Iceland, as we learned in Chapters 2 and 4, lies across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(MAR), which is a divergent boundary marking the eastern edge of the North

American tectonic plate and the western edge of the Eurasian plate (Figure 7.3A).

Iceland is the focus of particularly high rates of volcanism along the ridge or boundary because of
the convergence of seafloor spreading with a geologic hot spot or

mantle plume. Indeed, researchers consider Iceland to be a hot spot coincident with

a spreading ridge. This overlapping of tectonic processes has allowed the ridge to

grow above sea level to produce an island in the world. It has an electric power capacity of 303 MWe
and a planned maximum

thermal capacity of 400 MWt for direct use in nearby Reykjavik. Indeed, over 90% of

buildings in Iceland (99% of buildings in Reykjavik) are heated using geothermal fluids. Moreover,
geothermal power accounts for about 30% of Iceland’s electrical power

generation, tying it with El Salvador as the highest geothermal power percentage of any

country (Orkustofnun, 2016). The balance of power comes from hydroelectric facilities; thus, 100%
of Iceland’s produced electrical power comes from renewable sources.

Because of its geologic setting of coincident tectonic divergence and hot spot

volcanism, all geothermal systems in Iceland, both developed and undeveloped, are

magmatically heated. Temperatures at production depths of about 1 km are consistently greater

than 200°C, so the plants are single or double flash. In some cases, the

temperatures are much higher. For example, the first Iceland Deep Drilling Project

(IDDP-1) well was drilled at Krafla (2008–2009) to explore for supercritical fluids.

The wellbore, however, stopped short of its target depth (~5 km) because it intersected a zone of
magma at a depth of about 2.1 km. Since then, the well has been

flow tested several times and was found to be capable of producing about 36 MWe

(more than half of the nearby 60-MWe Krafla geothermal power plant’s capacity),

or about five times the output of a typical Icelandic geothermal well (Fridleifsson et

al., 2015). Unfortunately, the 450°C super-heated steam condensate is quite acidic

(pH ~2.6 from magmatic inputs of HCl and HF) and has proved to be very corrosive

to piping and equipment. Scrubbing to lower the acidity, possibly using alkaline

geothermal waters from other Krafla wells, would be required if the well were to

be utilized commercially, and tests are continuing. If deemed feasible, the IDDP-1

well would be the world’s first geothermal well heated directly by magma and could

increase Krafla’s power plant capacity by about 60%.

Iceland, as we learned in Chapters 2 and 4, lies across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(MAR), which is a divergent boundary marking the eastern edge of the North

American tectonic plate and the western edge of the Eurasian plate (Figure 7.3A).

Iceland is the focus of particularly high rates of volcanism along the ridge or boundary because of
the convergence of seafloor spreading with a geologic hot spot or

mantle plume. Indeed, researchers consider Iceland to be a hot spot coincident with

a spreading ridge. This overlapping of tectonic processes has allowed the ridge to

grow above sea level to produce an island in the world. It has an electric power capacity of 303 MWe
and a planned maximum

thermal capacity of 400 MWt for direct use in nearby Reykjavik. Indeed, over 90% of

buildings in Iceland (99% of buildings in Reykjavik) are heated using geothermal fluids. Moreover,
geothermal power accounts for about 30% of Iceland’s electrical power

generation, tying it with El Salvador as the highest geothermal power percentage of any

country (Orkustofnun, 2016). The balance of power comes from hydroelectric facilities; thus, 100%
of Iceland’s produced electrical power comes from renewable sources.

Because of its geologic setting of coincident tectonic divergence and hot spot

volcanism, all geothermal systems in Iceland, both developed and undeveloped, are

magmatically heated. Temperatures at production depths of about 1 km are consistently greater

than 200°C, so the plants are single or double flash. In some cases, the

temperatures are much higher. For example, the first Iceland Deep Drilling Project

(IDDP-1) well was drilled at Krafla (2008–2009) to explore for supercritical fluids.

The wellbore, however, stopped short of its target depth (~5 km) because it intersected a zone of
magma at a depth of about 2.1 km. Since then, the well has been

flow tested several times and was found to be capable of producing about 36 MWe

(more than half of the nearby 60-MWe Krafla geothermal power plant’s capacity),

or about five times the output of a typical Icelandic geothermal well (Fridleifsson et

al., 2015). Unfortunately, the 450°C super-heated steam condensate is quite acidic

(pH ~2.6 from magmatic inputs of HCl and HF) and has proved to be very corrosive

to piping and equipment. Scrubbing to lower the acidity, possibly using alkaline

geothermal waters from other Krafla wells, would be required if the well were to
be utilized commercially, and tests are continuing. If deemed feasible, the IDDP-1

well would be the world’s first geothermal well heated directly by magma and could

increase Krafla’s power plant capacity by about 60%.

Islandia, seperti yang kita pelajari di Bab 2 dan 4, terletak di seberang Ridge Tengah Atlantik

(MAR), yang merupakan batas divergen yang menandai tepi timur Utara

Lempeng tektonik Amerika dan ujung barat lempeng Eurasia (Gambar 7.3A).

Islandia adalah fokus dari tingkat vulkanisme yang sangat tinggi di sepanjang punggungan atau
terikat ???? karena konvergensi dasar laut menyebar dengan hot spot geologi atau

mantle plume. Memang, para peneliti menganggap Islandia sebagai tempat bertemunya panas

sebuah punggungan yang menyebar. Tumpang tindih proses tektonik ini memungkinkan
punggungan

tumbuh di atas permukaan laut untuk menghasilkan sebuah pulau di dunia. Ini memiliki kapasitas
daya listrik 303 MWe dan maksimum yang direncanakan

kapasitas termal 400 MWt untuk penggunaan langsung di dekat Reykjavik. Memang, lebih dari 90%
dari

bangunan di Islandia (99% bangunan di Reykjavik) dipanaskan menggunakan ids geothermal fluida.
Selain itu, tenaga panas bumi menyumbang sekitar 30% tenaga listrik Islandia

generasi, mengikatnya dengan El Salvador sebagai persentase kekuatan geothermal tertinggi dari
setiap

negara (Orkustofnun, 2016). Keseimbangan kekuasaan berasal dari fasies hidroelektrik; jadi, 100%
listrik yang dihasilkan Islandia berasal dari sumber terbarukan.

Karena pengaturan geologisnya dari perpotongan tektonik yang kebetulan dan titik panas

vulkanisme, semua sistem panas bumi di Islandia, baik yang dikembangkan maupun yang belum
dikembangkan, adalah

dipanaskan secara magmatik. Temperatur pada kedalaman produksi sekitar 1 km lebih sedikit lebih
besar dari 200 ° C, sehingga tanaman hanya memiliki kilat tunggal atau ganda. Dalam beberapa
kasus, itu

suhu jauh lebih tinggi. Misalnya, Proyek Pemboran Jauh Islandia pertama

(IDDP-1) juga dibor di Krafla (2008-2009) untuk mencari cairan superkritis.

Namun, lubang sumur itu berhenti dari kedalaman targetnya (~ 5 km) karena menghubungkan satu
zona magma pada kedalaman sekitar 2,1 km. Sejak saat itu, sumur tersebut telah

aliran diuji beberapa kali dan ditemukan mampu menghasilkan sekitar 36 MWe

(lebih dari setengah dari kapasitas pembangkit listrik panas bumi 60-MWe Krafla),

atau sekitar lima kali output dari sumur geotermal khas Islandia (Fridleifsson et

al., 2015). Sayangnya, kondensat uap super-panas 450 ° C cukup asam

(pH ~ 2,6 dari input magmatik HCl dan HF) dan telah terbukti sangat korosif

ke perpipaan dan peralatan. Scrubbing untuk menurunkan keasaman, mungkin menggunakan alkalin

air panas bumi dari sumur Krafla lainnya, akan diperlukan jika sumur tersebut

dimanfaatkan secara komersial, dan tes terus berlanjut. Jika dianggap layak, IDDP-1

well akan menjadi geothermal pertama di dunia yang dipanaskan langsung oleh magma dan bisa

meningkatkan kapasitas pembangkit listrik Krafla sekitar 60%.