September 23th

Water rocket

Members:

Bocanegra Urrea Jesus Gerardo 12211246

Lopez Vega Moises 12211830
Mendez Fabian Jose Luis 12211229
Molina Hutchings Von Ludwitz Jonathan Francisco 12211252

Teacher: Fernando Villalbazo

Class: Tópicos de Física

 Contents

Introduction ...................................................................... 2
Theoretical Framework .................................................... 3
Brief History of Rockets ............................................................................................... 3
Definitions .................................................................................................................... 4

Material and equipment ................................................... 6

Methodology .................................................................... 7
Result ............................................................................... 9
Conclusion ..................................................................... 10
References ..................................................................... 11

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 Introduction

In order to demonstrate the relationship between

pressure and speed, we utilize a water rocket, this is a
bottle with different capacity since we will use two
example models, in which we will introduce water and
air pressure. With this requirements we can calculate
the initial velocity of the body through the liquid that the
pressure leaves, we can also calculate the distance
through flying time and angle, maximum height, and
others characteristics, but in this occasion, we will
focus in the initial velocity, because with the initial
velocity we can perform the most of the calculations.

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 Theoretical Framework
The water rocket was conducted in order to demonstrate the following physical
principles:

-Principle of Pascal.
-Action and reaction, (Newton's Third Law).

Other laws that also include the project:

-Parabolic Shot.
-Free Fall with friction.
-Aerodynamics.

The rockets work on the principle of action and reaction: the gas, in this case will
be oxygen, that comes out of the air compressor will push the rocket in the opposite
direction.

Brief History of Rockets

The history of rocket vehicles goes back to the 13th century in China. From there
developments occurred in Mongolia, India, Britain, America and Russia among
many others.

Today's rockets are remarkable collections of human ingenuity that have their
roots in the science and technology of the past. They are natural outgrowths of
literally thousands of years of experimentation and research on rockets and rocket
propulsion. One of the first devices to successfully employ the principles essential
to rocket flight was a wooden bird. The writings of Aulus Gellius, a Roman, tell a
story of a Greek named Archytas who lived in the city of Tarentum, now a part of
southern Italy. Somewhere around the year 400 B.C., Archytas mystified and
amused the citizens of Tarentum by flying a pigeon made of wood. Escaping steam
propelled the bird suspended on wires. The pigeon used the action-reaction
principle, which was not stated as a scientific law until the 17th century.

About three hundred years after the pigeon, another Greek, Hero of Alexandria,
invented a similar rocket-like device called an aeolipile. It, too, used steam as a
propulsive gas.

The Chinese began experimenting with the gunpowder-filled tubes. At some point,
they attached bamboo tubes to arrows and launched them with bows. Soon they

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discovered that these gunpowder tubes could launch themselves just by the power
produced from the escaping gas. The true rocket was born.

By the 16th century rockets fell into a time of disuse as weapons of war, though
they were still used for fireworks displays, and a German fireworks maker, Johann
chmidlap, invented the "step rocket," a multi-staged vehicle for lifting fireworks to
higher altitudes. A large sky rocket (first stage) carried a smaller sky rocket (second
stage). When the large rocket burned out, the smaller one continued to a higher
altitude before showering the sky with glowing cinders. Schmidlap's idea is basic
to all rockets today that go into outer space.

During the latter part of the 17th century, the scientific foundations for modern
rocketry were laid by the great English scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
Newton organized his understanding of physical motion into three scientific laws.
The laws explain how rockets work and why they are able to work in the vacuum
of outer space. Newton's laws soon began to have a practical impact on the design
of rockets. About 1720, a Dutch professor, Willem Gravesande, built model cars
propelled by jets of steam. Rocket experimenters in Germany and Russia began
working with rockets with a mass of more than 45 kilograms. Some of these rockets
were so powerful that their escaping exhaust flames bored deep holes in the
ground even before lift-off.

Early in the 20th century, an American, Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945),

conducted practical experiments in rocketry. He had become interested in a way
of achieving higher altitudes than were possible for lighter-than-air balloons. He
published a pamphlet in 1919 entitled A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. It
was a mathematical analysis of what is today called the meteorological sounding
rocket.

Since the earliest days of discovery and experimentation, rockets have evolved
from simple gunpowder devices into giant vehicles capable of traveling into outer
space. Rockets have opened the universe to direct exploration by humankind.

Definitions

What is a Water Rocket?

A water bottle rocket is a rocket type of modeling that uses water as a propellant
reaction. The pressure chamber rocket engine, is usually a plastic bottle. The water
is thrown out by a pressurized gas, usually compressed air, which propels the
rocket according to Newton's 3rd law.

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What is a rocket?

A rocket is a vehicle, aircraft or spacecraft that obtains its reaction thrust by rapid
expulsion of combustion gases from a rocket motor. A certain type of rocket and
missile are called in this name change does not involve the size or power, but is
generally called rocket missile at military use all capable of being directed or
actively managed to hit a target. In all rockets, the combustion gases are formed
propellant (compressed gas is applied which serves to eject a liquid aerosol),
which is carried inside the rocket before release. Rocket thrust is due to the
acceleration of the combustion gases.

What is pressure?

It should be noted that the pressure is the force exerted on a specific unit area is
perpendicular to the surface. The pressure has magnitude but no direction. The
gas pressure is exerted by the molecules of the gas itself. Is called internal
pressure because it acts from the inside out through collisions with the molecules
of the containing vessel. Instead, the pressure exerted on a gas corresponds to
the force exerted on the compressing the molecules to occupy a given volume.
This is called external pressure.

Definition of Aerodynamics:

Aerodynamics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the actions shown on
the solid bodies when there is relative motion between them and the fluid that
bathes. In this project we will check the aerodynamics when the solid body of the
bottle is influenced by the water at once submitted by the air.

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 Material and equipment
For the development of this project required the following materials:

-Bottle (3L)
-Air Compressor
-PBC’s tube
-Tape
-Straps
-Pivot for tire

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 Methodology
The material list costs was:

Equipment Prices

1 Pipe cpvc 1/2, 2m 32 MXN

1 Pipe cpvc 3/4, 10cm 8 MXN
1 Bottle 3 L N/A
10 Straps 20 MXN
Tape gris 50 MXN
One tire pivot 15 MXN
Air compressor N/A

To make this project we don’t ask for help to people who’s not in our team

Step1:

Inserting the bottle to measure CPVC pipe of ½ so that the tip came in half and
mark with a pen that limit.

Step 2:

We lit with a lighter the marked part of the tube to swell it and the bottle don’t go
down to the bottom.

Step 3:

We made a small hole in the other end of the tube so that it could put the pivot,
this hole was accurate, and that’s why I don’t use rubber.

Step 4:

We hit the straps in the same part marked with tape, so that when placing the bottle
and put pressure, they let her leave early.

Step 5:
We used the CPVC pipe from 3/4 to stop the straps while we put pressure in bottle.

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Step 6:

We filled the bottle with 1.2 liters of water, that’s the limit we set before, we closed
it with straps and the pipe 3/4, put air pressure with the air compressor through the
pivot until the bottle reach its maximum bearing conditions, we pull the ¾ tube and
due the air pressure and water, it shoots out.

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 Result
To demonstrate the relation between pressure and velocity (Pascal and Newton Laws),
we made the following calculations to find the initial velocity with this data:

Bottle of 3 Lts
Weight 1.2 kg
Pressure, 44 psi, 303.37 kPa, 3.03 bares.
Area of the water’s exit: 7.45x10-4
Time: 0 s
Initial Velocity: ? m/s

Step by step: F = P.A

F = m.a
𝑃.𝐴
a= 𝑚

𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
a= 𝑡

Vi= -at + vf

𝑃.𝐴
Vi= - 𝑚
t + vf

This equation only applies when the bottle doesn’t lose any mass. Because when the objet
lose mass, that aspect affect the development and we would need a more elaborated
calculus. With the data we have, we only can find the initial velocity when the time is 0
seconds. On this occation, the bottle had acceleration, but because it doesn’t still fly, it
had an initial velocity equals 0 m/s.

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 Conclusion
With this project we intend to develop motor skills and imagination
through the design and construction of a water rocket. Demonstrate
and learn, is a project very useful because it can be used in many areas
to explain many concepts, but must be done very carefully and in an
open field in order to achieve the goal. Technology is a powerful tool
for exploration of various possibilities, enhances our ability to learn and
gives us the knowledge and may be a mediator of other disciplines.
But we can’t put aside as nature affords us the means to make these
technological and creative experiments that help us to understand
more easily the concepts being taught, that we use to acquire the
same, that in this way we makes it much easier learning. So with this
experiment, we demonstrate the issues of Newton's third law (action
reaction) and pressure. This water rocket works and is propelled by the
reaction between water and air is to be introduced by the pivot which
is at the lower end of the tube, to which is connected a small
compressor which pumps a certain amount of air which flows through
the PVC pipe to reach the other end of the top tube where air arrives
and is received within the bottle which is filled with a certain amount of
water. When the compressor pumps enough air that travels through
the tube into the bottle, this is triggered because the water provides the
mass to give the rocket a powerful thrust. The air pressure to release
the device, which is then driven by the water pressure, coming out of
the bottle. Do the same procedure but without the fluid release "water"
within the bottle is released similarly but less powerful because no such
fluid working as the mass into the bottle thanks to the air pressure is
pumped it produces the big push, but as in this release is no water
inside the scope of the projectile will be short and will not have the
same force of push or release. In the course of this project we also
concluded that the hydrostatic force is based on these two principles,
and this branch of physics is very important in calculations of structures
and devices that form an important part of human activity.

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 References

Water Rocket
HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/W ATER_ROCKET

Pressure
HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/PRESSURE

Unit Converter
HTTP://WWW .CONVERTWORLD.COM/ES/PRESION/BAR.HTML

How to make the practice

HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/FAVILLALBAZO/HOME/FISICA/PRACTICAS

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