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16. What are the properties of shape functions? 1sar hz"1 ;r.:st
The properties of shape functions are:
a The no ofshape functions will be equal to the no ofnodes present in the element.
a Shape function will have a unit value at the node considered and zero value at other
nodes.
o The sum of all the shape function is equal to f . i. e. lNi: 1
10. Why polynomiat type of interpolation functions are mostly used in FEM? frtrlv'a 9Fg
The polynomial type of interpolation functiors are mostly used due to the following
reasons:
I. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration.
3. The accuracy ofthe results can be improved by increasing the order ofthe
polynomial.
1. Introduction
ir::
to finite element method
$'initr elernent metfuod w*s origin&lly developed in the aircraft, industrylo facititate a
rofinedanalysie of cornplex air Ii'ame structures. Though the procedure was develope<l as a
mncept ol structural aoalysis, the wider basis of the mcthod makes it applicable to a variety cf
6old pmblems *uch as tieat eortductic4 fluid flo{fu"dro etasticity, diffusion-convection, math-
f
!iqs, q .tc, ia additiorr tq $tru6t*ral analysiH, In gencral, this methcd is applicabte
problems where a variational formulationdf the physical pbeoomenon is feasible.
:, Thq basic eoncept ialqlved in the finite ele$lenl method is that every skucture may be
eo$idercd to bc an assemblage of a finite number of individual structural components or
d6menls. Tlre*e elemenk c*n b* pui togethel in a number ofways aad hence they can be used
irr represenl exeeediagly eomplex geomrtries. In the analysis ofan elastic contiauum by this
method, the eontinuum is idealired as an sssenrblagos of two or three fimensioaal olements <rf
p{sper $hspo, wit} a finita number of intcrconnections. This appmximation of discretieotl-o& is
purely n{ a phyxical naftre and there oeed be no ap$o$imatiob. in the mathematiea} asalyxis
!$e m*y
,/.
uirknowns
3. Define the basic procedure in Finite Element Method. XrSt 8r,* 'r-6')
- -
.1.
eorr€spotding ta a
, i.bat {61 *{ft]{P}:
4. {}6tiiaiheal*iti**t
menk rryenuy have u nt*"" of i2 N/mmx 1.o the 1efi ard 2.8 N/nrm2 to the right. This
is i* faci not lorreci, &or possibk- T.his iaacorracy due 19 discre.lisStluB g:S exraller
.'' *. *"** iur elsments nrd're in nontbsr-Aid 'l*sti;*"g&e'W*"raru also.
""d:*-*Jf*, "*
aalo,pt sog1e stres.r srnoothing techniques to aehieve a continuous variation of stresBes "
fropr the disean!.iouous output rve 5et liom ltep 7.
tilio n&{iflls
bi
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ty mean* I Parcd
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7
AlongsidewallABCDofarectangularwatertank5mx2mx2.5misacteduponbywater
p.rrr*. (Fig). It is divided into elements 0.2m long and 0.12m high. Find the nodal forces on an
element near the base given that
f
ZGt}{t*
Xftmeq
S*48*'0.!rgZkl{
!*0.14?6k$
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Sotoe tfu natrix egw$ion $l - {X} tu}
(
wtue [Ft? =fi00, tzo, -r0]and tKt *l': :r lf. a,** r*u*oto,- a.
[: 4 z4J
@
o lfu,l
fr 48 o
=[o + ll"rl
Lo t zallq[
$I*tqPl
impodlle. &ime cf thc rcaoors ere
;Ot&enrfue
tne might th* soflsare, it is
riecossallr
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f*Peciali5r in rmlring
inputs.
2.
,LUe"A,Sr.
... ,. .. ,
5. STSAP
b-
3,
,/
Element Types
Bc*m
?wr: end rode* arrdl a reference
node. Sher.r cefitrc. s]fld ftode ]ifie
ca$ be orlg€t frnrn ihe seatrqidal
a.ti*. Crot*-section ge<rm€tri€s may
bc chassn from the stilIdad Ii-
brary, cr be user-delired.
T*qdlm.ep*jeual
Plane q${}yqir
?iaoe ptaue strain and ax-
"r*r,elenremtrc with 3,6, ,l
t*ymmetrie
&nd * flo&s.
Tl.4e1,sI?:l
The * a*d 4 aod* *Iementr are also
plntc clomtnts applle*tlt to thln
pla,te ard rualysir.
I
?he S and node dernents are
thi& or thin pl+ie element* and
.afl he usrd ar frlly curred shdls.
{
mhno*
+
I
I
I
n\
sM
Thre€-di;ner&ional
r+I 3F-Ericks
For three dimensioua.l tcntinua
th*re are4 aud l0nodetetrahcdral
elemen !s, 6 and 15 uode wedge cI-
ernentc, S, tr6 a,rrd 26 node hexa.he-
ffi r+T
r"iE/
dral elements.
Thre+dtmarrlond Dody
2. The first part of the requirement is readily by choosing .polynomial function which re
incorrectly continuous
.,. The second part is utilized that adjustable element must deformed with cross opening
, of the elements
When the nodes are given such a displacement corresponding to the rigid body rnotion,
the element should not experience strain and hence loads to 'o' nodal forces.
6. The constant term in the polynomial usually ensure, this conditions the displacement
function can be capable of representing the constant strait within the element
7. The necessity of this requirement can be understood physically if use the subdivision of
body into small to smaller units. As this element approach a constant valve for lD, 2D,
and 3D of elasticity problems
t. Finite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of Engineering and
Mathematical Physics.
^'-v-L
+
') In this method, a body or a structure in which the analysis to be carried out is
subdivided into smaller elements of finite dimensions called finite elements. Then the
body is considered as an assemblage of these elements connected at a finite number of
joints called 'Nodes' or Nodal points. The properties of each type of finite element is
obtained and assembled together and solved as whole to get solution.
3. In other words, in the finite element method, instead of solving the problem for the entire
body in one operation, we formulate the equations for each finite element and combine
them to obtain the solution of the whole body.
This method is extensively used in the field of structural mechanics, fluid mechanics,
. l. Structural problems
2. Non-structural problems
o Structural problems
In structural problems, displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By using these
displacement solutions, stress and strain in each element can be calculated
^cc't-
Dat,^CEccltrl l\--^-.!E^-. -t 4i.,il C---
r
. Non-structuralprobletns
In non-structural problerns, temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained (
By using these values, pr operties such as heat flow, fluid flow etc., for each element can
be calculated.
GENERAL STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Ue1l 1f.^- 2,ls=.1 / 2./sa1
r' This section presents the general procedure of finite element analysis. For simplicity's
sake, we will consider only the structural problems
r' The following two general methods are associated with the finite element analysis
They are:
o Force method.
Three dimznsionol elenrents: The most common three dimensional elements are tetrahedral
'-eiid
hexdheilral (Biiik) 6lements. These elements are used for th,ree dimensional stress analysis
problems. The simplest three dimensional elements have comer nodes. as shown fig.
1. Natural.
2. Artificial (continuum)
Natural Discretization
In structural analysis, a truss is considered as a natural system. The various members of the
truss constitute the elements. These elements are conaected at various j oints known as nodes.
Nodal Points: Each hnd of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected
with the adjacent elements by nodal points or nodes
Nodal forces: The forces that act at each nodal point are called nodal forces
Degrees of freedom: when the force or reaction acts at nodal point, node is subjected to
deformation. This deformation includes displacements, rctations, and/or strains. These are
collectively known as degrees of freedom or simply we can say nodal displacement is called
degrees of freedom.
t
Artificial Discretization (Continuum)
l. Triangular element.
2. Rectangularelement.
3. Quadrilateral element
12 1?
Rcolangut* *lemenl i. Qtaddlalera I tlement
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