INTRODUCTION

SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION
"The Electricity" is the electric charges. Dictionaries often define electricity as "a
fundamental entity of nature consisting of negative and positive kinds." This is a scientist's
definition of the word, where "quantity of electricity" means the same as "quantity of charge."
In other words, electric charge is a charge of electricity. Franklin, Faraday, Maxwell, Millikan,
Thompson, Einstein, and many other historical scientists used the word "electricity" in this
way. They stated that an electric current was a flow of electricity. And whenever we talk about
electricity flowing inside of wires, or talk about electrons being the particles of electricity, we're
using the above definition.

Electricity is an extremely flexible form of energy, and has been adapted to a huge,
and growing, number of uses. The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the
1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical
power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of
gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories.

However, the marine industries also are industries that needed the electricity as their
main power for their ship. There are two types of current that are commonly use in ship,
alternating current(ac) and direct current(dc). As we know, mostly a ship are using alternating
current as their main power source. This is because when they are travelling on the sea ,they
are not have the any electrical source. So, they use this alternating current to generates the
electrical power to make as a power supply for a. ship.
 DC AND AC ELCTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Boat’s AC electric system is a lot like a body’s circulatory system. Heart pumps blood
throughout the body via a network of arteries. These arteries
can be large or small, depending on the need of the organs or muscles
they supply.
Boat’s electrical panelboard is the “heart” of the electrical system. Electric
current created by a shore side power source or AC electrical generator is distributed
throughout the boat by “hot” wires or ungrounded conductors. These
vary in size based on the job they must perform.
When AC light or appliance are turn on, current flows through the hot conductor
to make the light glow or the appliance operate. Once the electricity has
done its work, its potential or pressure drops to zero and it returns to its source
through the neutral, or grounded, conductor.
If a boat can accommodate most household electrically-powered conveniences, it is
undoubtedly has two entirely separate electrical systems. The direct current (DC) electrical
system derives its power from a boat’s storage battery or batteries. In addition to providing
starting power for the engine, DC electrical power is used for bilge pumps, running lights, the
water pressure pump, DC lighting and other related equipment. The source of power for a
boat’s

AC POWER
VESSEL TYPE, SIZE AND POWER NEEDS IN BOATS

1. Basic small boat systems use a three-conductor, 15 ampere; 125 volt vinyl covered
cord. A system like this usually supplies one device, usually a battery charger and has no
branch circuits (Fig. 1). This system is used only on trailer boats on dry land.
2. Mid-size boats often use a 30 ampere, 125 volt electrical system (Fig. 2). The shore
power cord and matching inlet are fitted with threaded rings providing a watertight connection
from power source to boat. From the inlet, 30-ampere conductors lead to the boat’s AC
panelboard, from which power is distributed through branch circuits.

3. Larger boats can use a 50 ampere, 125 volt system (Fig. 3). In both the 30 and 50
ampere systems, the shore power cord contains three conductors. Black is ungrounded
(“hot”) and carries 125 volts of electricity, white is grounded conductor or neutral and green is
the grounding conductor.

4. Still larger yachts may use a 50 ampere or 100 ampere, 125/250 volt system (Fig. 4)
This shore power cord contains four conductors – the white neutral conductor, the green
grounding conductor, and red & black ungrounded conductors each carrying 125 volts. The
two 125 volt conductors provide the 250 volts needed to power large appliances like ranges
and clothes dryers.
GENERATOR ON BOARD

Auxiliary generatoes are becoming more common on many boats. A generator can
allow AC power to generates enter a boat’s electrical system through the AC panelboard like
a ‘shore power’. Then, a rotary switch at the panelboard that will allow to select ‘shore power’,
‘generator’ or ‘of’ position that can cuts off all incoming ac power altogether. This switch
prevents you from having incoming electricity from more than one source.

DC POWER

DC has long been recognised as a medium that offers efficient and effective power
transmission and as such offers significant advantages over its counterpart of AC
electricity. the reasoning for favouring DC as a power transmission medium and the general
view of the maritime electrical power industry is that DC will be adopted for many of the
foreseeable applications in the commercial and naval marine environments in the near future.
However there is one area where DC power systems need to be treated with some care and
that is when they supply constant power loads. In this situation current rises as voltage falls
(and vice versa) and this is, intuitively, a situation that may lead to instability.

DC Constant Power System

 INPUT / OUTPUT PARAMETER

PARAMETER BASED ON MARINE DIESEL ENGINE

For building a real time marine power system simulator, models of fast calculation
and high precision of marine power system are needed. Because there are abilities of
learning and batch operation with artificial neural networks (ANN), it is fit for using ANN to
build a real time marine diesel generator model for marine power system simulator. In this
paper, radial basis function neural networks (RBF NN) was used for building model of marine
diesel engine generator. RBF NN is universal approximation neural network. There is ability to
approximate a nonlinear function with RBF NN. According to working principles of diesel
generator, parameters of excitation current/voltage and diesel engine mechanical torque are
as inputs of RBF NN, parameters of terminal voltage current and frequency of generator are
as outputs for RBF NN training. The type of supervised learning of center selection strategy
was used for the RBF NN learning method. An approximated model of marine diesel
generator is built in high precision result with 99 hidden neurons of RBF NN.

DESCRIPTION OF MARINE DIESEL MARINE WITH THE PARAMETER

Three layers networks were formed with one input layer one hidden layer and one
output layer as Fig. 2. The neural networks based model of generator depends on the weights
between neural elements. Supervised learning is used in the system training. We can train a
neural network by adjusting the values of the weights according to error. After that an
input tend to a specific target output. A supervised neural network was pursued in a variety of
weights. The supervised training of the neural networks can be viewed as a curve-fitting
process. For approach to the marine diesel generator model, a configuration diagram of
RBF NN of diesel generator modeling and training is shown in Fig. 4. First step is to select
input and output parameters of generator. We selected that the input parameters are
excitation current/voltage (vt) and diesel engine mechanical torque (Pm). The output
parameters are terminal voltage (v), current (i) and frequency ( f ) of generator. Through
measuring and recording, a set of data will be obtained as sampling data for training. The
measured data vector is x. (figure shown in the next page)
 ELECTRICAL GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical
energy is done by a motor; motors and generators have many similarities. A generator forces
electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit.

GENERATORS IN MARINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Generators up to 25 kW are delivered with a GFK sound insulation capsule with “3D”
sound insulation material as standard. An optional sound insulation material (“4DS”) is also
available on request. For generators from 30 kW and above, the capsule is delivered as a
stainless steel-version “Metal-Professional Line” (MPL). The MPL sound insulation casing
consists of 6-11 parts (depending on the size of the generator) which makes it easier to
dismantle and access certain areas within. The MPL capsules are also available at an extra
cost for generators from 6 kW to 25 kW. The sound insulation material is available in three
different versions depending on application requirements:
“3D” - 3 layers, up to 25 mm thick
“4DS” - up to 5 layers, up to 40 mm thick
“6DS” - up to 6 layers, up to 60 mm thick

PERFORMANCE STABILITY AND ADVANTAGES THROUGH DUAL-CIRCUIT

The generators that are using this system have a very effective cooling system, it ensures
that the temperatures inside the sound insulation capsule remains within an acceptable range
even in tropical conditions at the same time achieving the best possible sound insulation as
freeflowing cooling air is not required. Seawater with high-salt content and tropical
temperatures increase the danger that metal can be affected by galvanic corrosion
(Electrolysis). Even a very small current can have a destructive effect. To prevent this,
generator use dual-circuit cooling for generator and engine on all generators from 3.2 kW
upwards. The engine and generator are cooled by freshwater. Seawater only comes into
contact with the heat exchanger, which is manufactured from a high quality alloy .
 Sample of the generator

PERFECT SINE WAVE

This type of generators combines all the advantages of the asynchronous generator
with the voltage control of a synchronous generator. Asynchronous Generators supply a
particularly clean sine wave and have achieved the best results during numerous tests in this
category. This is essential for the smooth running of sensitive electronic devices such as air
conditioners, charging devices, laser printers and others.

*asynchronous - making use of pulse to control the timing of operations that are sent when
the previous operation is complete
*synchoronous – electric motor having a speed exactly proportional to the current frequency

The outstanding sine wave of the generator

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The distribution system is the vital link connecting the generators that produce electric
power to the equipment that uses it. It transmits electric power from the power source to the
power user. The distribution system also protects (by means of circuit breakers and fuses)
itself, and its generators from damage that might otherwise be caused by faults in the system
or connected equipment.

SHIP SERVICE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIGURE 1 : Dedicated Emergency Generators

 FIGURE 2 : Radial Distribution with Dual Purpose Generators

Most ship service power distribution systems are either radial or combination radial
and zonal systems. Power flows outward from the switchboards to the loads either directly or
through load centers and power distribution panels. In a radial system, each load is
connected to only one switchboard at any one time. Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate the
distribution systems for typical combatant ships. Figure 3 illustrates a combined radial and
zonal distribution system. The major components distributing power from the generating
sources to the individual loads are described as follows:

1. Ship Service Switchboards

- Switchboards provide a point of connection for ship service generators and local
generator controls. They are the starting points of the distribution system, feeding
power directly to large and vital loads (such as steering gear) and supplying power to
load centers and power panels for further distribution to loads. The number and
location of ship service switchboards depends on the main machinery
compartmentation, as well as the number and location of the ship service generators.
Switchboards are usually located near the generators they serve and are spread as far
apart as possible to minimize the possibility of a single casualty damaging more than
one of them.
2. Bus Ties
- Bus ties can be closed to interconnect ship service switchboards so that one
switchboard can feed power from its generator to one or more of the other
switchboards. Bus ties can also connect two or more switchboards together to
parallel their generator plants.

3. Load Centers
- Load centers are installed on most large- and some medium- sized ships to supply
groups of loads and large auxiliaries located in the same general area. Load centers
reduce the number of switchboard feeder circuits. They are located centrally to the
loads they feed to minimize the size, weight, and length of cabling to the loads. Load
centers may supply loads directly, or may feed power panels that, in turn, feed the
loads.

4. Power Distribution Panels

- Power distribution panels provide for control of selected portions of the distribution
system. They supply groups of loads that are located in close proximity to each
other, or that operate together to perform a function. Power panels can also feed
other power panels, distribution panels, or distribution boxes that in turn feed loads.

FIGURE 3 : Surface Ship Zonal Distribution System (Normal and Alternate Power Supplies)
 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, electricity is the most important sources for our marine field. So,
nowdays there are many high technology product has been produce to develop our marines
industries. All the product is use to ensure that all the machine and motor in this marine field
working perfectly and can reduce the time of work. Other than that, the development of
technology in electricity have been gave advantages to us.

However, the marine industries also are industries that needed the electricity as their
main power for their ship. There are two types of current that are commonly use in ship,
alternating current(ac) and direct current(dc). As we know, mostly a ship are using alternating
current as their main power source. This is because when they are travelling on the sea ,they
are not have the any electrical source. So, they use this alternating current to generates the
electrical power to make as a power supply for a. ship.