History 166 Notes

What is Historiography?
Historiography
- The process by which history is written
- Study of the study of the past
- From remains, we extrapolate and interpret
“History is an argument”
- We assert and have discourse
- It is an attempt to study the past by recalling stories we choose to make sense of and then prohibit
them for meaning.
-
Why Rizal? How the “Emergence of the Filipino Nation’?
History of the identity of the Filipinos is history
- Who are we?
- It is the knowledge production which is also our means of identity
“What happened between 1872 and 1892, a nation was born” – Benedict Anderson

How cool were the illustrados?

Nations deals more with the content (what makes us Filipinos)
We are trying to fill the cup (and no one could have imagined doing this because of oppression and
reform)
Parity between European and Filipinos (subvert the dominance of the reactionary Church
- Filipinos are backwards because they are superstitious but in truth, we are just as ridiculous.
1. Isabelo de los Reyes
- Compiled to create substance to bind us together (El Folklore invites us to submit stories)
o Compendium to know everyone
o Know about each other
- Subversive to destroy the Spanish superiority
- Serve as the mirror of the Filipino people in human emancipation we have to deserve.

2. Jose Rizal
- According to Mijares, there is a conceptualization of a nation (blueprint)
o Residual (past), dominant (present), emergent (future)
- There was consent when we agreed to be indio.
- We must deserve back freedom

3. Pedro Paterno
- Viewed as weak spine in Philippine history
- Proto-illustrado
- Work was along the vein of Noli, El Fili and El folklore

We talk about their works

- Knowledge production
- Intellectual struggle to define us
1872-1892
- Fill the cup
- We could not explicitly say “our nation”
- We were diverse

How cool?
- Pompous douchebags who are detached from society.

Are there really only elites and masses in Philippine Society?

There is no such thing as masa.

Philippine Revolution (1st phase)

- According to Teodoro Agoncillo (Revolt of the Masses)
o Katipunan was to be feared
o “common ignorant people who are willing to die”
Tejeros Convention
- Katipuneros left Manila
- Election (structural change)
- from supremo to president (Katipunan to Philippine Revolutionaries)
Emilio Aguinaldo
- rise of the Caviteno elites (viewed the Tejeros Convention as the opportunity to rise to power)
- put himself to power to negotiate
- he could keep the revolution running forever
o Biak na bato
§ Stalemate
§ Role of Pedro Paterno to act as peacekeeper

Filipino Consultative Assembly

- Manila Elites
- “viva la autonomiya” (independence will be given if Spain thinks we deserve to be)

The Return of Aguinado (2nd Phase of the Revolution)

He declared independence within a month after his return

Malolos Congress
- 42 were elected and 151 were appointed
- Many just joined in the congress but did not particularly participate in the revolution
- Article 17 retains the status quo of the elite
o Owning land
o Election from elites
The Revolution was hi jacked by the elites

*Situation in Cuba
Cuba was important to the US because of money (95% of sugar and Americans are invested in
them)
Valeriano Weifer re-concentrate the Cuban Population hence, sugar production stopped

Battle of Manila Bay

- Control of the Spanish Influence
- Commodore George Dewey brought 5 ships and destroyed the entire Spanish fleet because their
ships were armed
Mock Battle of Manila
- Spain has Manila (surrounded by Filipinos) and America wants Manila
- The Spanish were scared of the Filipinos and they want to hand over them instead of losing
(Bureaucratic reasons to save face)
-
How Benevolent was Benevolent Assimilation
Benevolent Assimilation
- A good colony
- Colonizers doing good things
Emilio and the other elites want independence
Treaty of Paris happened when Malolos Congress was happening \
o Cuba is free but Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico was turned to the Americans

Wesley Meritt
- There is no problem in taking over the Philippines
o Economic plans with China
o Moral obligation (honorable thing to do)
William McKinley – they have to do Benevolent Assimilation

Philippine-American War
- Trench warfare but America has heavy artilleries
- Filinos used Scorched Earth tactics (burn the houses so that Americans will get supply from
Manila) to delay the Americans (supply) but at the same time, they alienate the other citizens which
prompt them to join the Americans
- After 2 months into the war, Malolos was abandoned (in March, Malolos fell and the capital
changes)
Against surrendering to the Americans
1. Apolinario Mabini
- We made the constitution and we should abide by the constitution

2. General Luna
- Cowardice is not patriotic
- Suggested Guerilla tactics (towns that are not occupied will not be subjected to artilleries)
- Assassinated by the elites
Guerilla Tactics vs the Narrative War
- “Benevolent Conquerors vs Claiming Independence”
- Guerilla Tactics will make us lose the narrative war but we can hope for the protest of the
American People.
1898 – Some Americas are starting to question why they are fighting the Filipinos.
General Laughton
- Described the Filipinos as “braver group of men” and they cannot be opportunistic because they
are willing to die.
- Opportunistic Minority Elites.
Some Americans are starting to switch sides because of conscience and race
November (two months after Luna was killed)
- Aguinaldo suggested the Guerilla tactics. The national troop was scatter to regions and the general
were scattered. The primary goal was to prolong the war and eliminate the use of artilleries.
- Example: Balangiga Massacre, Miguel Malvar in Batangas
- Americans need intelligence for guerilla. They considered re-concentration (which led to the
capture of Malvar)
Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela and Benevolent Assimilation was reinforced. He surrendered
to the Americans, called others to surrender, and swore allegiance to the Americans.

Benevolent Assimilation is likened to “Tinakalang Ginto” (Golden Chain)

1901 Sedition Law (censors anything regarding the American Rule)

1902 Brigandage (calls rebels/bandits as brigandage)
1907 Flag Law (ban the flying or display of any national symbols)

Macario Sakay (1905)

- Tried and executed
- “di kami tulisan, kami ay sundalo na lumalaban sa inang bayan”
Don’t swear Allegiance
- Exile or executed
- Apolinario Mabini and Artemio Ricarte
The Politics of Independence
Benevolent Assimilation
- American narrative
- Siding with the Americans entails guarantees (elites joined)
January 1898
Jacob Scurman was order to “go to the Philippines and find out what we bought from the Spaniards
because I don’t” (can only go to the areas by American Rule)
First Philippine Commission
1. Stay in the PH
2. Civil Governance
W. Meritt – honorable thing to do because we cannot govern ourselves. Transition us to civil government
to learn to participate in government.
William Howard Taft
- Second commission
- Creation of new laws (because the Americans do not subscribe to the old law – the Malolos
Congress)

Americans go around and appoint leaders but who to appoint?

1. Loyalist to the Americans. Find out what they need and want (elites – power and land)
2. Americanistas (early supporters of Americans)
a. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera created federalist party with Pedro Paterno

1902 Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Act)

- Basis of civil government
- Our “constitution” is our social contract thus this constitution is not really a constitution
- Judiciary is with Filipinos
o Cayetano Arellano
- Office of the governor was created.
- Legislative is bicameral in nature and Filipinos should control the lower house but they can
immediately vote for independence.
Philippine Commission
Before we can have the lower house, there should be
1. General peace
2. Census must be conducted and published
3. 2 more years after census and peace continues
We gained power over the lower house (1907)
What did they teach our lolas?
“every people have an unalienable right to pursue happiness in their own wat as opposed to somebody
else’s way.”
1901
Aboard USS Thomas, hundreds of teachers volunteer to come to the Philippines to educate the native of
the Filipinos. Benevolent Assimilation was much more complex. The teachers who came in the
Philippines believe in the BA. Why would you leave your life in the US? The teachers are the true
representation of the BA. They taught us beyond Spanish public education system.

Curriculum
English, agriculture, reading, grammar, geography, mathematics, home economics, manual trading,
mechanical drawing, sports and athletics, among others

1903
Pensionado Program
- Identify the smartest Filipinos and sent to American Universities. Condition is that they go back to
the Philippines and serve in the government.
1905
The Americans put up the first medical school (University of the Philippines established 1908)

“A Women’s Impression in the Philippines”

- Why Filipinos cannot accept the Americans?
- “And in full sight of both on the top of a precipice, an insurrecto flag flaunted its impertinent
message.”
- “The flag came down later, but it required four hundred men and artilleries”

“A History of the Philippines”

- New spirit and a new goal
- built upon the achievements of past rulers
- The American government was unwilling to give the government of the archipelago.

What has contributed most toward convincing the Filipino people of the good intention toward them of
the American government? It is the efforts with which the Commission is making for their education.

Unicameral Legislation (Philippine Commission) to Bilateral Legislation

 Participation of Filipinos on the law
 Conditions (peace, census, two more years after census)
 Taft – Phil. Com – Phil Com. + Phil. Assembly

Partido Nacionalista
 Different in terms of its composition on provincial council of elites
 Provincial Governor (Osmena and Quezon)
 Founded to compete for Federalista
 One promise to the people (independence)
 Won most of the seats in the Phil. Assembly in 1907

Treaty of Paris (1898)

 Contain economic provisions
 Article XV (part of their power is to administer trade in the Philippines but they cannot put
preferential product on American products like tariffs [for 10 years])
 o Why? They can control tariff rates (Cotton) – American’s cotton is thicker so they put
higher tariff on British Cotton

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act introduced “Free trade” relations between US and PI

 Tariff free until a certain quota arise
 Worried about us invading their market (sugar) – put tariffs in Cuban sugar so it will be
artificially expensive
 Unrefined sugar and American refines it and sell it as their own
 Acc to Nacionalista Party, agree to not accept it
o Osmena – lead to economic independence on the US. Filipinos will plant everything on
sugar, abaca, tobacco. In 50 years, it will be the same
o No trade policy if you are an independent state
o They passed it after complaining because they all own productions.

Underwood Simmons Tariff Act of 1913

 Introduced actual free trade

Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

 Turned the Philippine Legislature over to the Filipinos
 We started with full Americans, some, bicameral, and it became a full Filipino bicameral
 Judiciary is the first to be Filipinized then Legislature

Philippine Independence Missions 1919-1934

 Sent to US to lobby for Independence

Osmena-Roxas
 Expecting to be fully told to say No
 “Lets write you a bill” because in 1931, Great Depression happened. It reduced the markets into
tiny version of themselves. Purchasing Power and demand went down, competition went up so
that they can cut the Philippines off.
 “Holy Shit” because they can fulfill the promise of the Nacionalista Party (rockstar politicians)

Hare-Hawes-Cutting (Philippine Independence Bill

 10 yr transition to independence
 Drafting of constitution and election of the president
 1933 debate (voted down)
o Must be passed the Philippine legislation
o Quezon – not a good bill
 Bases stay in the country is not independent

Quezon (Badass Filipino Politician)

 Osmena and Roxas are about to bring home independence bill but Quezon tried to stop them
o Come home and bigger delegation (over budget), reshuffling positions and commissions
o Stayed for two years to sort out the bill (1931-1933)
o Voted down and Quezon screwed up (repackaged Hare-Hawes-Cutting)

Tydings-McDuffie
 10 yr transition to independence
 Drafting of a constitution and election of president
o Except for handpicked provisions by Quezon
1935 Philippine Constitution
 Unicameral legislature (National Assembly)
 Office of the President
 1935 Philippine Elections
o Quezon vs Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo won in Cavite only)

National Defense Act (Commonwealth Act no. 1)

 Creation of modern day Armed Forces of the Philippines
 Tiny group of real soldiers but trained citizens for military
o Productive citizens all year round and in case of war, they can fight

Institution of National language (CA 184)

 Tagalog as based (because history and Manila are mostly tagalog-based)

Women’s Suffrage (1938)

 Men voted overwhelmingly that women should be allowed to vote
 “Women are smarter” but propriety pride
 Feminist movement

1940 Constitutional Amendments

 Charter Change
 Bicameral Legislature: Senate and House of Representatives
 1972 Constitution (current Charter)
 Problematic because constitution is different (supreme against all other laws , constitution cannot
be changed by Congress on their own)
 Nacionalista Party
o Quezon is about to step down since he cannot be re-elected
o Brought down to 4 years of presidential terms and “no person shall be serve for more
than 8 consecutive years” – Political Dynasties
 1941 is re-election year of Quezon but Quezon is “pressured to run” and he won but will serve for
only two more years because he served 6 years
o First President of the Commonwealth and the Independent Philippine Republic
o December 1941 – Japan invaded
o 1942, he was evacuated and died in US

Tenancy Issues
 30-70 split in favor of the Landlord
 Tenancy is a backward way of handling agriculture
o Not motivated to harvest more
Labor Issues
 58 food, 17 transportation, 11 shelter, 9 water ang light, 5 clothes
 Talinduwa (50), Takipan (100), Takalan (payment in kind), Baligtaran (use of changing value of
commodities to favor landlord in Takalan deals)

Partido Komunisto ng Pilipinas (PKP 1930)

 Cristanto Evangelista

Socialist Party of the Philippines (1932)

  Pedro Abad Santos

PKP (1938)
 Communist and Socialist

Parliament Struggles, Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), Japanese invasion of China (1937), German
Invasion of Poland (1939)

Women are misrepresented in history (and also homosexuals)

 Not a contemporary problem

If Japan Should Invade the Philippines?

 San Francisco Times
 1908

Japan vs. China

 US send aid through Burma, a British colony
o Attack the American , British and Dutch Colonies and WW2 started

War Plan Orange

 US assets in the Philippines to withdraw to defensible areas and hold out until reinforcements
arrive
 Americans identified Bataan as defensive point
 Issues
o Stay in Bataan until reinforcements but they never agree on a timetable
o Creation of Commonwealth Act 1
o McArthur – “we don’t need War Plan Orange”
o McArthur stopped the ROTC movement because of the overwhelming force and went
back to War Plan Orange
o Abandoned Manila to go to Bataan and declared it an open city

PKP adored Hukbalahap who swore allegiance to the Commonwealth

 Represented a resistance group which is different from all others (Luis Taruc)
 “Fight for emancipation” – equality between soldiers and officers (kindness, love, joy, freedom,
etc)
 Not a single mention of any women (even in footnotes of Renato Constantino)

Vina Lanzona (Amazon of the Huk)

 Females are assigned to clean the houses and raise kids
 How did you write a book but are not in the documents
o Interview women, oral history

Americans came back to the Philippine through the Pacific Ocean

 Battle of Philippine Sea
 Leyte, Mindoro, Lingayen Bay
 Leyte landing – Osmena became the president of the commonwealth

Cabanatuan Internment Camp

 Liberated 500+ prisoners of war where 400 are Americans
UST Internment Camp
 1,000++ POWs (British and American)
 Caucasian who were residents of Manila
 Manuel Colayco

Tomoyuki Yamashita
 Defend the Philippines (against Americans)
 Abandoned the riches of Manila and brought him up north (Yamashita treasure)

Battle of Manila (Feb 1945)

 Bombed Manila because Japanese are heavily trenched in Manila
 Those who survived three years of Japanese occupation
 1,000 Americans vs 20,000 Japanese (killed to action)
o 100,000 Filipinos died (all of them civilians)

Sergio Osmena
 Nacionalista Party (1.13)
 Rebuild Philippines but there is no money (taken by administration of Laurel)

Manuel Roxas (1.33)

 Liberal Party

1946 Elections – Liberal Party vs Nacionalista Party

 Democratic Alliance (with actual platform)
o 8 hour work hours, minimum wage
 From the Hukbalahap movement (PKP)
 DA won 6 seats in Congress

Manuel Roxas on 1946 election

 Third republic in the Philippines
 Philippine flag is flying higher

Senator Millard Tydings

 Rehabilitation of the Philippines (Tydings Rehabilitation Act)
 $620M in funds for Philippine rehabilitation (start of rehabilitation not the entire)
 Bell Trade Relations Act
o Foreign Exchange (peso pegged to dollar at 2:1)
 Imports American commodities
o Free Trade – with gradual increases in rates at 5% annual between 1954 to 1974.
o Free Trade – quotas on Philippine entering Americans
o Parity Rights - rights of American to natural resources
 Unconstitutional because in 1935 constitution, “Conservation and Utilization of
Natural Resources”
 We changed the constitution
o If you do not sign two treaties, cap is at $500

20th Century Agrarian Issues

 Beginning to boil over
 Largely concentrated on Central Luzon
  Peasant Groups
o Inhuman treatment
o Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magsasaka sa Pilipinas (KPMP), Anak Pawis, Kabesang
Tales, etc.
o People’s organization and not a political party
o Issues they want to address
 To get what is just if landlords are honorable and good men (used to be
paternalistic and mutualistic, sense of belonging)
 Eliminate usurious loans (and passing over of the loans)
 Divide harvest 50:50 or 70:30 if tenant pays for expenses
 Immediate division of harvest
 Tenants do not pay for irrigation
 Security of tenure
 Right to join organizations
 Relief of tenants who suffer accidents or fall sick
 Next generation of landlords are not that into agriculture
 Not agriculturist but educated young men
 They will leave a “katiwala”
o WWII interrupted the issues

Post War Period

 Democratic Alliance
o Won 6 seats
o Against Manuel Roxas administration (Liberal Party)
 Particular amendment (Parity Rights of the Americans)
 Accused them of electoral fraud and not allow them to take their seats
 1946 – Luis Taruc moved to mountains
 Hugpo ng Magpalaya ng Bayan
o Communist movement (1st communist insurgent)
 Revolt of the Masses by Teadoro Agoncillo
o Focus on the masses (illusion of the masses)
o Remove the focus on the illustrados and elites
o Hukbalahap Movement (24) and Recognition of the Tao (25)

Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act

 Division of harvest
 Tenant 70 and landlord 30 “in the absence of any written agreement”
 Many of the congress were agriculturist

Land Reform Act of 1955

 Government will expropriate land (in excess of 300 hectares of contiguous acts and 600 if
corporation)

Agricultural Land Reform Code (1962)

 Also about national development
 “Economic family size” farm will be the basis of agriculture
 Divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development
 “Lands planted to corn and rice” (they want it to be staple)
Is there a point in dividing land?
 Motivated to plant on it
 Productivity will go up, purchasing power will go up, educational attainment and participate in
society

1953 – We elected the first Indio president – Ramon Magsaysay

 Elect a president who looks like us
 First to wear Barong Tagalog in his inauguration
 Mambo Magsaysay composed by Raul Manlapus

March 1957 – Magsaysay Plane Crush

 Filipinos broke down
 Pilita Corales , Nat King Cole (1961) – kundiman

1965 – Ferdinand Marcos

 Secret weapon was Imelda Marcos (Dahil Sa’yo)
 This backdrop allows Filipinos to escape the realities
 Cheat to win the 1969 election but no longer popularly liked by the Filipino

1970
 People protested in Marcos’ SONA

Manila Sounds (essence of Isabelo delos Reyes)

 Hotdog
o Miss Universe 1974
 VST and Co.
o “Ipagpatawad mo minahal kita agad”
 Basil Valdez
o Ryan Cayabyab – Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika
 Haiji Alejandro
o Kilabot ng mga kolehiyala
 Juan dela Cruz
 Sampaguita
 Asin
 Joey Ayala
 Buklod

SINO BA TAYO?
 Continued from the illustrados
 Expressed through songs, kundimans

MARCOS ERA
 Biggest shot to get our act together
 suggest to the Filipino people that they will be the man and woman to lead them under the new
society
 Marcos used history to have a narrative of himself
o Manipulating the Filipino people to think more about themselves
 Zeus Salazar – historian who agreed to Marcos
  Won against Diosdado Macapagal (1965)
 Imelda played a key role in the Marcos Era
o Women empowerment in a screwed up way
 We developed rice trades to double production but it also doubled the expenses (like irrigation,
fertilizers, etc)
o Farmer pays for the expenses
o Supply goes high and the price goes down and the middle man will have higher
purchasing power hence, famers will not earn anything
 Jose Maria Sison
o Problem is still there but we are not doing anything
o “We were massacred”
o Moved away from PKP and formed the Communist Party of the Philippines
 Created a new army (the new People’s Army)
o Moro National Liberation Front
 From the Moro provinces
 Students were agitated
o Protest

1971 – Constitutional Convention

 Prolong the stay in power
 Amend the “no person shall serve for more than eight consecutive years part”
 “Bribed” to amend the constitution
o Because he is the Chief of the Armed Forces, he has the power to declare Martial Law

1972
 He declared Martial Law because of lawless events, Moros, NPA, and students who became
radicalized created threats to the state
o He goes after the political opposition
o Arrested everyone who criticized or were against Marcos were arrested in two days
 No one can repot because he shot down the media and padlocks were put in the
Congress so no sessions can happen

1973
 Approved a new constitution (1973 Constitution)
 Presidents were elected from National Assembly (for 6 years) and will be voted amongst
themselves
o People do not elect the president,.
o They elect the national assembly
 No limit on how many terms or how many times he can be elected
 Created the Office of the Prime Minister
o He sometimes became both dictator and president
 Infrastructures were used as a sign of progress (edifice complexity)
o mostly influenced by Imelda
o Cultural Decentralization
 Cronies of Marcos start to plunder our economy

Historiography
 Body of historical work about a particular topic
 History is an academic discipline
Memory
 How we remember of the past and how we make sense of it

Fundamental concepts in the study of history

 Some people use history in the wrong things
o To understand the present (keep it on a personal level)
o Problematic because it is incomplete and is very selective
o We have personal biases
 Jose Rizal
 Horacio de la Costa
 Bongbong Marcos on his father’s time
o “If there is no EDSA I, we would probably be like Singapore by now”
o “He accomplished a lot, he helped may people and there was great progress during his
time”

Myth Making
 We construct narratives and our own assertions
 Everything was reinvented from the music, money, etc.
 “The culmination is Marcos’ new society”

“We find the Ateneo today irrelevant to the Philippine situation because it can do no more than service
the power elite. Its academic community is unresponsive to the needs of the Philippine situation.”
 1960 – introduced the Social Sciences

1972-1986
 Infrastructure as a sense of development
o Edifice complex
1970
 Ateneo becomes socially aware
o Pugadlawin, Pandayan
 Planned the biggest student protest ever held (SONA)
o Time Ateneans considered themselves detached from society
o National Union of Students in the Philippines (NUSP), Kabataang Makabayan
 Edgar Jopson asked Marcos to sign a document guaranteeing that Marcos will not stay more than
1973.
o “what do you know, you are just a son of a grocer”
o Sign that Marcos is planning to stay
o 19 students died (students are going out yesterday just to protest)
 Magis and being a “man or woman for others”

1983
 Ninoy Assassination
o But it’s everyone who fought for the country