2.

SUBSTANTIVE COMUNE (COMMON NOUNS) a)

substantive abstracte (Abstract Nouns): happiness, music, weather, autumn, time ,luck, beauty,
freedom, fun.

b) substantive concrete. (Concrete Nouns) : glass, concrete, cotton, silk, leather; girl, table, tree,
rain; c) substantive numărabile. (Countable Nouns) : -au formă şi de singular şi de plural ; pot fi
folosite cu many, few, several; cat - cats, pen - pens. d) substantive nenumărabile (Uncontable
Nouns) : -se folosesc cu verbul la singular. -au formă numai de singular; -pot fi folosite cu
munch , little; coal, coffe, food, ice, iron, rice, sand, steel, cruelty,honesty, patience, anger,
happiness, hope, joy, pride, relief, respect, help, travel, sleep, work, freedom , baggage, business,
equipment, furniture, housework, homework, advice, music, noise, peace, news, youth,
knowledge, measles, fun, courage, despair, sugar, economics, beauty, information, scissors, tea,
machinery, merchandise, money, nonsense, progress, research, spaghetti, strength, aeronautics,
astronautics, electronics, mathematics, psysics,politics,aerobics, athletics, gymnastics, billiards,
cards, checkers, darts,diabets, mumps. e)substantive colective. (Collective Nouns): army, team,
fleet, flock, audience, committee, community, council, crew, enemy, gang, government, group,
herd, jury, navy, press, public, staff. II 1. SUBSTANTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE NOUNS) cat, boy,
weather, idea, cloud, soldier. 2 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED NOUNS)

driver, childhood, writer, actress, pianist, imposibility.

3 . SUBSTANTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND NOUNS) pencilbox, icecream,

classroom, a merry-go-round, bypass

B. Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns) a)

masculin: man, boy, father, brother, son, uncle, wolf, lion

b) feminin: woman, girl, mother, sister, daunghter, aunt, she-wolf, lioness. c)

neutru: pen, bag, table, idea, cloud

d) comun: friend, cousin, doctor, engineer. Formarea substantivului feminin din masculin: 1) prin
cuvinte diferite: boy - girl son – daughter father - mother king - queen nephew - niece uncle –
aunt 2) prin adăugarea unui sufix: bride - bridegroom actor - actress 3) cu ajutorul pronumelui:
wolf –

she-wolf
4) folosind un cuvânt ajutător: doctor – lady-doctor C. Cazul substantivelor (Case of Nouns) 1.
Nominativ.( The Nominative Case)- cazul subiectului: The boy is singing a nice song. 2. Dativ. (The
Dative Case)-cazul complementului indirect:

10

Mother told a beautiful story to her daughter. 3. Acuzativ. (The Accusative Case)-cazul
complementului direct: Tom bought a doll for my daughter. 4. Genitiv. (The Genitive Case)- cazul
atributului: a)

genitivul sintetic : - `s se adaugă la substantivele la singular sau la pluralele neregulate: boy`s ball,
man`s work, men`s works. - ( ` )se adaugă la pluralele regulate sau la substantivele proprii

terminate în `s: boys` balls, Whites` car. Genitivul sintetic se foloseşte cu: Substantive ce
denumesc persoane sau fiinţe: The bird`s wings

the student`s papers

Susan`s bag

the horses` food

The boy`s toy

my parents` house

Mother`s blouse

teachers` books

The cat`s tail

children`s toys Substantive ce denumesc unităţi de timp, spaţiu, măsură: A life`s work A mile`s
distance Two weeks` work A pound`s worth of apples Yesterday`s newspaper Substantive ce pot
fi personificate: Romania`s history The sea`s voice. Substantive ce denumesc o organizaţie: The
government`s decision The army`s retreat Substantive ce denumesc elemente geografice sau
locuri: England`s weather The Danube`s waters The world`s population The city`s parks
Substantive din expresii legate de natură:

11

The ocean`s roar The sun`s heat The moon`s light Substantive din expresii legate de distanţă: At
arm`s length A ten yards` distance Substantive din expresii legate de dimensiune şi valoare: A
pound`s weight Three dollars` worth Substantive ce urmează după sake: For peace`s sake For
order`s sake For pity`s sake b) genitivul analitic : Construcţia cu of se foloseşte: Cu substantivele
la genul neutru: The leg of the table The colour of the car The window of the room The back yard
of the house În expresii mai lungi: The child of the woman you have talked.

D.

Numărul substantivelor (Number of Nouns):

1. SUBSTANTIVE VARIABILE (VARIABLE NOUNS): Regula generală de formare a pluralului

substantivelor în limba engleză este de a adăuga un -s la sfârşitul substantivului: Boy

– boys

Idea

– ideas

Horse – horses Cat

- cats

Excepţii: a) Atunci când substantivul se termină în x, s, z, ch şi sh acesta primeşte terminaţia – es

la plural:

12

box -

boxes

brush - brushes

fox

foxes

finish - finishes
bus

buses

buzz - buzzes

glasses

quiz - quizzes

glass -

church - churches watch - watches dish

- dishes

b) Atunci când substantivul se termină în o precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia

--es la plural: tomato – tomatoes

domino - dominoes

potato - potatoes

echo

hero

Negro - Negroes

- heroes dar:

- echoes radio – radios piano - pianos photo – photos.

c) Atunci când substantivul se termină în y precedat de o consoană, acesta primeşte terminaţia –

ies la plural: lady – ladies

country - countries

story
baby – babies

party

victory - victories

city – cities

factory - factories

- parties

- stories

fly - flies dar:

toy – toys

day - days

boy – boys

key - keys

d) Atunci când substantivul se termină în –f(e) acesta primeşte la plural terminaţia –ves. Knife -
knives

wolf - wolves

calf

- calves

Wife - wives

loaf - loaves

half

- halves

Life - lives
thief - thieves

scarves - scarves

Leaf - leaves

shelf - shelves

wolf

Dar

roof - roofs

13

- wolves

e) Unele substantive schimbă la plural o vocală sau două: Man

- men

Woman - women Louse - lice Goose

- geese

Foot

- feet

Tooth

- teeth

Mouse - mice f)

Unele substantive primesc la plural terminaţia -en sau –ren:

Child - children Ox - oxen g) Unele substantive nu îşi schimbă forma la plural: Carp

- carp
aircraf

- aircraf

Deer

- deer

crossroads - crossroads

Sheep - sheep

dice

- dice

Pike

- pike

fish

- fish

Trout

- trout

fruit

- fruit

Series - series

hovercraf - hovercraf

Species – species

spacecraf - spacecraf

h) Unele substantive provenite dintr-o limbă străină îşi păstrează forma de plural ca în limba de
provenienţă. Stimulus - stimuli Larva - larvae Alga - algae Phenomenon - phenomena i)

Substantivele compuse primesc la plural un –s la cuvântul mai important:

Mother-in-law

mothers-in-law

Sunflower

sunflowers

Rain-coat

rain-coats

2. SUBSTANTIVE INVARIABILE (INVARIABLE NOUNS)

14

a)

care au numai formă de singular:

meat, luggage, furniture, bread, money;

music, information, knowledge, homework, luck;

news, mathematics, economics, measles;

b) care au numai formă de plural şi au verbul la plural: -

trousers, pyjamas, jeans, shorts, knickers, slacks, tights, pants, spectacles;

-
glasses, scissors, tongs, shears, scales, pliers, pincers, nutcrackers, compasses, binoculars;

the rich, the poor, goods;

police, people;

the Carpathians, the Alps, the Highlands

III. ADJECTIVUL ( THE ADJECTIVE)

Observaţie: - In limba engleză -adjectivul stă de obicei în faţa substantivului. Ex.: beautiful
woman handsome man Excepţii: Lieutenant- Colonel court- martial C flat three feet long
-adjectivul stă după verbele BE, BECOME, SEEM, STAY: The weather will stay dry. She seems
happy. -adjectivul este invariabil - Dacă avem mai multe adjective în faţa unui substantiv, ordinea
acestora este următoarea: QUALITY SIZE SHAPE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN/STYLE MATERIAL NOUN
Exemplu: a big old expensive book A nice small red box A splendid young white Arab horse

15

The beautiful little girl Two fantastic tall middle-aged Canadian actors Clasificare (Classification of
Adjectives): I.1. ADJECTIVE DETERMINATIVE (DETERMINATIVE ADJECTIVES): a)

Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives):

de apropiere: this, these;

de depărtare: that, those; This cat is nicer than the other one. b) Adjective posesive (Possessive
Adjectives):

my, your, his, her;

-

our, your, their Tom is my son and Susan is his daughter. c)

Adjective interogative (Interrogative Adjectives):

which? what? whose? how much? how many? What man asked you such a question? How much
sugar do you want? d) Adjective relative (Relative Adjectives): -

which, whose, what. The girl whose bag is red was near the window. e)

Adjective nehotărâte ( Indefinite Adjective):

other, several, one, certain, another, such, much, many, (a) little, (a) few, enough, each, every, all,
any, no, both, either, neither. Neither idea was good. They are both my friends. I have a few
French books.

I.

2. ADJECTIVE CALIFICATIVE (QUALIFIER ADJECTIVES): Observaţie. Numai adjectivele calificative

au grade de comparaţie.

16

a) Adjective scurte. (Short Adjectives): -

monosilabice şi bisilabice

big, tall, small, thin, thick, happy, clean, dark; Comparaţia adjectivelor scurte: -

gradul pozitiv: tall

gradul comparativ: - de inferioritate: not so/ as tall as - de egalitate: as tall as - de superioritate:

taller than
-

gradul superlativ:

relativ: the tallest

absolut: very tall

c)

Adjective lungi.(Long Adjectives).

Exemplu: beautiful, handsome, interesting, difficult; Comparaţia adjectivelor lungi -

gradul pozitiv: interesting

gradul comparativ: - de inferioritate: not so/as interesting as - de egalitate: as interesting as - de

superioritate: more interesting than

gradul superlativ: - relativ: the most interesting

absolut: very interesting

Observaţie. Unele adjevtive lungi pot primi –er,-est sau more, the most: Able, clever, gentle,
common, narrow, handsome, noble, simple, pleasant, simple, unkind, polite. d) Adjective
neregulate (Irregular Adjectives): good,well, bad, ill, little, few, much, many, old, far, near, fore,
late. Comparaţia adjectivelor neregulate. POZITIV Good

COMPARATIV

SUPERLATIV
better

the best

17

Well Bad

worse

the worst

more

the most

Ill Much Many Little

less-lesser

the least

Few

less-fewer

the fewest

Far

farther

the farthest/the farthermost the furthest/the farthhermost

Near

nearer

the nearest/the next

Fore
former

the foremost/the first

Late

later

the latest/the last

II.1. ADJECTIVE SIMPLE (SIMPLE ADJECTIVES) young, tall, cold, warm, thin, short, fat, thick, clean,
happy 2. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN DERIVARE (DERIVED ADJECTIVES) sunny, useless, unhappy,
handsome, hopeless 3. ADJECTIVE FORMATE PRIN COMPUNERE (COMPOUND ADJECTIVES) long-
distance, fair-haired, dark-haired, snow-white, one-eyed, well-meaning Good-looking, long-
lasting, open-minded, well-dressed IV.PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN) IV A.Clasificare
(Classification of Pronouns): 1.

PRONUMELE PERSONAL (PERSONAL PRONOUNS) 1.

Nominativ: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

2.

Dativ: (to) me, you, him, her, us, you, them

3.

Acuzativ: me, you, him, her, us, you, them

18

She is with me. They are happy. 2.

PRONUMELE POSESIV (POSSESSIV PRONOUNS) (este pronumele personal în genitiv) -mine,

yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs The house is mine. This is a bag.It is hers.

3.

PRONUMELE REFLEXIV SAU DE ÎNTĂRIRE (REFLEXIVE OR INPHATIC PRONOUNS) -myself, yourself,

himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Behave yourself! Tom prooved himself
to be a very good student.
4.

PRONUMELE DEMONSTRATIVE (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS) a)

de apropiere: this, these

b) de depărtare: that, those That is my daughter. This are my pupils.

5.

PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS) -who?, whose?, (to) whom?, whom?,

what?, which? Ex.: Who told my name? What day is today?

6.

PRONUMELE RELATIVE (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)

19

-who, whose, whom, to whom, which, that, but The film which I saw was nice. I can`t understand
whose those things are. 7.

PRONUMELE NEHOTĂRÂT (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS) -each, every, either, weither, any, some, no,
none, nothing, both, all, much, many Everybody should be happy. She told me something about
her.

V. NUMERALUL (THE NUMERAL) V

Clasificarea (Classification of Numeral):

1.

NUMERALUL CARDINAL (CARDINAL NUMERAL) 1-one

11-eleven

2-two

12-twelve

3-three
13-thirteen

4-four

14-fourteen

5-five

15-fifeen

6-six

16-sixteen

7-seven

17-seventeen

8-eight

18-eighteen

9-nine

19-nineteen

10-ten

20-twenty

30-thirty

21-twenty-one

40-forty

32-thirty-two

50-fify

43-forty-three
60-sixty

54-fify-four

70-seventy

65-sixty-five

80-eighty

76-seventy-six

90-ninety

87-eighty-seven

20

100 (a) one hundred 174 one hundred and seventy-four 800 eight hundred 1,000 (a) one
thousand 6,247 six thousand two hundred and forty-seven 1,000,000 (a) one million Utilizarea
numeralului cardinal : a)

pentru a exprima un număr: 1,457 (a) one thousand four hundred and fify-seven

b) pentru a exprima anii: 1457 fourteen fify-seven 1012 ten twelve c)

pentru a indica un număr de telefon: 059123356 0 five nine one two double three four five six

d) pentru a exprima timpul cronologic: 1:00 It’s one o’clock 2:10 It’s ten past two 11:15 It’s
quarter past eleven 4:30 It’s half past four 6:55 It’s five to seven 4:40 It’s twenty to five 7:45 It’s
quarter to eight Observatie.: În engleza americană se folsesc şi afer şi before în loc de past şi to.
9:10 It’s ten afer nine 7:45 It’s quarter before eight e)

în exprimarea vârstei: I am seventeen (years old).

2.NUMERALUL ORDINAL (ORDINAL NUMERAL) 1st -the first

9th -ninth

2nd -the second

10th -tenth
3rd –the third

11th -eleventh

21

4th –the fourth

12th -twelfh

5th –the fifh

20th -twentieth

6th –the sixth

30th -thirtieth

7th –the seventh 8th –the eighth 642nd –six hundred and forty-second Utilizarea numeralului
ordinal: a)

în exprimarea datei: August 27th, the 27th of August I was born on the 1st of December 1966.

În engleza americană: December the 1st 1966 b) pentru a indica ordinea persoanelor, lucrurilor,
acţiunilor în timp şi spaţiu The Second World War Henry IV (the Forth) Susan plays only in the
third act. VI. V E R B U L ( THE VERB) A. CATEGORIILE GRAMATICALE ( The Grammatical
Categories) I. PERSOANA ( THE PERSON ) sg.

pl.

we

II

You

You
III

He, she, it

They

II. NUMĂRUL ( THE NUMBER) Obs. La persoana a III-a sg. verbul primeşte la timpul prezent
simplu,modul indicativ,terminaţia –s sau – es. Andrew plays football. He does his homework. III.
DIATEZA ( VOICE )

22

1.

Diateza activă .( the Active Voice)- subiectul face acţiunea. Andrew came home yesterday.

2.

Diateza pasivă. ( the Passive Voice) -subiectul suferă acţiunea săvârşită de verb. The letter is
written by Andrew.

3.

Diateza reflexivă – nu este marcată formal în limba engleză ( subiectul face acţiunea şi el o şi
suferă). I wash myself every day.

IV. ASPECTUL ( THE ASPECT) 1.

Aspectul simplu ne arată că acţiunea se repetă sau se face în mod general. Andrew goes to
school every day. t

2.

Aspectul continuu ne arată că acţiunea se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt într-o

perioadă de timp bine definită. Andrew is going to school now. Verbe care nu se folosesc la
aspectul continuu:

verbe care arată sentimente: to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, to detest, to please, to refuse, to
prefer, to want, to hope, to wish to satisfy, to regret.
-

Verbe care arată activităţi mentale: to think, to suppose, to belive, to agree, to know, to mean, to
forget, to intend, to notice, to remember, to imagine, to expect, to surprise, to need, to
understand.

Verbe care arată percepţii senzoriale:to see, to feel, to taste, to hear, to smell, to sound, to look,
to look like, to appear.

Verbe care arată o acţiune de moment: to begin, to end, to start, to stop.

Verbe modale: can, must, may ,shall, will, ought to, need, dare.

Alte verbe ca: to appear, to be, to belong, to chance, to consist, to contain, to comprise, to cost,
to connect, to contribute, to date, to depend, to deserve, to exist, to fail, to have, to hold, to
include, to matter, to mean, to possess, to resemble, to suffice, to weigh.

V.TIMPUL (THE TENSE) 1.

Când acţiunea este bine definită în timp avem: a)

prezent

b) trecut c) 2.

viitor

Când acţiunea s-a desfăşurat într-un moment anterior unui timp fix şi nu este definită în timp:

23

a)
prezent perfect

b) trecut perfect c)

viitor perfect

VI. MODUL (THE MOOD) 1.

Moduri personale:

a)

Modul indicativ.( The Indicative Mood).

b) Modul subjonctiv. ( The Subjunctive). c)

Modul condiţional. ( The Conditional).

d) Modul imperativ. ( The Imperative). 2.

Moduri impersonale:

a)

Modul infinitiv. ( The Infinitive).

b) Modul participiu. ( The Participle). c)

Modul gerundiv. ( The Gerund).

B. VERBE TRANZITIVE SI VERBE INTRANZITIVE. (Transitive and Intransitive Verbs) Verbul tranzitiv
este verbul după care urmează în mod obligatoriu un complement direct. Andrew read
Shakespeare’s poems. Verbul intranzitiv nu primeşte complement direct şi nici nu are diateză
pasivă. Andrew is reading for his exams.

C. VERBE AUXILIARE (AUXILIARY VERBS) a)

ajută la formarea unor construcţii verbale compuse: I am singing a song.

b) nu au înţeles de sine stătător: Does he finish his work? c)

se pun la modul, timpul, numărul şi persoana cerute de context: I have my dress washed.
Verbele auxiliare sunt: TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO, TO LET, SHALL, WILL, SHOULD, WOULD. D. VERBE
MODALE (MODAL VERBS)

24

a)

sunt verbe speciale:

b) au echivalenţi modali, deoarece nu au toate timpurile şi modurile: c)

nu primesc desinenţa –s sau –es la persoana a III-a singular a modului indicativ.

d) formele interogativă şi negativă ale timpurilor prezent şi trecut nu sunt formate cu ajutorul
verbului auxiliar TO DO. e)

Nu au formă de infinitiv şi verbul care urmează după un verb modal se pune la infinitivul scurt.
( nu au particula TO nici înaintea lor şi nici după; excepţie făcând verbul OUGHT TO).

Verbele modale şi echivalenţii lor sunt: Verb

past tense/conditional

Can

equivalent

could

Must

to be able to

May

to have to

might
to be allowed to to be permitted to to be possible to

Shall

should

Will

would

Ought to

Need

needed

Dare

dared

Can you speak English? Father could solve the exercise. She is able to do that. You must go now.
May I open the window? She might go there. Thomas might have had an accident. They will do
that. Shall I help her? The teacher should have corrected the English tests by now. She would see
him tomorrow. I ought to visit my parents more ofen. How dare you do that?

25

Need I come now? E. FORMELE VERBULUI.( VERB FORMS) 1. VERBE REGULATE ( REGULAR
VERBS) - formează trecutul şi participiul trecut prin adăugarea sufixului –ed la infinitiv. - prin
adăugarea sufixului – ed unele verbe suferă modificări: to try – tried to bake – baked to travel –
travelled 2.VERBE NEREGULATE (IRREGULAR VERBS) a)

care nu suferă nici o modificare în scriere: to beset

to hurt

to set

to bet

to knit

to shed

to bid

to let

to shut

to broadcast

to overcast

o slit

to burst

to overset

to split

to cast

to overspread

to spread

to cost

to put
to sweat

to cut

to read

to thrust

to forecast

to recast

to upset

to hit

to reset

b) care suferă o singură modificare în scriere: – la past tense şi past participle sunt la fel: abide-
abode

blend-blent

clothe-clad

backbite-backbit

bless-blest

creep-crept

backslide-backslid

breed-bred

dare-dared

behold- beheld

bring-brought

deal-dealt
bend-bent

build-built

dig-dug

bereave-beref

burn-burnt

dream-dreamt

beseech-besought

buy-bought

dwell-dwelt

bethink-bethought

catch-caugth

feed-fed

26

bind-bound

cleave-clove

feel-felt

bleed-bled

cling-clung

fight-fought

find-found

hamstring-hamstring
lay-laid

flee-fled

hang-hung

lead-led

fling-flung

have-had

lean-leant

foretell-foretold

hear-heard

leap-leapt

gainsay-gainsaid

heave-heaved

learn-learnt

get-got

hold-held

leave-lef

gild-gilt

inlay-inlaid

lend-lent

gird-girt

keep-kept
light-lit

grind-ground

kneel-knelt

lose-lost

make-made

overlay-overlaid

mean-meant

overleap-overleapt

seek-sought

meet-met

overshoot-overshot

sell-sold

misdeal-misdealt

oversleep-overslept

send-sent

mislead-misled

pay-paid

shine-shone

misunderstand-misunderstood

rebuild-rebuilt

shoe-shod
outshine-outshone

relay-relaid

shoot-shot

overfeed-overfed

rend-rent

sit-sat

overhang-overhung

repay-repaid

sleep-slept

overhear-overheard

retell-retold

slide-slid

say-said

sling-slung

stave-stove

think-thought

smell-smelt

stick-stuck

tread-trod

speed-sped

sting-stung
unbend-unbent

spell-spelt

strike-struck

undersell-undersold

spend-spent

string-strung

waylay-waylaid

spell-spilt

sunburn-sunburnt

wed-wedded

spin-spun

sweep-swept

weep-wept

spit-spat

swing-swung

win-won

spoil-spoilt

teach-taught

wind-wound

stand-stood

tell-told
withhold-withheld

withstand-withstood wring-wrung

27

c) verbe care suferă două modificări în scriere: - au forme diferite la infinitive, past tense şi past
participle arise-arose-arisen

chide-chid

be-was-been

choose-chose-chosen

bear-bore-born

come-came-come

become-became-become

do-did-done

befall-befell-befallen

draw-drew-drawn

beget-begot-begotten

drink-drank-drunk

begin-began-begun

drive-drove-driven

bespeak-bespoke-bespoken

eat-ate-eaten

bestride-bestrode-bestrid
fall-fell-fallen

betake-betook-betaken

fly-flew-flown

bid-bade-bidden

forbear-forbore-forborne

bide-bode-bided

forbid-forbade-forbidden

bite-bit-bitten

forego-forewent-foregone

blow-blew-blown

foreknow-foreknew-foreknown

break-broke-broken

foresee-foresaw-foreseen

forgive-forgave-forgiven

lade-laded-laden

forsake-forsook-forsaken

lie-lay-lain

forswear-forswore-forsworn

misgive-misgave-misgiven

freeze-froze-frozen

mistake-mistook-mistaken
give-gave-given

mow-mowed-mown

go-went-gone

ourbit-outbade-outbid

grave-graved-graven

outdo-outdid-outdone

grow-grew-grown

outgo-outwent-outgone

hide-hid-hidden

outgrow-outgrew-outgrown

know-knew-known

outride-outrode-outridden

outrun-outran-outrun

overrun-overran-overrun

outwear-outwore-outworn

oversee-oversaw-overseen

overbear-overbore-overborne

overtake-overtook-overtaken

overcome-overcame-overcome

overthrow-overthrew-overthrown

overdo-overdid-overdone
partake-partook-partaken

overdraw-overdrew-overdrawn rid-ridden-rid overeat-overate-overeaten

ride-rode-ridden

overgrow-overgrew-overgrown

ring-rang-rung

28

overlie-overlay-overlain

rise-rose-risen

override-overrode-overridden

rive-rived-riven

run-ran-run

sink-sank-sunk

saw-sawed-sawn

slay-slew-slain

see-saw-seen

smite-smote-smitten

sew-sewed-sewn

sow-sowed-sown

shake-shook-shaken

speak-spoke-spoken

shear-sheared-shorn
spring-sprang-sprung

show-showed-shown

steal-stole-stolen

shrink-shrank-shrunk

stink-stank-stunk

shrive-shrove-shriven

strew-strewed-strewn

sing-sang-sung

stride-strode-stridden

strive-strove-striven

undertake-undertook-undertaken

swear-swore-sworn

underwrite-underwrote-underwritten

swell-swelled-swollen

underdo-underdid-underdone

swim-swam-swum

wake-woke-waked

take-took-taken

wear-wore-worn

rear-tore-torn

weave-wove-woven
thrive-throve-thriven

withdraw-withdrew-withdrawn

throw-threw-thrown

write-wrote-written

tread-trod-trodden undergo-underwent-undergone

A. MODURI PERSONALE

I.TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE -arată o acţiune prezentă,
generală sau o stare permanentă, o idee de viitor (EVERYDAY) The building stands over 200 feet
high.

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SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + V (-es persoana a III sg.) (-s

I go to school everyday. He goes to school everyday. -interogativ:

DO (vb. auxiliar) / DOES (pers, III nr. Sg.) + S + V?

Do I go to school everyday? Does he go to school everyday? -negativ:

S + DO / DOES + NOT + V I don’t go to school everyday. He doesn’t go to school everyday.

II.THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE - arată o acţiune care se desfăşoară acum, în momentul
vorbirii.(NOW) SE FORMEAZA: -afirmativ:

S +TO BE(la prezent)+V-ING

I am going to school now. She is singing now -interogativ:

AM/IS/ARE+S+V-ING?

Am I going to school now? Is she singing now? -negativ:

S+AM/IS/ARE+NOT+V-ING I am not going to school now. She is not singing now.

III. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE -

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un moment bine definit din trecut şi s-a incheiat.

(YESTERDAY). SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + V –ed / II

Cu forma a-II-a pt. Verbele neregulate. Cu terminatia –ed pentru verbele regulate I went to
school yesterday. He went to school yesterday.

30

I arrived home last week. He arrived home last week. -interogativ:

DID + S + V ?

Did I go to school yesterday ? Did he go to school yesterday? Did I arrived home last week? Did
she arrived home last week? -negativ:

S + DID + NOT + V

I didn’t go to school yesyterday. She didn’t go to school yesterday. I didn’t arrived home last
week. She didn’t arrived home last week. OBS: Timpul; momentul de desfăşurare a acţiunii poate
fi precizat printr-un adverb de timp. Ex: yesterday, a day/ week/ month/ year ago, last week/
summer etc. IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt într-o perioada de timp bine
determinată din trecut (sau în acelaşi timp cu unul sau mai multe acţiuni tot din trecut). OBS: se
traduce prin imperfect. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + TO BE(la trecut) +V-ing I was talking about you all morning yesterday. You were shopping all
afernoon last week.

-interogativ:

WAS / WERE + S + V-ing? Was I talking about you all morning yesterday ? Were you shopping all
afernoon last week?

-negativ:

S +WAS / WERE + NOT + V-ing. I wasn’t talking about you all morning. You weren’t shopping all
afernoon last week.

V. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE -arată o acţiune care se va desfăşura într-un moment din viitor.
(TOMORROW)

31

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL (I sg,pl) / WILL(II,III,sg,pl.) + V

He will graduate in July. I shall go to the seaside in August. -interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + V?

Shall I open the window? Will you pass me the butter? -negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V I shall not go to the seaside in August.

He will not go to the seaside in August.

VI.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare într-un moment bine definit din viitor .

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + BE + V-ing.

I shall be going to the seaside this time in August. He will be going to the seaside this time in
August. -interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + BE + V-ing.

Shall I be going to the seaside this time in August? Will he be going to the seaside this time in
August? -negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + V-ing.

We shall not be flying to London this time next year. He will not be flying to London this time
next year. VII.THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

arată o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat într-un trecut apropiat, este nedefinită în timp şi are legătură
cu prezentul( sau se desfăşoară şi în prezent)

se traduce prin perfectul compus dar şi prin prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + V-ed/III

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-interogativ:

HAVE / HAS + S + V-ed/III

-negativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-ed/III They have just arrived.

Where have they been? They haven`t arrive yet. -

datorita faptului că acţiunea exprimată de acest timp este nedefinită,el poate fi însoţit şi de

cele mai

multe ori este, de unul din urmatoarele adverbe sau locuţiuni adverbiale: -

care se pun în faţa verbului:

-JUST – tocmai, abia -EVER - vreodată -NEVER –niciodată -OFTEN - adesea -SELDOM – rareori
-ALWAYS – întodeauna -SOOMETIMES – cândva, uneori -ALREADY – deja -RARELY – rareori
-FREQUENTLY – frecvent -GENERALY – în general

- care se pun la sfârşitul propoziţiei: -TODAY – astăzi -THIS WEEK / MONTH / SUMMER -LATELY
-RECENTLY

recent, de curând, în ultima vreme

- OF LATE -

yet – încă (în propoziţii negative) The play has just begun. We have not finished yet. Have you
finished your paper? SINCE , FOR – cer timpul PREZENT PERFECT în propoziţiile din faţa lor (deci
nu în cele introduse de

ele) atunci când acţiunea exprimată de verbul din propoziţia respectivă continuă până în prezent.
SINCE – de, din, de la, de când;(arată momentul începerii acţiunii.)

33

FOR – (arată durata acţiunii) Susan hasn’t visited Oradea since she was a little girl. Thomas has
worked in this office since he gratuated. 3 VIII.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care a început de curând şi se desfăşoară în mod continuu şi neîntrerupt până în
prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN +V- ing

-interogativ:

HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN + V-ing. We have been playing tennis for an hour now We haven`t
been playing tennis for an hour. Have we been playing tennis for an hour?
IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

arată o acţiune trecută anterioară altei acţiuni tot din trecut.

se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfect.

Acest timp poate fi folosit împreună cu aceleaşi adverbe (locuţiuni adverbiale) ca şi timpul
present perfect .

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S+ HAD + V-ed / III

-interogativ:

HAD + S + V-ed / III?

-negativ:

S + HAD + NOT + V-ed / III

The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang. Had the teacher finished the lesson
when the bell rang? The teacher had not finished the lesson when the bell rang.

34

X. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

arată o acţiune care a început într-un moment din trecut şi s-a desfăşurat în mod continuu şi
neîntrerupt până într-un alt moment din trecut.

-
Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul sau imperfect. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

HAD + BEEN + V-ing.

-interogativ:

HAD + S + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V-ing

Andrew had been waiting for an hour when the teacher arrived. Had Andrew been waiting for an
hour till the teacher arrived. Andrew had not been waiting forn an hour when the teacher
arrived.

XI. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

arată o acţiune viitoare desfăşurată înaintea altei acţiuni tot din viitor.

Se traduce prin viitor anterior şi prezent.

SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-ed / III

-interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + V-ed / III?

-negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III

I shall have finished cleaning the house by the time they arrive home. Shall I have finished
cleaning the house by the time they arrive home I shall not have finished cleaning the house by
the time they arrive home. XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
35

-arată o acţiune care va fi în curs de desfăşurare înaintea unui moment din viitor. -Se traduce prin
viitor sau prezent. SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S+SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.

-interogativ:

SHALL / WILL + S + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing?

-negativ:

S + SHALL / WILL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing.

They will have been working till then. Will they have been working till then? They will not have
been working till then. XIII. FUTURE IN THE PAST SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + V

-interogativ:

SHOULD / WOULD + S + V

-negativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + V

XIV. FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST SE FORMEAZĂ: -afirmativ:

S +SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III.

-interogativ:

SHOULD / WOULD + S + HAVE + V –ed / III?

-negativ:

S + SHOULD / WOULD + NOT + HAVE + V-ed / III.

Future in the past I should go to the theatre. He would finish the paper. Ann told me that she
would go shopping. Future perfect in the past The mechanic was sure that he would have
finished fixing the car by the time they came.

36

CONCORDANŢA TIMPURILOR Concordanta timpurilor este un set de reguli care reglementeză

relaţia dintre predicatul din propoziţia subordonată şi predicatul din propoziţia subordonată.
Principală

Secundară

a)

Prezent

—————→

Orice timp

b)

Viitor

—————→

Viitor sau Prezent

c)

Trecut

—————→

una dintre formele de Trecut ( future in the past) (past perfect) (past tense)

a)

Când verbul din propozişia principală este la un timp prezent în propoziţia secundară putem
folosi orice timp: I am sure that he will call me. Susan is writing a book about what she saw
during her travel through Europe.

b) Când verbul din propoziţia principală este la timpul viitor, verbul din secundară poate fi la un
timp viitor sau la un timp prezent. Ann will give us everything we need when she comes
ATENTIE!

În propoziţiile subordonate circumstanţiale de timp ca şi în cele condiţionale, nu

se foloseşte nici un fel de timp viitor format cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare: shall, will, should,
would. - Aceste propoziţii pot fi introduse prin when, before, afer, while, till, until, as soon as, by
the time (that), as long as, if. - Dacă propoziţia subordonată este introdusă prin if sau when, dar
este propoziţie completivă directă, se poate folosi timpul viitor. I am sure she doesn't know when
Mary will go there. Father wonders if John will go there. c)

Când în propoziţia principală predicatul este la un timp trecut în propoziţiile secundare

predicatele trebuie să fie tot la un timp trecut (PAST TENSE, PAST PERFECT TENSE, FUTURE IN
THE PAST). Tom waited in the library as teacher was writting .

37

My parents were sure they had never gone there before that day. Susan promised him she would
be there at 8 o`clock. EXCEPŢII: 1) Când în propoziţia subordonată este prezentat un adevăr
general valabil: She knew very well that the Earth is round. 2) În propoziţiile atributive timpul
este cel cerut de context: The girl who is near the window was my girlfriend. 3) Fraza
condiţională are propriile ei reguli de concordanţă 4) În prezentul istoric timpul trecut poate fi
folosit pentru a da culoare stilului;

II. MODUL SUBJONCTIV SE FORMEAZĂ: 1.

forma veche este identică cu indicativ prezent fără TO

-aceeaşi pentru toate persoanele atât la plural cât şi la singular: Long live the king ! German be
hanged ! 2.

SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT are forma de PAST TENSE excepţie verbul TO BE este WERE la toate
persoanele. I wish you understood me. If I were you I wouldn’t do that .

3.

SUBJONCTIVUL PERFECT

- Are forma de PAST PERFECT - acesta exprimă o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de verbul din
propoziţia principală sau o situaţie ireală imposibilă. -

Se traduce prin: conjunctiv perfect sau condiţional perfect. If Tom had been there he would have
finished the work.
38

4. SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC SE FORMEAZĂ: A. SHOULD / WOULD + V MAY / MIGHT

+V

WOULD

+V

COULD

+V

B. -când se foloseşte ideea de anterior + HAVE SHALL / SHOULD + HAVE + V –ed / III MAY /
MIGHT

+ HAVE + V –ed / III

WOULD

+ HAVE + V –ed / III

COULD

+ HAVE + V –ed / III ↓

*Se foloseşte după verbele: -TO DEMAND -TO INSIST -TO ORDER -TO REQUEST -TO PROPOSE -TO
DECIDE

+ THAT

-TO ADVICE -TO EXPECT -TO RECOMAND -TO SUGEST -TO HURRY Ex.We advice that everybody
shall be graduated the highschool. We expect that you should have finished the book. *în
construcţiile: IT + TO BE + ADJECTIV + VERB Ex.: It is necessary

It is faire

It is advisable

It is natural
It is better

It is strange

It is vital

It is odd

It is important

It is amazing

It is right

It is ridiculos

It is desirable

It is impossible

It is wonderful

It is essential

39

It is essential for me that he should come in time. *după cuvintele: -desire

-request

-idea

-agreement

-intention

-domand

-proposal

-arangement
-wish

-in case

-sugestion

-however

-as if III.MODUL CONDIŢIONAL -exprimă o acţiune dorită sau o condiţie. 1.

condiţionalul prezent: SE FORMEAZĂ: SHOULD / WOULD + V

2.

condiţionalul perfect: SE FORMEAZĂ: SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + V-ed / III - se traduce prin
modul condiţional prezent sau perfect. Conditional prezent: I would eat a cake . I should write
my homework . Conditional perfect: He would have written you soon. He should have written
you as soon as possible.

FRAZA CONDIŢIONALĂ (Adverbial Clauses of Condition) 1.

Propoziţia principală arată o acţiune condiţionată sau dorită

2.

Propoziţia subordonată arată condiţia cu care se realizează acţiunea din propoziţia principală.

40

OBSERVATIE.Nu există o regulă care să arate ordinea celor două propoziţii dar între predicatele
lor există concordanţă: a).

Verbul la modul condiţional apare numai în propoziţia principală când condiţia

exprimată de propoziţia subordonată este IREALĂ. If he were here he would helped you. b).

În propoziţia subordonată nu apare verb la modul condiţional. I’ll go with you if I can.

c).

d).
Propoziţia subordonată care conţine condiţia poate fi introdusă prin: 1.

IF

2.

IF CASE

3.

ON CONDITION

4.

SUPOSSE

5.

UNLESS etc. Condiţia exprimată de propoziţia subordonată poate fi de trei feluri şi în funcţie de
acest

lucru apare şi concordanţa predicatelor din cele două propoziţii: A. CONDIŢIE REALĂ (POSIBILĂ). -

timpul din propoziţia principală este prezent sau viitor

Obs.: în propoziţia secundară nu se foloseşte viitorul. If you help me, I can go with you. John
comes home now, he will have enough time to call you. If I am a king you will be my queen B.
CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (POSIBILĂ) Obs. Condiţia nu se realizează în prezent dar e posibil să se realizeze
în viitor. -

în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ verbul este la SUBJONCTIV PREZENT.

în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ verbul este CONDITIONAL PREZENT. If I were a king you would been my
queen. If John were here he would solved the problem. C. CONDIŢIE IREALĂ (IMPOSIBILĂ)

Arată o condiţie nerealizată şi nerealizabilă;

-

Verbul în propoziţia SECUNDARĂ este la SUBJONCTIV PERFECT

41

Verbul în propoziţia PRINCIPALĂ este la CONDIŢIONAL PERFECT If only Andrew had been here he
would have been helped you. If I had been a king you would have been my queen.

IV. MODUL IMPERATIV Exprimă un ordin, un îndemn, o chemare, etc. SE FORMEAZĂ: LET

COMPLEMENT

în ACUZATIV +

pentru peroanele I şi III sg. şi plural. Let me go! Let the boy play! pentru a doua : Vocativul: Read
louder, please! Obs.: Forma negativă se formează cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar DO: Don’t do that!
Don’t let me wait for you!

B. MODURI NEPERSONALE

I. MODUL INFINITIV -

Este modul care denumeşte acţiunea sau starea exprimată de verb. TO + VERB = INFINITIV LUNG
VERB

= INFINITIV SCURT

1. Infinitivul prezent: I try to get to the school in time . 2. Infinitvul perfect: Alice pretended to
have been watching TV when I rang her up 3. Infinitivul scurt:

42

Obs.: Infinitivul scurt se foloseşte după: a). Verbe modale; My mother can make a very good
cake. b). Verbul TO HAVE şi TO MAKE. He makes me cry. c). După verbele: TO SEE, TO HEAR, TO
FELL, TO WACH, TO OBSERVE, TO LET, TO HELP, Când sunt la diateza activă: Did you hear her sing
last evening? d). După construcţiile: HAD BETTER HAD RATHER WOULD RATHER WOULD SOONER
RATHER THAN BETTER THAN SOONER THAN MORE THAN CAN BUT NOTHING BUT I had better go
now. I cannot but go away. II. MODUL PARTICIPIU -

participiul are trei forme:

1. Participiul prezent V + ing = diateza activă BEING + V –ed/III = diateza pasivă 2. Participiul
perfect

43

arată o acţiune anterioară celei exprimate de predicatul propoziţiei.

HAVING + V – ed/III = diateza activă HAVING + BEEN + V – ed/III = diateza pasivă 3. Participiul
trecut -

este folosit ca adjectiv, intră în compunerea timpurilor perfecte şi a diatezei pasive.

V (regulat): V – ed V (neregulat): forma a III – a EXEMPLE: Participiu prezent We are playing now
While shopping I met my English teacher. The film is even more interesting than I thought.
Participiu perfect Having forgotten his keys at home, Jonh lef the classroom in a hurry. Having
sent the letter, Mary lef the office in a hurry. Participiu trecut The aged man could not ride the
horse. The pupil was called at the blackboard. III. MODUL GERUNDIV Gerund nedefinit -

are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul prezent

este format din tema verbului+ing

DIATEZA ACTIVA -Gerund nedefinit: telling DIATEZA PASIVA -Gerund nedefinit: being told Gerund
perfect -

are aceeaşi formă ca şi participiul perfect.

DIATEZA ACTIVA: -Gerund perfect: having told DIATEZA PASIVA -Gerund perfect: having been told
Obs.1: Gerundul poate fi tradus în limba română prin: -gerunziu

44
-substantiv -timp personal -infinitiv sau subjonctiv -adjectiv Obs.2: De cele mai multe ori
gerundul urmează. -după o prepoziţie: TO, AT, FOR, IN -după anumite verbe: TO ADMIT TO
AVOID TO CONSIDER TO LIKE TO DENY TO EXCUSE TO ENJOY TO DOUBT TO FINISH TO FORGET TO
HATE etc -după cuvinte şi expresii ca: TO BE BUSY TO BE USELESS TO FEEL LIKE THAT IS THERE IS
etc -după TO HAVE şi TO BE -după substantive ca: CHANCE OF EXPERIENCE IN INTEREST IN RIGHT
OF USE OF etc - după adjective predicative ca: CAPABLE OF ALERT IN CONSCIOUS OF

DIATEZA PASIVĂ (Passive voice)

45

Modurile şi timpurile diatezei pasive 1.