2010

Research Report
NUPSA-LUMS Project
Services For Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Ms Anum Ali

06/08/2010
Table of Contents

Objectives . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 3

Introductio n . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 3

Assu mptio ns . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4

Earlier Researches .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 5

Ad Hoc Networking Syste ms . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 7

Vehicular Communication . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 7

Inter and Intra Connectivit y . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 8

Communication Wireless Protocols . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 8

Communication Topologies . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 9

Space Limits . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10

GSM Networks . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10

Licensing Issues . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10

Hardware Integrati ons and Options . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10

GSM Devices . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10

GPS Devices and Systems . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 12

Hypo thesis . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 13

Simulator . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 13

Service Application . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 14

Result . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 15

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OBJECTIVES

Th e su b j ect ed resear ch p ro j ect t h at i s S er v i ces f o r V eh i cul ar Ad -Ho c N et wo rk s

was i n i t i at ed f or r esear ch wor k i n r eg ard s f or k n o wl ed ge g at her i ng i n en h an ci n g
t h e fi xed n od e n et wo r ks t o ad h o c n etwo rk i n g st ru ct u r e sp eci f i ed fo r vehi cu l ar
co m mu n icat i o n s. Con siderin g the current scenario of the road conditions,
better possible ways are being suggest ed to minimize traf fic congestion
which is the most common factor, none the less f or safety measure of
passengers and provi ding ease to the driver.

Which turn can sho rten the j ourney and brin g the destination close to the
travellers. Maybe it’s a long journey ahead? Is the vehicle components
workin g and maintaining the system coordinating properl y?

Analysis of the complete structure of the road, collecting data as any

vehicle goes by generate a prof ile report for the convince of inline traveller.
Focusing on minor details can save from a big scenario on the road.

The aim f or this research was to filter the techniques that can be
implemented f or developing a real time communication between vehicles on
ad hoc bases. To understand the scenario present in Pakistan and relati ve to
that forwarding a p rospective application based f or fleet management and
creating an ease for dri vin g conditions.

INTRODUCTION

With the Internet becoming an increasingly significant part of our lives, the
dream of a WiFi-enabled city is becoming closer and closer to reality. One
of the hindrances to that dream, however, is the high r outer r equirement; for
wireless internet to blanket a city, thousands of wireless routers must be
strategically placed to ensure constant c overa ge. Since this i s a process that
can become quite complicated and costly, researchers at UC LA began

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looking for an existing technology to which routers could be attached or
invol ved. Since Los An geles is a city alr eady pla gued with traff ic problems,
the UC LA Vehicular Netwo rk Lab was established to stud y the possibilit y
of wirelessly connected automobiles.

The Vehicular Ad -Hoc Network, or VANET, is a technology that uses moves

cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET turns e ver y
participating car into a wireless router o r node, allowing cars approximately
100 to 300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network
with a wi de range. As cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of t he
network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to one a nother so that a
mobile Internet is created. It is estimated that the first systems that will
integrate this techn ology are police and f ire vehicles to communicate with
each other for safety purposes.[ 1]

ASSUMPTIONS
For initiating the project, first assumption was the availabil ity of location
based awareness system, whether that be GSM networking cell towers and
GPS device integration.

VANE T offers countless benef its to organizations of any size. Automobile

high speed Internet access would transform the vehicle’s on-board computer
from a nifty gadget to an essential productivit y tool, making virtually any
web technology available in the car. While such a network does pose certain
safety concerns (for example, one cannot safely type an email while
dri ving), this does not limit VAN ET’s potential as a productivit y tool. It
allows f or “dead time”—time that is being wasted whi le waiting for
something—to be transformed into “live time”—time that is being used to
accomplish tasks. A commuter can turn a traffic jam into a producti ve work
time by ha vin g his email downloaded and read to him by the on-board
computer, or if traffic slows to a halt, read it himself. While waiting in the
car to pick up a friend or relative, one can surf the Internet. Even GPS
systems can benefit, as they can integra ted with traf fic reports to pro vide
the fastest route to work. Lastl y, it wou ld allow for free, VoIP ser vices such

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as GoogleTalk or Skype between employees, lowering telecommunications
costs.

EARLIER RESEARCH
Wireless communication is ubiquitous because of its f lexibility to adapt to
dif ferent scenarios. Mobile Ad Hoc Net works (MANE TS) is a term coined
for the continuously var yi ng networ k topology handheld mobiles devices.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETS ) is one of its types. It deploys the
concept of continuously varying vehicular motion. The node s or vehicles as
in VANE T S can move around with no boundaries on their direction and
speed. This arbitrary motion of vehicles poses new challenges to researchers
in terms of designin g a protocol set more specif ically f or VANE TS. Tests
are being carried out throu gh simulated environments to check the way
VANE TS perf orm, bef ore they are used in commercial application in the
real world. This thesis aims at presenting and analysing the shortcomings of
current simulators aimed at or useful f or VANE TS.
As this is a pretty fresh f ield to explore, a lot of work has been done locally
and internationally. Vehicle are been developed in such a m anner to electro
its entire workin g process. Data is collected not only for vehicle safety but
also visualizing surrounding and mapping the roads.

Starting from nation al level development f ollowing are dominantly similar

researches.

 Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET ): E nabling secure and Ef ficient

Transportation Syste m
A research proposed by Jinnah University Students presented by UET
Lahore.

 An ycast Based Routing in Vehicular Adhoc Networks ( VANE TS)

usin g Vanetmobisim
A publication presented by Electrical Department of Comsats
Abbotabad.
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Followi ng are the development carried in similarities on international level
related to the prospective topic.

 NEMO meets VANE T: A Deployabilit y Analysis of Network Mobility

in Vehicular Communication
Roberto Baldessari, Andreas Festag, Julien Abeill´ e
NEC Europe Ltd., Network Laboratories

 A Tool Chain for UML based Modeling and Simulation of VANE T

Scenarios with Realistic Mobility Models
Christoph Sommer, Isabel Dietrich, Falko Dressler, Winfried Dulz,
Reinhard German
Computer Networks and Communication Systems
Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen, Germany

 Location-aware Ser vices over Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks u sing Car -

to-Car Communication
Marios D. Dikaiakos Andreas Florides Tamer Nadeem Liviu Iftode
Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus

Ti l l n ow t her e h ave b een a n um b er o f r esear ches m ad e and ap p li cat i o n s d evel o p ed

as di scu ssed abo v e. Fo l l o wi n g ar e su cces sf ul an d k no wl ed geab l e pr o du ct s f r om
u si n g ad – h oc n et wor k in g syst em s.

 CarN et

 Eu ro p ean Pr oj ect C ar Tal k 20 0 0

 Eu ro p ean Pr oj ect Dri v e

 Eu ro p ean Pr oj ect Dri v eX

 Germ an P ro j ect Fl eet Net

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  INRI A (CyCab). NEMO

 InVANET

AD HOC NETWORKING SYSTEMS

For classif ying network topolo gies fo r ad hoc service oriented system in
vehicle to vehicle communication certain categorization are invol ved.

Service –Oriented architecture are sof tware are devised as software

architectures whose main goal advocates that application functionalities
must be available in f orm of services. This can be termed as “f ind-bind-
execute” paradigm. VANET also inh erits some characterization f rom
MANET ad-Hoc Networks that support communications between vehicles.
These characters including it own make it a significantly different f rom
other networks. Nonethe less there are some network p rotoc ols of MANET
that can be used by VANET. Some of the protocols are designed f or
dedicated short range communications (DSRC).

There are various paths to selecting a topology in regards to ad hoc systems.

 Based on distance- it can be unicast or multicast.

 Diff erentiating route / path they can be pro-active, reactive or

hybrid.

 Search algo rithm can be distance vector, link state, based on

geo graphic information.

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION

A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized wireless network.

The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre existing
inf rastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access
points in mana ged (infrastructure) wire less networks. Inste ad,
each node participates in routing b y f or wardin g data for other

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 nodes, and so the de termination of which nodes f or ward dat a is
made dynamically based on the network connectivity.

I NTER AND INTRA CONNECTIVITY

To f ocus on research topic i-e “Intra-Vehicle Communication”

researched some initial inf ormation. Better condition of vehi cle
not onl y affects its f unctioning but environmentally in re gards
to accidents, traff ic congestion and air pollutions.

A particular profile of a registered vehicle can be managed on a

record set present online or on controlling station database. The
communication will proposed to be ba sed through WIFI that
must be managed by diff erent frequency ranges. Althou gh the
communication can also be managed throu gh normal wireless
networkin g. Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band technologies can be
explored for connectivity between different components of the
vehicle. Advanta ge of UWB is low cost , prune to interference
and high data rate.

For decision pro gramming following languages can be applied.

As the proposed frame work is . net theref ore implementing the
certain coding la nguages should be compatible. Some
compatible decision AI language is P rolong and Bi gloo (A
schema implementation atop . Net) or Adapti ve Intelligence
Open Source . Net Framework.

COMMUNICATION WIRELESS PROTOCOLS

Wireless communications is a fast-growing technolo gy to

provide the f lexibility and mobility. Some wi reless ad hoc
communication based protocols are defined for vehicular
communications. Each protocol is based on an IEEE standard.
This section introdu ces the Bluetooth, UWB, Zi gBee, and Wi-Fi

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 protocols, which corresponds to the IE EE 802. 15. 1. UWB and
Wi-Fi provide a hi gher data rate, while Bluetooth and Zi gBee
give a lower one. In general, the Bluetooth, UWB, and ZigBee
are intended for WPAN communication (about 10m), while Wi-
Fi is oriented to WLAN (about 100m). However, ZigBee can
also reach 100m in some applications. Below table summarizes
the main differences among the four protocols.

Table1 : Comparisons

COMMUNICATION TOPOLOGIES
One key problem in Wireless Ad Hoc networks is foreseeing the

variety of possible situations that can occur. As a result, Modeling

and Simulation using extensive parameter sweeping and what-if

analysis becomes an extremely important paradigm for use in ad-

hoc networks. Traditional M&S tools f or modeling and simulation

include the likes of NS2 (and recently NS3), Opnet, Omnet++.

However, these tools focus primarily on the simulation of the entire

protocol stack of the system.

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SPACE LIMITS
GSM NETWORKS

This system is based on Infrastructur e-based networks p rovide a

mobile user with dif ferent network services by means of a f ixed
inf rastructure. In such networks, only the last hop is wireless, the
user communicates directly with t he nearest station. By f ixed
inf rastructure we mean assessing the signals f rom fixed point cell
towers. Getting updated location info to and f ro from location
registers a part of GSM network.

LICENSING ISSUES

Af ter spending tim e in research for f indin g some proper common

technique that can be adjusted into Pakistan comm unication
inf rastructure. A feasible technique upfront was to interlin k between
any present GSM c ompanies, require there location regist ers record
and receive their signals f or interlocki ng coo rdinates. The obj ective
of this research result was to create a working demo using pre
established system at low cost. Unfortunately all the companies ga ve
a denial as, it require a license can be obtained from PTA after paying
large f ee. The idea had to be dropped with single option left that was
to implement through GPS device.

HARDWARE INTEGRATIONS AND OPTIONS

GSM DEVICES

Grasping a mobile with inserted sim, could proficiently provid e

coordinates and calculation through triangular formula a vehicle pin
point location could be fetched. According to the need of the service

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 application those location coordinates are feed into the application or
any network simulator.

First Step -

Prot ot yping the connectivity between simulator and with GSM si gnal
reception. Feeding the coordinates f rom the nearest cell tower into the
simulator that visualizes the network.

GSM To wer s

Car Software
Car Pocket Pc

Simulator

Fig: Divert Si mulator

Second Step-

Integrate service app over the car pocket pc and replacing the
simulator. Examples of service app at this moment.

1) Location awareness alerts

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 2) Messagin g between cars.

3) Destination Mapping

Fi g: Appl i ca ti o n Archi t ect u re

GPS DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

There is a long list for GPS de vice that can be integrated into pc
either window based or linux. Some of usually inte grated gps systems
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 are garmin t ype. These produce reasonable format output compatible
to nearly every simulator. Also through c and pyt hon coding there can
be new f unctions induced f or manipulating coordinate values.

HYPOTHESIS
SIMULATOR

The development of applications and pr otocols associated to VANET

can be studied through simulation, especially when a real traff ic
network in urban environments, which must in vol ve a large number of
nodes, is subject to stud y. A simulation of V2V networks requires two
dif ferent components, namely a communication networks simulator,
capable of simulating the properties of a wireless network, and a
vehicular traf fic simulator, able to monitor and represent the
kinematic aspects of mobility throug h the VANET nodes. Some
examples of such tools include GrooveNet and Divert.
Af ter considering and researching through qualities f or all the present
simulators de veloped for Vehicular / Traffic Ad Hoc Networking
system, NctUNs was chosen. Depending upon certain comparisons
which are listed below.

Se veral network si mulators (e. g. , [3–6], etc. ) and traffic simulators

have been de veloped. Some of them are commercial products while
some of them are f ree and/or open source sof twares. We choose some
of them as examples and list them below with brief introduction.

• ns-2 [3] is a user-level and discrete-event network sim ulator. It

provides support fo r the simulations of TCP, routing, and multicas t
protocols over wired and wireless networks.
• The QualNet [ 4] is commercial sof tware that can be used to develop
new communication technologies through network modeling and
simulation.
• The cnet is a network simulator [ 5] that enables experimentation
with various data-l ink layer, network layer, routin g and transport
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 layer protocols in networks consisting of various combinations of
point-to-point links and IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet segment.
• The OPNET Modeler [ 6] is a software environment f or network
modelling and sim ulation. It allows users to desi gn and study
communication networks, devices, protocols, and applications.
• VI SSI M [7] is a microscopic, behaviour-based vehicular traff ic
simulation program. It offers a wide variety of urban and highwa y
applications, integrating public and private transportation.
• The TransModeler [ 8] is a traffic simulation package applicable to a
wide array of traf fic planning and modelling tasks. It can simulate
many kinds of road networks ran ging from f reeways to downtown
areas.
• The SUMO [ 9] is an open source microscopic road traff ic simulation
package. It was primarily desi gned for urban street networks, but it
may also be used for highway traff ic simulations.

Each simulator listed above is either a network simulator o r a traff ic

simulator. In contrast, the NCTUns software presented in this paper is
a highly integrated simulation platf orm. It fully supports close
interactions between a road network and a communication network.
As such, it can be used to study many advanced ITS research
problems that require this capability. NCTUns provides a single,
integrated, complete simulation environment in which users can
handle their simulation works (e. g. , code writin g and modifying,
event passing, output data sharing, etc. ) more easily and eff iciently.

SERVICE A PPLICATION

Services that both dr ivers and tra velers i n general can use on-board in
j ourney time demand a great deal of hardware and sof tware . On the
other hand, services made available as software to be executed in an
on-board unit (OBU) based on an embedded computer with
considerable processing and memory.
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 The proposed architecture is divided into two main levels, namely the
network ser vices level and the end-user services level. The first level
in such a structure is responsible f or network- related tasks, such as
building network to pology, as well as discoverin g and exchangin g
services among veh icles (the nodes of the communication network).
The second level, on the other hand, implements the necessary basis
underlying the management of the so called high-le vel servic es, to be
made available to end-users.

As t h i s p ro j ect was b ased on r esear ch an d co l l ab or at i n g wi t h r est o f t he

memb er s, so m e o f t h e pr esen t ed id eas ar o us ed af t er d i scu ssi on fo r ser vi ces
ap pl i cat i o n s.

 Lo cat i on - Aw aren ess Ap p l icati o n

 So ci al i n t eract i v e Ap p l i cat io n

 Mob i l e i n tegr at ed Ap pl i cat i o n

 Bu s Ar r i val In di cat i o n Ap pl i cat i o n

RESULT

Af ter researching through the implied technique, services and there

usage conf irmed so me techniques that could be implemented with
Pakistan communication infrastructure.

 NcTuns Simulator was installed on fedora 12 system.

 Proposed GPS garm in device for attained the coordinates to be
feed into the simulator. The activit y sho uld be implemented for
workin g configured demo in regards to its proper work flow.
 In – continue Finalizin g a service application layer upon or
creating a new m od ule f or the open source simulator, receiving
its coordinates and passing into the required service.

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REFERENCES:

1. Piquepaille, Roland. “Turning Cars into Wireless Network Nodes. ”

ZDNet
Tech 3 Jun. 2007. 30 Sep. 2007
Available at: <http://blogs. zdnet. com/emergin gtech/? p=593 >.
2. Vehicular Network Lab @ UCLA – Implementing the First Campus
Vehicular Testbed. Vehicular Lab. 30 Sep. 2007
Available at: <http://www. vehicularlab. or g/ >.
3. McCloskey, Paul. “UC Profs as Car Traf fic as Basis of Mobile
Internet. ”
Campus Technology 4 Jun. 2007. 30 Sep. 2007
Available at:
<http://www. campustechnology. com/article. aspx? aid=48374 >
4. “The Mobile Internet: Your Car Could Save a Lif e.” medGadget 29
May
2007. 30 Sep. 2007
Available at:
<http://www. medgadget. com/archives/2007/05/the_mobile_in ternet_ca
rs_f iretrucks_ambulances_oh_my. html >.

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