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Introduction
Tanjero Formation is an Upper (Fig. 2). The correlation is based on
Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) lithology and stratigraphic position of
unit, which crops out within the distinctive conglomerate and its derivative
Imbricated and High Folded Zones in sandstones, which are discussed in detail
Northeastern Iraq Buday (1980) [1] and in different geographical localities in the
Buday and Jassim (1987)[2]. It stretches paper. The lower part (lower regressive
as narrow northwest-southeast belt near part) is mainly composed, on the lower
and parallel to the Iranian border (Fig. 1). slope and basin, of thick succession of
The formation mainly consists of sandstone (100-400m), whereas on the
alternation of sandstone, marl and shelf it is dominated by 500m thick
calcareous shale with occurrence of very succession of conglomerate (in this study,
thick conglomerate and biogenic called Kato conglomerate). The middle
limestones (Bellen et al. 1959)[3]. part is composed of 100-300m of bluish
On the basis of main lithological white marl and marly limestone on the
distribution, it is divided the formation slope and basin whereas it changes to
into three parts (lower, middle and upper calcareous shale on the shelf and to
parts Karim (2004)[4]). These parts are 20-50m thick of red claystone inside
correlated across eight different sections incised valleys.
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The upper regressive part consists According to Buday (1980, p.402) [1]
chiefly of 50-200m thick mixed the miogeosyncline was separated from
carbonate-siliciclastic successions (in this unstable shelf by a ridge. He mentioned
study, named Kato Mixed Carbonate- that the continuation of this ridge is not
Siliciclastic Successions). The clear enough in the area southeast of
constituents of this succession are Ranyia Town (part of the studied area).
alternation of biogenic limestone and In the present study, the absence of
calcareous shale with miner amount of this ridge is proved in the Sulaimaniya
sandstone and conglomerate. He also Governorate. It is observed that the
found both flysch and molasse facies in present position of Azmir, Goizha,
the lower part of the formation in the Piramagroon, Sara, Qarasard and Kosrat
distal and proximal area of the basin anticlines (Fig. 1 and 3) was part of the
respectively. slope of the Tanjero basin, while the
present position of Haibat Sultan, Tasluja
Tectonic history and Baranan homocline most possibly
It can be inferred from the facies comprised part of the basin plain of the
distribution maps given by Buday, (1980) formation. The deposition, bypassing and
[1] that the basins paleoslope direction erosion of sediment occurred extensively
(depositional dip) was toward northeast during deposition of Tanjero Formation on
during Lower Cretaceous till Middle the position of former anticlines (Azmir,
Turonian. During later ages (Coniacian Goizha, Sara and Kosrat). So there were
and Santonian) the general basin not any major irregularities (submerged
paleoslope direction was reversed 180 paleohigh or geoflexture) in the basin of
degree toward southwest during Upper Tanjero Formation, in the studied area,
Cretaceous. This reversal case is during deposition.
associated with colliding of continental The possible tectonic activities are
parts of Arabian and Iranian Plate after observed as following:
deposition of Qamchuqa and Balambo At the beginning of the deposition of
Formation in the studied area. This the lower sequence (proved to include
colliding occurred after the oceanic Kometan, Shiranish and part of Tanjero
crust is exhausted and then the two related Formation, the studied area suffered from
continents are collided. Before this, the clear deepening. This is proved from field
studied area was passive continental work which is demonstrated by deposition
margin (carbonate platform) and bordered of deep pelagic Kometan Formation over
from the north by subduction trench shallow marine reefal Qamchuqa
(active continental margin). The collision Formation. This transgression may be
finally changed the area of subduction to reflection of prominent subsidence due to
positive land and studied area to tectonic loading of the existed platform.
foreland basin (Fig 5B and 7). According The over loading is happened by colliding
to Karim (2003a)[5] , during this process, of Iranian and Arabian plate by which the
the previously deposited Qulqula former thrusted over the latter and
Formation compressed, as accretionary
prism, between two plates and uplifted
forming positive land and source area.
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more advanced towards the basin by surround the basin. For this and other
scoring of the delta plain and shelf evidence cited above the basin is called
sediments of previous HST. During this foreland basin.
sea level fall, the coarse sediments are
deposit as alluvial fans in the coastal area Initial (early) foreland basin
of the basin and part of these fans were Bate and Jackson (1980) [12] defined
built in to the main body of the sea foreland basin as:
forming fan delta (Fig.7). The valleys A stable area marginal to an orogenic belt,
mentioned above are called incised toward which the rocks of the orogenic
valleys; three of these valleys are belt were thrust or over folded. Generally,
ascertained and mapped in the field. These the foreland is a continental part of the
valleys are filled with Kato conglomerate crust and is the edge of craton or platform
on the shelf and with both alternation of area. In this study the Tanjero basin is
sandstone and conglomerate on the Upper considered to be initial foreland basin so
slope and sandstone and shale at lower the above definition can be applied to
slope and basin floor. In North America this basin when considerable amount of
Bhattacharya and Willis (2001) [11] activity is given to the basin because of its
described, in detail, a lowstand system early development. The applicability of
tract in foreland basin during the definition is attributed to the
Cenomanian. The content of the lowstand following:
is much similar to that of lower part of The basin of Tanjero formation was
Tanjero Formation in the view of relatively stable as compared to thrust
lithology, trace fossil (cruziana and sheets and over-folded source area of the
skolithos) and sedimentary structures formation which located in the Iran
(HCS, Cross bedding)(see Karim 2004) Territory. Another reason for relative
[4]. stability of the basin is the basin shows
Although Kolosh Formation has nearly no igneous activities. In other side, more
same lithology as the Tanjero Formation, active area is the source area of the
it is tectonically separated from Formation which includes Qulqula
miogeosyncline and regarded as a unit of Formation, Ophiolite Complex and Qandil
unstable shelf by above authors. In the Group. All these represent the orogenic
present study, the three formations belt of the above definition.
(Shiranish, Tanjero and Kolosh) have As seen in sequence stratigraphy sea
given same rank of tectonics (early level fall and rise of the formation is
foreland basin or syn -collision active nearly coinciding with the 3rd order
margin). The only difference is the eustatic sea level change. This is mean
possible depocenter migration toward that the tectonic was not so intense to
southwest for about 25 km (estimated obscure the effect of eustatic sea level
only) as regarded to position Tanjero change.
Formation. Even Aqra-Bekhme The final reason for relative stability of
Formation is included in the basin as the basin is the fact that the basin of
reefal facies on local submerged Tanjero Formation is characterized by
paleohighs. growth of the thickest and best reefal
Recording of abundant plant debris is limestone. These limestones include both
good evidence for existing of lands that Aqra-Bekhme Formation and Kato
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Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Succession. prove that the Tanjero basin was not
Both the formation and the succession are tectonically so active such as estimated
consisting of thick rudist and large foram previously. This is true also for depth
bearing limestone which proves the which was shallower than that assigned
relative stability of the basin with constant before. Einsele (2000, p.606) [13] called
subsidence as all other basins. All these
transition zone between foreland and Where two continental plates converge
remnant basin. subduction does not occur because the
Balambo and Qamchuqa Formations thick, low-density continental lithosphere
were forming the platform during Lower is too light to be subducted. In between
Cretaceous and Tanjero Formation these plates Qulqula Radiolarian
started deposition on top of these Formation, as the softest rocks in the
formations after rapid subsidence. This collision zone, is deformed and uplifted
rapid subsidence led to the deposition of forming orogenic belt. This belt might be
Kometan Formation. Later, when the developed by collision of the plates,
source area was uplifted and sea level was which involved a thickening of the
lowered (during most times) Tanjero lithosphere. As the crust thickens it
formation was deposited. undergoes deformation with occurrence of
In foreland basins, sediment shallows metamorphism in the lower part of the
up from deep water to shallow marine and crust (e.g. Shalair Phyllite) and faulting
then continental sedimentation (Mail, with folding at shallower levels in the
1995) [14]. This type of shallowing is mountain belt. Finally the uplifted land
exactly applicable for Tanjero Formation may thrust and form thrust belt. The
and Red Bed Series, which have gradation material of belt is moved outwards,
contact (in some place) in the area of the away the center of the orogenic belt. This
study. In this connection Doyle et al. caused the Tanjero and Kolosh Formation
(2001, p.111) [15] mentioned that the to be deposited by dislocation of
sediments of foreland basin deposited in depocenter toward southwest as the
mostly river and deltaic environment and gradual moving or uplifting of source
consist of heterogeneous gravel, sands and area (Fig.6 and 7).
muds derived from orogenic belt.
Migration of depocenter
Syn -collision idea During fieldwork at the studied area,
In contrary to pre-collision model, the two depocenter of Tanjero deposits were
present study assigned to the setting found. These depocenters belong to two
(tectonic model) of the Tanjero basin to different successive depostional
syn-collision of the Arabian and Iranian sequences. The distance of migration is
plates (collision of their continental parts). about 25km, which measures the distance
The birth of Tanjero Formation started between two identical lithologies in the
when Qulqula Formation (as an two sequences. These two sequences are
accretionary prism) was uplifted after the as follows:
collision of the two plates. The relatively
sudden start of the clastic influx and Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian
gradual increase of grain size to coarse Sequence
conglomerate indicated uplift of the This sequence can be identified easily
Qulqula Formation by thrusting or block in the Chuarta area. This sequence is
faulting. partially eroded by overlying (SB1).
When an oceanic basin completely These situations are very clear at Kato
closed with the total elimination of Mountain where this sequence is located
oceanic crust by subduction, the two under Kato conglomerate and the coarsest
continental margins had been converged. existed lithology consists of package of
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30 m thick medium grain sandstone. This transitional zone between the two
package represents sediment of LST. formations. The age of the two sequences
Similar package of the upper sequence is is based on age of the formation at Dokan
outcropped at south of Sulaimaniya City. area, which is indicated by Abdul-
The distance to the Kato Mountain and Kireem (1986b) [16].
this latter locality is a bout 25km when the
folding shortening is considered. The Middle –Upper Maastrichtian
identification of this sequence is very Sequence
difficult in the distal area. This is because This is the main sequence comprising
it either changes to Shiranish Formation or more than 90% of previously known
it is interfingering , as fine sand, with marl lithology of the formation. This sequence
of Shiranish Formation forming
during deposition. But when one studies during the collision of the Arabian and
the nature and lithology of the source area, Iranian plates (continental –continental
one realizes why the formation has high colliding phase). It is likely that at that
thickness and compositionally different time the brittle bedded chert and soft
lithologies. marls are so intensely jointed and
In this study, the above two characteristics fractured that helped rapid weathering, the
are attributed, partly, to the following: erosion and creation of deep valleys.
The source area (Qulqula Formation) is The bedded cherts, although brittle, they
composed of 30% variegated marl, shaped into hard and sharp edged boulder
calcareous shale; 40% thin bedded chert and gravel (with some blocks) by jointing.
and 20% of limestones. These sediments During transport in streams, these act as
are easily weathered and eroded during millstone for grinding and breaking up
Upper Cretaceous stormy climate. the clasts and the underlying rock too. All
The source area, hinterland and foreland, these helped enormous amount of material
was steep sloping and highly deformed to be available for transporting and
after shaping into large circular disk then relative sea-level fall and independent
used for grinding the wheat into flour sediment supply. While Ainworth and
by water-powered mills. Crowley (1994) [20] defined it as
The uplift of the source area is partly progradation of the shoreline in response
due to presence of the soft rocks to relative sea-level fall in which the rate
mentioned above. These rocks sandwiched of sediment supply exceeds the rate
between the two plates as accretionary accommodation space added.
prism and uplifted by imbrications or The most important evidence of the
forcefully emplaced upward by flowage forced regression is rapid coarsening
like salt domes or tooth past (see Costa upward, i.e. the resting of coarse
and Venderville, 2001 for principle of sediments on fine ones with erosional
diapirism in convergent setting, p.123- contact between the two (Einsele, 2000)
151) [17 . The softness of these rocks also [13]. In Tanjero this arrangement of
led the ophiolite to rest in the core or sediment is very clear in Kato Mountain
boundary of the prism and later (Plate 5.1.2 and 5.2) where coarse
outcropped during erosion of the source conglomerate (coastal sediments) rests on
area. This is can be ascertained by the shale of shelf of the lower sequence.
fact that the lower part (e.g., Kato Moreover in Iranian section and
conglomerate) of the Tanjero Formation Kometan section (Fig.2) Kato
does not contain any type of igneous conglomerate rest on the pelagic marl of
boulders and gravels while the upper part Shiranish Formation.
contains these rocks. As a result of the forced regression, the
The high thickness may be partly thick pile of lowstand system tract is
returned to climate of Upper Cretaceous, deposited. This forced regression is
which was stormy and wet. In this affected by eustatic sea level change and
connection Haq (1991 p. 34) [18] most possibly enhanced by tectonic
mentioned that increased albedo during uplift of the source area. The uplift is also
lowstand favors extreme climate, and this, accompanied by progressive horizontal
in turn lead to enhanced thermal contrast advancing (closing) of the source area.
of land and sea, between surface and The lithology of the Tanjero Formation
bottom of seawater. He also added that revealed that the source area (hinterland)
the extreme climate increase weathering was mainly comprised of accretionary
and erosion on land. prism of Qulqula Formation and minor
amount of ophiolite (exposed only during
Types of regressions deposition of upper part), which was
The main succession of the Tanjero pushed southwestward toward early
Formation is sandwiched between a foreland basin (Shiranish and Tanjero
forced regression and normal regression basins). The grain size and roundness (fine
from the base and the top respectively as grain size and rounded clasts) of the
follows: igneous pebbles showing that the outcrops
Forced regression in Tanjero of the ophiolite are located more remote
Formation distance than the chert ones.
Posamentier et al. (1992) [19], has
defined forced regression as basinward Normal Regression
movement of the shoreline, caused by
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In contrast to forced regression at enhanced eustatic sea level fall is the high
lower part of the formation, the upper part thickness of incised valleys sediment
suffered from normal regression, which fills. In discussion of the foreland basin,
happened during the end of highstand Einsele (2000, p.8) [13] mentioned that
system tract. According to Einsele (2000) clastic material influx from the rising
[13] this type of regression also occurs mountain belt often keeps pace with or
during stable sea level and occurs as a exceeds subsidence and cause basin
result of sediment fill of the basin and not filling. But during deposition of middle
as a result of relative sea level fall. The part the basin suffered from rapid clear
arrangement of sediments is coarsening subsidence demonstrated by deposition of
upward which shows no omission of any Shiranish- like lithology (Pelagite and
member of gradation facies succession. Hemipelagite facies).
In Tanjero Formation, this type of
regression is occurred during deposition Atlantic type continental margin
of the upper part in which the sediment Atlantic and Pacific type continental
supply exceeded the available accommo- margin (Dickinson 1971) [21], as two
dation space so that shallow bioclast and different depostional basins between
biogenic limestone, as a part of upper part, continental and oceanic floor, can be used
is deposited. These limestones contain for comparing with that of Tanjero
abundant large forams and pepecypod Formation. When the comparison is made
bioclast. In some places, the high stand in all aspects, Tanjero basin is more
Kato mixed carbonate-siliciclastic similar to Atlantic type continental margin
succession is overlain by Tagaran than Pacific one, while the previous
conglomerate, which may be the deposit studies such as Jaza (1991) [22] and
of shelf margin system tract (SB2). Numan (1977) [23] put the formation in a
basin more similar to Pacific type
Low subsidence and high sea level continental margin. This is because the
fall latter margin has subduction trench and an
All authors previously studied Tanjero under-thrusting oceanic plate while
Formation, agreed that it is characterized Atlantic type margin has no such features.
by rapidly subsiding basin. But the present According to Hyndman (1970, p.7) [24]
study proved the opposite (in the studied continental margin of the pacific type may
area), as follows: revert to Atlantic type with dying out of
As previously mentioned in this study, under-thrusting of the oceanic plate under
the typical lithology of the formation is the continent, cessation of seismic activity,
deposited above an unconformity (SB1) filling and uplift of the trench sediments,
during sea level fall (LST). This sea level and welding of the continental to the
fall occurred by forced regression. This oceanic plate. This was what happens to
means that the sea level falls were more the basin where Tanjero formation is
than subsidence. It is most probable that deposited. This is because the basin (or
the eustatic sea level fall is enhanced by northern part (coastal area) of the basin)
tectonic uplift. This tectonic uplift is was most probably Pacific type during
associated with source area and probably Lower Cretaceous (Qulqula and Balambo
part of the basin (the shelf of lower Formations) but changed to pacific type
sequence). The evidence of the tectonic during collision of Iranian continent with
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Arabian one after dying out of oceanic formation combined tectonically with that
plate and uplift of Qulqula formation, of underlying Shiranish Formation in a
which according to Karim (2003a) [5] single basin, which is called initial Zagros
was forming sediments of trench before Foreland Basin.
colliding. 3-In this basin Tanjero Formation is
deposited in near shore area, while
Conclusion Shiranish Formation is deposited in the
1-The previously the basin of Tanjero central part of the basin.
Formation is considered as trench or 4. Most parts of the formation is deposited
miogeosyncline but in this study by forced regression (sea level fall
changed to early foreland basin. enhanced by tectonic uplift.
2-In contrary to previous studies, all parts 5.The whole basin was deposited in front
of the formation have given same degree southwest advancing of Iranian plate
of tectonics. Moreover, the basin of causing continuous migration of
depocenter.
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