Substation.
Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of
electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical
network.
The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
In Electrical Power Substation(switch yard) various type of protection devices are used to protect from
different fault.
Some of them are:
 Current Transformer(CT)
 Potential Transformer(PT)
 Protection Relay
 Circuit Breaker(CB)
 Lightning Arrester(LA)
 Fuse
When any type of fault occurs in the system, it is detected by Current Transformer or Potential
Transformer or Lightning Arrester. These devices give the controlling signal to Relays biased with
them. Relay decides whether fault occurs in the particular part of system or not. When the faults occurs
in any section of the system, Protection Relay of that section comes in operation and closes the trip of
the Circuit Breaker, which disconnects the faulty section. The healthy section continue to supply loads
as usual and thus there is no damage to the equipment and no complete interruption of supply.

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Introduction
Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of
electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical
network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system
faults.
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at
different voltage levels.
The apparatus or equipments and their associated auxiliaries employed for controlling, regulating and
switching on or off the electrical circuits in the electrical power system is known as “Protection
devices” or “switchgear”.
An automatic Protection consists of the Relays, Circuit Breakers(CB), Lightning Arrester(LA) and
Fuse. When the faults occurs in any section of the system, Protection Relay of that section comes in
operation and closes the trip of the Circuit Breaker, which disconnects the faulty section. The healthy
section continue to supply loads as usual and thus there is no damage to the equipment and no complete
interruption of supply.
In this lesion we shall discuss about the various Protection Devices used in Substation Protection
System.

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Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection

CTs CB

Protected
Control Equipment

Relay

VTs

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Components of Protection System
An automatic protection system has mainly six components:
1. Instrumentation Transformer
 Current Transformer(CT)
 Potential Transformer(PT)
2. Protective Relay
3. Circuit Breaker(CB)
4. Lightning Arrester(LA)(Surge Diverter)
5. Isolators(Disconnecting switch)
6. Fuse

A typical Substation

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Current Transformer(CT)
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric current. Current
transformers, together with voltage (or potential) transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument
transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a
current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. Current transformers are
commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Design

Like any other transformer a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core and a
secondary winding. The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the
core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding circuit. An essential objective
of current transformer design is to ensure the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so
the secondary current is linearly proportional to the primary current.

Basic operation of current transformer

SF6 110 kV current transformer

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Usage
Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the
power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour meter
on virtually every building with three-phase service and single-phase services greater than 200
amperes.

CT used in metering equipment for three-phase 400-ampere electricity supply

Current Transformers are also used as the protection device including with Relay and Circuit Breaker.

Potential Transformer(PT)

Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage transformers (VT)) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and
have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.

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It gives the reference voltage to the Relay for Over-voltage or Under-voltage Protection.
Protective Relay

A Relay is a logical elements which process the inputs(mostly voltage and currents) from the system
and issue a trip decision if a fault within its jurisdiction is detected.
Inputs to the Relays are
• Current from current transformer(CT)
• Voltage from voltage transformer(VT)
Principle of operation
Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic induction.
Unlike switching type electromechanical relays with fixed and usually ill-defined operating voltage
thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-established, selectable and adjustable
time/current (or other operating parameter) operating characteristics. Protection relays may use arrays
of induction disks, shaded-pole magnets, operating and restraint coils, solenoid-type operators,
telephone-relay contacts, and phase-shifting networks.

Types of Relay

According to construction
 Electromechanical
 Induction disc over-current relay
 Static relay
 Digital relay
 Numerical relay

Relays by functions
 Over current relay
 Distance relay
 Current differential protection
 Directional relay
 Synchronism check
Basic elements of Relay
 Sensing Element
 Comparison Element

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A typical Protective Relay

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Relay panel

Circuit breaker(CB)
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and
interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker
can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made
in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Operation

The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low voltage circuit breakers this is usually done
within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged
with protective rela pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the trip opening mechanism.
The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some high-
voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays and an internal
control power source.

Once a fault is detected, within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some
mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained within the
breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the
fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to trip
the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

Types of circuit breakers


 Low-voltage circuit breakers
 Magnetic circuit breakers
 Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
 Common trip breakers
 Medium-voltage circuit breakers
 High-voltage circuit breakers
 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit breakers

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 Disconnecting circuit breaker (DCB)
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) high-voltage circuit breakers
Oil circuit breaker

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Air circuit breaker

SF6 Circuit breaker

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Lightning arrester(LA)
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical
lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Isolators
Isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through line into the bus. It allows only needed
voltage and rest is earth by itself if required.

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Conclusion

The objective of the protection devices(system) is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, while leaving as much of the network as possible.

• There is no ‘fault free’ system.


• It is neither practical nor economical to build a ‘fault free’ system.
• Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults.
Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to various reasons: Short Circuit, High
Voltage, system aging, lighting, etc.

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