Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences Principles of Counselling
• *Advice / Advice giving – has to avoid breeding a
*Applied Social Science - An integrated science cutting across
and transcending various social science disciplines in
addressing a wide range of issues in a contemporary,
innovative, and dynamic way
- the application of Social Science, theories and
concepts.
Three Disciplines in Applied Social Science*
1. Counseling - The process of guiding a person during a
stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to
be made about himself or herself and his or her life
course
2. Social Work – associated with government welfare
and social programs aimed at achieving social justice,
fairness and attainment of social equilibrium.
3. Communication – deals with how human use verbal
and non-verbal messages to create meaning in
various contexts.
Discipline in Counseling – a relationship characterized by the
application of one or more psychological theories and
recognized set of communication skills appropriate to a client’s
intimate concerns, problems or aspirations.
*Counseling is designed to facilitate positive change in student
behavior, feelings and attitude.
*Psychometric Test – a kind of tests that measure the
intelligence, traits and others.
*Context and Basic Concepts of Counseling
 Urie Bronfenbrenner
 Peers as Context – kind of context that introduced by their
friends or family.
 Neighborhood as Context
 Culture as Context
 *Culture – source of norms, values, symbols, and
language
 Counseling as Context
 Client Factors – everything that a client brings to the
counselling context
 Counselor Factors – personality skills, and personal
qualities of a counselor can significantly impact the
outcomes of the counselling relationship.
 Contextual Factors – environment where to conduct
the counseling sessions
o *Quiet, Warm and Comfortable Place away
from distraction
 *Process Factors – actual counseling undertaking. The
goal towards INDEPENDENCE.
o Developing trust
o Exploring problem areas
o Helping to set goals
o Empowering into action
o Helping to maintain change
o Agreeing when to end the helping
relationship
Counseling aimed at empowering a client. Client
empowerment means that they develop skills and abilities that
require self-management and improved motivation toward
actions that are good for one’s self and develop positive
outlook toward the past.
Counselling provides clients the opportunity to get *emotional
release from their pent-up frustrations and other personal
issues.
relationship in which the counselee feels inferior and
emotionally dependent on the counselor
• *Reassurance – a valuable principle that can bring
about a sense of relief that may empower a client to
function normally again
• *Release of emotional tension – opportunity to ger
emotional release from their pent-up frustrations and
other personal issues.
• *Clarified Thinking – encourages a client to accept
responsibility for problems and to be more realistic in
solving them
• *Reorientation – involves a change in the client’s
emotional self through a change in basic goals and
aspirations
• *Listening Skills – attempt to understand both the
content of the client’s problem as they see it, and the
emotions thy experiencing related to the problem.
• *Respect – put their personal feelings aside and treat
the client with respect. In all circumstances, clients
must be treated with RESPESCT, no matter how
peculiar or utterly different they are from the
counselor.
• *Empathy and Positive Regard – Empathy requires
the counselor to listen and understand the feelings
and perspective of the client; Positive Regards is an
aspect of respect.
• *Clarification, confrontation and interpretation –
Clarification is an attempt by the counselor to restate
what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client
may learn something to understand the issue better.
• *Transference and Countertransference – When
clients are helped to understand transference
reaction, they are empowered to gain understanding
of important aspects of their emotional life.
Countertransference helps both clients and
counselors to understand the emotional and
perceptional reactions.
Core Values of Counseling
1. *Respect for human dignity. This means that the
counselor must provide a client unconditional
positive regard, compassion, non-judgmental
attitude, empathy, and trust.
2. Partnership. A counselor has to foster partnerships
with the various disciplines that come together to
support an integrated healing that encompasses
various aspects such as the physical, emotional,
spiritual, and intellectual.
3. *Autonomy. This entails respect for confidentiality
and trust in a relationship of counseling and ensuring
a safe environment that is needed for healing. It also
means that healing or any advice cannot be imposed
on a client.
4. Responsible caring. This primarily means respecting
the potential of every human being to change and to
continue learning throughout his/her life, and
especially in the environment of counseling.
5. Personal integrity. Counselors must reflect personal
integrity, honesty, and truthfulness with clients.
6. *Social justice. This means accepting and respecting
the diversity of the clients, the diversity of individuals,
their cultures, languages, lifestyles, identities,
ideologies, intellectual capacities, personalities, and
capabilities regardless of the presented issues.
Roles of a Guidance Counselor
• Assist the person or persons (clients) in realizing a
change in behavior or attitude, in seeking
achievement of goals, in finding help
 • Teach social skills, effective communication, spiritual
guidance, decision-making, and career choices
• Aid in coping with a crisis
*Philippine Republic Act No. 9258 defines a guidance
counselor as a natural person who has been professionally
registered and licensed by a legitimate entity and by virtue
of specialized training to perform the functions of
guidance and counseling.
FOUNDATION SKILLS of a GUIDANCE COUNSELOR
o Attending and Listening
o *Active Listening – listening with purpose
and responding in such a way that clients are
aware that they have both been heard and
understood.
o *Reflective Skills – key skills are restating,
paraphrasing and summarizing
o Probing skills – facilitate going deeper, asking more
directed or leading questions
Four (4) Common Skills that Require Studying the
Curriculum of Accumulated Scientific Knowledge
1. Communication skills
These include the ability to actively listen, demonstrate
understanding, ask appropriate questions, and provide
information as needed.
2. Motivational skills
These skills are the ones that influence a helpee to take
action after the helping session or consultation.
3. Problem-solving skills
These include differentiating between symptoms and the
problem, pinpointing probable causes and triggers for the
problem, and then generating a range of possible
solutions to the actual problem.
3. Conflict resolution skills
These involve learning about styles of conflict resolution
including recognizing the signs of conflict and learning the
process of conflict resolution.
Areas of Specialization where Counselor works,
1. Child development and counseling*
- includes parent education, preschool counseling, early
childhood education elementary counseling, child
counseling
2. Adolescent development and counseling
Middle and high school counseling
3. Gerontology (the aged)
Fastest growing field and essentially involves older
citizen
4. Marital relationship counseling
Premarital, marriage, family
5. Health
Nutrition, exercise, health
6. Career/ Lifestyle
Choices and decision-making pertaining to career or
lifestyle
7. College and university
Opportunities for college students
8. Drugs
Substance abuse, alcohol, drugs
9. Consultation
Agency and corporate consulting
10. Business and industry
Training and development of personnel
CAREER OPPORUTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS**
o Educational and school counselors
o Rehabilitation counselors
o Marriage and family counselors
o Mental health counselors
o Vocational or career counselors
o Addictions and behavioral counselors
o Genetics counselors
CODE OF ETHICS*
- states that counselor live and work in accordance with the
professional standards of conduct set forth for the practice of
guidance and counseling.
Principle 1 – Respect for the rights and dignity of the client
They respect clients’ rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-
determination and autonomy, consistent with the law. to
whatever professional action they propose.
Principle 2 – Competence
They recognize the limits of their expertise, engage in self-
care, and seek support and supervision to maintain the
standard of their work.
Principle 3 – Responsibility
They are aware of their professional responsibility to act
in a trustworthy, reputable, and accountable manner toward
clients, colleagues, and the community in which they work and
live.
Principle 4 – Integrity
They represent themselves accurately and treat others
with honesty, straightforwardness, and fairness.
Three Schools of Thought in Psychology
1. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud
- draw attention to the darker forces of the unconscious
and the influence that is has on how we feel about
ourselves
2. Behaviorism – BF Skinner
- effects of reinforcement on observable behavior
3. Humanistic Perspective – Carl Rogers, Maslow, Kelly
- understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity
and the capacity for self-refection and growth
Basic Counseling Approaches
 Psychoanalytic Therapy*
Sigmund Freud; human beings are basically determined by
psychic energy and early experiences
 Adlerian Therapy*
Alfred Adler; individual is greatly influenced by his/her pas
and is primarily motivated by social urges
 Existential Therapy
Frankl, Maslow, Rollo May; human capacity to define and
shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal
circumstances through reflection, decision making and
self-awareness
 Person-centered Therapy*
Carl Rogers; non-directive and focused on the client’s self-
discovery rather than input
-*psychological imbalance results from disparity between
conception of self and the real self
 Gestalt Therapy*
Frederick Perls; encourages clients to confront and
experience their feelings rather than to simply talk about
them
 Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne; emphasis on decisions and contracts that must
be made by the client
 Behavioral Therapy
Lazarus, Bandura, Skinner et al; targets the overt
behavior by specifying treatment goals and making
developing specific treatment plan
 Rational-emotive Therapy
 Albert Ellis; cognitively-oriented behavioral therapy and
id based on the assumption that human beings are born
with s potential for both rational and irrational thinking
 Reality Therapy*
William Glasser; Focuses on the client’s present
circumstances and highlights his/her strengths that can be
used to target realistic changes in behavior and thus
achieve success.
Frank Parsons – Father of Guidance and Counselling
*ASCA – American School Counselor Association
ASCA National Model – develop and precede by
efforts at delineating the best way to organize and manage
professional school counselor’s work
*Ratio of Guidance Counselor and Student
1:250 recommended by ASCA
1:500 recommended by CHED
1:1000 worse situation (Ched Memorandum Order 21, s. 2006)
Competence – separates social caregiving from social work
professional practice
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
Consultancy – professional activities through which social
workers and their clients plan, initiates and pursue actions
toward desired change
Resource Management – the act of coordinating,
systematizing and integrating resources and services needed
to support social functioning
Education – provision of knowledge and critical information
necessary for empowerment practice that facilitates informed
decision-making, increased abilities and gain access to
opportunities and resources foe a client

*Needs Assessment – the systematic observation of

symptoms of the client to determine the specific felt needs
*Intervention/ Program Design – the process of planning the
counseling methods and tools to be used for the client based
on what is needed
*Implementation – the process that involves acting on the
plan for an effective counseling
*Monitoring – the process of documenting the entire process
of counseling while it is going on
*Evaluation – the process of examining the results of
counseling to find out if the intended results were met or
unmet

Discipline of Social Work – associated with government

welfare and social programs aimed at achieving social justice,
fairness and attainment of social equilibrium

*SOCIAL WORK – promotes social changes, problem solving in

human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of
people to enhance well-being
- aim to protect vulnerable people from abuse,
neglect, or self-harm and to help enhance their well-being and
quality of life
- the social work profession promotes social change,
problem solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being

Context of Social Work – a place that requires professionals to

direct their service on the needs and empowerment of people
who experience some forms of vulnerability, oppression and
living in poverty

CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK

*Compassion – the basis for someone to go out and become a
voice to the voiceless and a friend to the people who need it
most
Service – directs social workers to go beyond purely
performing a service for a pay and allow them to be generous
with their time
*Social Justice – a basis of their understanding of the need to
ensure that everyone get serviced
Dignity and worth of the person – provide the determination
and drive for social workers to seek the marginalized in all
forms
Importance of human relationships – makes it possible for
social workers to do their job as most human situations they
seek to address
Integrity – necessary in human endeavors