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The Air Safety Procedures Manual has been prepared for use and guidance
of officers of Air Safety Directorate in the performance of their duties.
All matters pertaining to Air Safety Officer’s duties, responsibilities and
procedures have been covered to the extent possible. Officers are expected
to use good judgment while dealing with the matters where specific
guidance has not been given. While exercising their delegated powers,
officers should follow the S.O. Nos. 726 (E) and 727(E). Changes in
aviation technology, legislation and developments within the industry may
necessitate changes to requirements and the relevant procedures followed by
DGCA.
(A. K. Sharan)
Joint Director General
25th Oct’2012
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
RECORD OF REVISIONS
NO. Dated Subject Effected Signatures
Pages
1 25.10.2012 On The Job Training 6
2 25.10.2012 Phase 3: Basic course 6
in incident/accident
investigation,
SSP/SMS and
regulatory audit
3 25.10.2012 Phase 4: Advanced 6
courses
4 25.10.2012 Additional Training 7
5 25.10.2012 Air Regulations(Air 8
Law)
6 25.10.2012 Specialty Courses 39
3
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Controlled Copy Distributed to
Number
1 Jt. Director General Air Safety
2 Director Air Safety (Hqrs.)
3 Director Training
4 Director Air Safety (Delhi Region)
5 Director Air Safety (Western Region.)
6 RCAS (Hyderabad)
7 RCAS (Chennai)
8 RCAS (Calcutta)
4
TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE OFFICERS OF
AIR SAFETY DIRECTORATE
CHAPTER-1
This Training Manual Lays down the training policy for the officers
of the Air Safety Directorate during the different phases of the
development of the accident investigator viz. Initial and Recurrent
training, On Job training, Training in accident investigation
techniques & procedures, specialized and type training in the field of
aircraft manufacture and maintenance. The purpose of this manual is
to ensure that the officers are in tune with the changes in technology,
techniques, procedures, rules, regulations etc., by laying down the
procedures and curricula for training in order to enhance the level of
knowledge, standardize the training programme for efficient and
effective use of manpower and resources.
5
1.2 UPDATION OF MANUAL
6
CHAPTER-2
7
2.2.1.1Initial Training Course—A (ITCA)
8
Dangerous goods
Airport Fire Fighting facilities
Aviation fuel quality control
During this course officer is attached to the CVR and DFDR lab
in the DGCA for a period of one week. The course content of
this Module is:
System and Procedures for the CVR and DFDR decoding.
Details of the Software & hardware available and their use.
Practical training in the decoding of CVR and DFDR.
Administrative Arrangements
9
Initial response Procedure
Investigation Procedures.
10
2.4 ADDITIONAL TRAINING
It shall be the endeavor of each Head of Field office that officers have
been trained on all types of aircraft operating in his region. Whenever
a new type of aircraft is inducted into operations in his region, he shall
ensure that the officers entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing
regulatory control have been trained on the type of aircraft. Details
about Additional Trainings and Other specialized trainings is given in
Chapter-5
11
CHAPTER-3
MODULE 1
Aircraft Act, and the Aircraft Rules, 1937 and Aircraft rules 2012. Civil
Aviation Requirements, Aeronautical Information Circular,
Airworthiness Advisory circulars and AME Notices issued by DGCA.
ICAO Annexes, ICAO Documents, FARs, JARs BCARs, FAA ACs,
TSOs, NOTAMs, AIP, AICs.
Privileges and responsibilities of the various categories of AME License
and approved persons
Mandatory documents like Certificate of Registration, Certificate of
Airworthiness, Flight Manual, and Export Certificate of Airworthiness.
Various documents/certificates issued to establish airworthiness of
Aircraft parts.
Various logbooks required to be maintained for Aircraft, Method of
maintaining the logbook. Procedure for making entries in logbooks;
Journey logbook, Technical logbook etc.
Use of schedules, its certification, preservation. Stores: bonded and
Quarantine stores, storage of various aeronautical products including
rubber goods, various fluids.
Various terms such as Certificate of Flight Release, Certificate of
Maintenance, Approved Certificates.
Conditions under which Aircraft is required to be test flown; Certificate
to be issued by AME for test flight. Circumstances under which C of A
is suspended.
Ferry Flight, MEL, CDL.
Minimum equipments, instruments required for various types of
operation.
Modification, concessions, Airworthiness Directive, Service Bulletins.
Approval of Organizations in various categories, Documents required to
be carried on board. Issue of Type Approval. Registration markings.
12
MODULE 2
Workshop Practices
Material, parts and use of hand tools, simple machine tools and
precision measuring instruments.
Identification, terminology, correct use and inspection of aircraft
bolts, nuts, rivets, screws and locking devices of British and American
systems.
The interpretation of engineering drawings including symbols.
Various types of gears and bearings, their use and common defects.
Various forms and threads used in British and American systems.
Various types of threads, drills, tapes, reamers.
Hardness testing machines and various types of hardness numbers.
Various types of Aircraft cables and swaging procedures used.
Aircraft Metallurgy
13
Avionics subjects Electrical, Instrument and Radio
MODULE – 3 (1 week)
Airframe
14
Various methods used for removal of corrosion from common aircraft
metals and methods employed to prevent corrosion.
Types of wood and glue and their characteristics, general defects,
tests, inspection and repair.
Cables, chains and sprockets.
Use of hardness testing machines, various types of hardness no. and
surfaces finishes.
Aerodynamics
The characteristics of the subsonic airflow and the various terms used
therein.
The characteristics of the aerofoils.
Forces acting on the Aircraft during all phases of flight, Aircraft
Stability and Control.
The effect of altitude, weight, changes of engine power on
performance of the aircraft.
The characteristics of the subsonic, transonic airflow and the various
terms used therein.
Characteristics of the aerofoil used for subsonic and transonic flights.
Forces acting on the Aircraft during all phases of flight.
Aircraft Structures
15
Aircraft Systems
Inspection of Aircraft.
16
case of damage to the Aircraft. Symmetry check, balancing of control
surfaces; duplicate inspection.
Various inspections such as heavy landing, lightening strike,
overweight landing, abnormal flight loads etc.; Familiarity of the
structural manuals, various types of repairs given by the manufacturer
therein; incorporation of alternate/equivalent materials; raising up of
modifications, repair schemes to the aircraft during overhaul.
Terms related to aircraft weighing, preparation / precautions for
weighting, preparation of weight schedule, calculation of center of
gravity.
Minor defects and various methods of rectification and repair of minor
defects, rigging of aircraft, periodical inspection necessary to check
the serviceability of the Aircraft, inspection of the Aircraft after heavy
landing, lightening strike and abnormal flight loads, preparation of a
brief report with the help of sketches if necessary in case of damage to
the Aircraft of terms related to aircraft weighting,
preparation/precaution and method of weighting the aircraft.
Duplicate inspection of control systems.
Airframe (helicopters)
17
freewheel units; main rotor brakes, shafts and couplings, electric,
hydraulic, pneumatic and fuel systems; landing gear (including shock
struts and retracting devices) wheels, tyres, brakes, ice and rain
protection systems; fire warning and extinguishing systems etc.
Module 4
ENGINES – 1 WEEK
18
Purpose and functioning of all parts of a constant speed, variable pitch
and feathering propeller and their associated control system
components.
Various factors affecting the engine performance.
Engine fire detection and protection systems.
Engine Fuel and oil System
The principle of operation and constructional features of carburetors.
The constructional features and function of components of engine fuel
system.
Types, characteristics of aviation fuel, common sources of
contamination and methods to prevent such contamination. Method
of checking for contamination.
Types, characteristics of lubricants used in piston engine oil system.
Contamination of oil and its identification.
Various components of oil system.
Ignition and starting System.
Principle of operation, constructional features and function of
magnetos and ignition system components, Magneto timing
procedure.
Principle of operation, constructional features and function of various
types of engine starters.
Engine Instruments
19
Turbine Engines and Variable Pitch Propellers
20
Principle of operation and function of various types of power
augmentation devices.
Propeller
Thrust Reversers
Engine Maintenance
21
General Requirements
Metallurgy
22
MODULE 5
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Electrical Theory
23
Generators and Motors
24
Symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for logic gates.
Terms, operation and application of flip-flop logic.
The terms used, basic operation, interfacing of the major
components of a Computer.
Operation, use and types of Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Devices.
Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid crystal etc.)
CRTs and its application; functions performed and overall
operation of a microprocessor.
Handling of microelectronic circuit devices (Electrostatic Sensitive
Devices (ESD).
Aircraft system
Principle of operation, inspection and trouble shooting of aircraft
gallery equipment, aircraft lights, and electrical components and
indicating circuits for Landing Gear, Flap System and Air-
conditioning system etc.
Operation and inspection of Aircraft Fire and Smoke Detection and
Protection system.
Power Distribution
25
MODULE 6 (1 Week)
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS.
General Concepts
Atmosphere, fundamentals of electricity.
Principle of operation and characteristics of DC and AC Generators
and Motors; and speed control and reversing the direction of motors.
Principle of operation of transformers and amplifiers.
Construction, principle of operation of servomotors and rate
generators and system response to displacement (position) and rate
(velocity) command signals; purpose of pull-up and feedback signals;
causes of hunting and methods of damping; troubleshooting of servo-
mechanisms.
Basic principle of thermionic and properties of semi-conductor
materials.
Symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for logic gates.
The terms used, basic operation and interfacing of major components
of computer.
Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid Crystal etc.)
CRTs and its application.
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor.
Handling of microelectronic circuit devices (Electrostatic Sensitive
Devices (ESD)
General understanding of the terms relating to Theory of Flight:
Longitudinal Axis, Lateral Axis and Vertical Axes Yawing, Rolling,
Pitching, Azimuth Heading, Course, Side-slip, skidding, Coordinated
turn, Stability, angle of attack, chord, stall, lift, drag, thrust. General
purpose and action of primary control surfaces, trim tabs and wing
flaps.
Principle of operation, construction and characteristics of pressure
sensitive and temperature sensitive elements.
Principle of operation, constructional features and characteristics of
Gyroscopes.
Aircraft Instruments and systems.
26
Principle of operation and construction; of procedures of replacement,
field maintenance, functional testing and trouble shooting of:
Altimeters, Airspeed Indicators, Vertical Speed Indicators, pitot
heads, pitot static lines, static selectors and moisture traps;
Air Driven Gyros, Artificial Horizons and Turn and Bank Indicators;
Venturi tubes, vacuum pumps, relief valves, regulators, check valves
and filters;
Turn and Bank indicators operated by direct gauges;
Capillary tubes type pressure and temperature gauges;
Position Indicators operated by Direct Current;
Fluid Quantity Indicators operated by direct current and Capacitors;
Wheat stone bridge; ratio meter and thermocouple type temperature
Indicators;
Three Phase engine rpm indicators and synchroscopes;
Centrifugal governor type and magnetic drag-cup type engine rpm
indicators;
Direct reading and remote reading compasses;
AC operated gyro instruments;
AC synchro instruments.
Autopilot System
Oxygen system
Satellite Communication
Elementary principle of satellite Communication and its application to
aircraft.
27
MODULE 7
28
Terms used, basic operation, interfacing of the major components of a
computer.
Operation, use and types of medium Scale Integration (MSI) Devices.
Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid Crystal etc.)
CRTs and its application in aviation.
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor.
29
Method, purpose, chemical combination, flux used, tinning for Soldering.
Bonding and Screening.
Terms used, principle, operation, characteristics, installation and
maintenance
30
Compensation of compasses in the aircraft, including the observation of
deviations, the calculations and adjustments necessary for corrections for co-
efficient A, B and C, the procedure to be followed after then corrections are
made and the preparation of deviation cards and graphs.
Installation and the correct positioning of the remote reading compass in the
aircraft, including the component and accessories; points to be observed and
the procedure adopted before adjustments are made. The methods and
procedure adopted for the compensation of the remote-reading compass in
the aircraft, the adjustments to be made to the master compass, the master
indicator, the repcater units in order to ensure correct function.
Module 8
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
The aim of the course is to enable the officers to be self reliant in the
usage of computers. The course will be conducted in association with the
NIC. The course shall be conducted by the respective regional offices for
their officers. At least the following topics will be covered.
Computer fundamental, hardware and software concepts.
Terminologies used in computers related application
DOS and Windows environments.
Office 2000 or equivalent word processing package, graphs, data base
management system.
Usage of Internet.
Module 9
DANGEROUS GOODS
Module 10
AIRPORT FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES
31
Module 11
AVIATION FUEL QUALITY CONTROL
32
3.3 DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR INITIAL TRAINING COURSE-E
(ITCE)
ADMINSTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
o Liaison Arrangements with local and national authorities
o Aircraft accident investigation manuals and procedures
o Definition and accident Classification
o Equipment and tools
o Transport arrangements
o Ethics and conduct
o Expenditure Control
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
o Authority and responsibility
o Size and Scope of investigation
o Investigation management
o Use of specialists
o Parties to the investigation, accredited representatives,
advisers and observers; and release of information to the
news media
33
CHAPTER-4
34
Provision of support for the accident investigation authority in the State
of Occurrence from the State of Registry, the State of the Operator, the
State of Design, the State of Manufacture and any other States that are
involved by virtue of the number of their nationals involved in the
accident, or by virtue of their proximity to an accident site and providing
a permanent base for the investigation.
Requirements of Annex 13 in relation to this phase of an investigation.
Investigation Management.
Investigator's role, the skills he will need to acquire and the accident
investigation process.
Value of assessing the availability of resources, such as funding,
personnel, equipment and buildings, as well as planning for a major
accident beforehand.
An appreciation of the realities of the limits imposed by the resources
available and making the optimum use of those resources.
Guidelines for determining the appropriate size and scope of an
investigation,
The differences between the management of large and small
investigations
Type of circumstances in which assistance from specialists will be
beneficial to the success of the investigation.
The value of memoranda of understanding with departments and
organizations that might be involved in an investigation
Progress meetings.
Investigators' Equipment.
The equipment to be used during investigations and factors
determining the use of particular equipment.
Use of aids such as global positioning systems, satellite telephones,
data links back to base and the basic items such as compasses and
inclinometers.
Means of recording in extreme wet or cold conditions
Instruction on the proper method of taking samples of aircraft fluids
and the appropriate containers
35
Accident Site Safety.
Safety of personnel at an aircraft accident
The need to take appropriate measures for protection on the site
against exposure to the elements, any hazardous cargo or
dangerous materials released from the aircraft, injury or infection
Medical risks and hazards from the aircraft wreckage and needs of
inoculations against such risks as hepatitis, malaria and tetanus
Demonstration of Protective equipment against airborne and blood
borne pathogens
Utilities such as gas mains, electricity transmission lines and main
transport routes.
A plan for aid and rescue in the event of an accident involving
personnel at the site
MODULE-2-One Week
Protection of Evidence.
Measures to protect the wreckage from fires, meteorological hazards and
souveniring. Recording of transient evidence,
Secure of light objects and recording ground scars and other site
markings that may become obliterated
Determining from the rescue personnel the nature of damage and
movement which they may have caused
36
Communication and Recording Media.
The various media available for communicating to and from an accident
site and recording the evidence at the accident site.
Recording the information available as accurately and rapidly as
practicable using digital video cameras and cameras, standard film
photography.
Use of laptop and hand held computers with connections via satellite
telephones to sources of information of immediate use at the site.
Witness interviews.
Preparation for interviews, information to be gleaned from body
language, the relative positioning of the interviewer and interviewee.
Preparation of the questions to be asked; use of open questions.
Art of listening and general conduct of the interview
Use of recorders such as video cameras and tape recorders
Value of written statements and signed transcripts
The precautions to be taken when interviewing the injured or persons in
ill health, the young, the aged, hostile witnesses and
Use of experts in the field of inquiry
Recorders
Different form of recorders which may be useful to the investigation viz.
flight recorders, security cameras on the aerodrome perimeter fence,
maintenance recorders in the aircraft etc.
The value of each form of recorder, the methods of interpretation and
downloading the information, and the sources of readout.
Value of manufacturer's expertise in recovering information from
damaged recorders such as global positioning receivers, solid-state flight
recorders and inertial navigation unit components
Means of locating the flight recorders and recovering them from
locations that are difficult to reach.
Air traffic control recorders, particularly those that record radar returns
MODULE-3-One Week
Examination of Relevant Maintenance Documents
Determining the maintenance history of the aircraft.
Importance of establishing whether the maintenance, inspection
procedures and servicing that is recorded as having been completed
has in fact been carried out
37
Determining the adequacy of the maintenance procedures specified
Fires and Explosions.
Examination of evidence available to distinguish an in-flight fire or
explosion from post-accident fires.
Means to determining the ignition source and the fuel supply of a
fire.
Examination of effectiveness of fire fighting measures available on
board the aircraft.
Means of preventing post-accident fires during an investigation.
Survivability
Assessment of the occupants' chances of surviving an accident and the
means of doing so.
Formulae for impact force calculations and the various forms of
attenuating impact forces
The limits of human tolerance to heat and impact forces
Effects of toxic by products of the accident environment.
The efficiency of the rescue and fire fighting services, standard pre-
flight passenger briefing spiels, restraint systems, seat anchorages and
aids to egress from the aircraft
The review of the factors that affect the occupants' chance~ of
surviving the accident
The means of determining the after effects of a fire on th€ occupants
and the fire's impediment to passenger evacuation and availability of
such items as smoke hoods and smoke goggles.
Methods used for protecting the aircraft occupants from the impact
forces and post-impact effects such as thermal stress and water
immersion
Aircraft Structures.
Metallurgy,
An introduction to fiber reinforced plastics and timber structures;
Stress analysis and the strength of these materials; various modes of
failure and the symptoms of such failures for these materials.
Methods of failure analysis
Reconstruction of areas of interest in the airframe, and the evidence of
the various modes of failure.
The various types of flight controls and landing gear structures .
38
Advanced equipment for the study of failure mechanisms; Preparation
of samples for examination by such equipment and the methods for
comparative testing of similar materials.
Means of wreckage trajectory analysis.
Examples of the various failure modes in materials used in aircraft
construction during
Systems:
Aircraft systems including Fly-by wire system, Hydraulic,
Pneumatic, Electrical, Pressurization, Flight control, Instruments,
Navigation, Autopilot and Instrument systems
Resources available to assist the investigator in the event of an
accident involving a complex system and on common causes of
system failure that might be experienced.
Examination of past maintenance records and on-board recorders.
Software failures in airborne computers and the Adequacy of the
protection against catastrophic events ensuing from such failures
Aerodynamics
I. Performance
II. In-flight structural failure caused by overload, flutter, divergence,
aileron reversal and other aero elastic phenomenon
III. A review of basic aerodynamics and the means of detecting failure
from aerodynamic factors
IV. Over-speed, engine-out performance, icing and stability.
Power plants.
Basic principles of reciprocating and turbine engines
The analysis of damage to propellers and helicopter rotors
General overview of methods of evaluating damage to determine if
further investigation of the particular propeller or engine is warranted.
Examination of propellers and turbine for indication of an absence of
engine power at the time of impact.
Examples of failures and accident damage
39
Rotary wing aircraft.
A general introduction to the principles of flight for helicopters and their
control systems
Human Factors. .
Study of human limitations, communications, fatigue, decision-
making processes, flight crew health and the information available
from post-mortem examinations
Examination of the handling of the aircraft such as operations and
training; Man-machine relationship and the actions or lack of actions
in the events leading to the accident; Study of flight crew members
reaction, analysis and attempt to cope with the complexities of the
flight; the extent and adequacy of the training relevant to the accident
flight.
A brief review of The ICAO Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine (Doc
8,984) and the ICAO Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683)
Report Writing.
Format for writing reports
Formulation of appropriate safety recommendations.
40
News Media and Public Relations.
DGCA policy guidelines
The ICAO Circular on Guidance on Assistance to Aircraft Accident
Victims and their Families (Circ 285)
41
CHAPTER-5
42
Gas turbine engine accident investigation,
Accident survivability,
Fires and explosions,
Human factor investigation
Cognitive Interviewing
Family assistance and media relations,
Description of the systems involving new technologies (such as glass
cockpit, fly-by- wire, GPS, EFIS and EGPWS). Investigation aspects
and the investigation techniques of such complex systems. Extensive
information can be obtained from memory chips and other solid state
electronic circuits used in new technology systems.
Advanced Accident Site Photography
Conducting Effective Technical Presentation
Performance course
Safety Audit and Oversight Programme
NDT
Aircraft Design Concepts
Baroscopic Training
Welding and issue of C.O.C.
Modifications and Structural repairs.
Cabin Safety
Human Performance and Limitations and maintenance lapses
ETOPS approvals
Engine condition and trend Monitoring
Reliability Concepts and Statistical Analysis of Defects
Digital Devices and Microprocessors
ATC incident investigation
Training in BWHM(Bird/Wildlife Hazard management)
Mechanical Stream: Two air frames courses and two engine course of a
large transport aircraft.
Avionics Stream: At least two sub-streams (electrical instrument and radio)
covering at least two large transport aircraft.
43
All officers undergoing training on the above type aircraft shall take
examinations along with industry engineers and shall qualify the
examinations with the required pass percentage of marks.
44