Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
On
Origin of life in the Universe
By
Dr.A.P.Dhande
Professor, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune, India
apdhande@pict.edu
Abstract: The word Philo-Science is referred to as combination of science and Philosophy in this
paper. An attempt is made to answer the inquisitive question ‘How life was begin in Universe’ by
Philo-Science view. An existence of tiny life in the form of germs is well thought-out and is
philosophically proved here. Universe before and after Big-Bang is well explained in paper
‘Contemplation on Universe before Big-Bang’. Tiniest living germs that exist in Universe is
‘Eukaryotes’ of measured size 0.8 μm that are thought to has being evolved/became active
between about 1.7 billion and 1.9 billion years ago, after the Big-Bang. Eukaryotes are the cells
with parts that is the place to learn cells with nucleus and all sort of organelles. As these cells
were alive but inactive (Harbination) for 12.6 billion years after Big-Bang, but they became
active/live during 1.7 billion and 1.9 billion years after that. Like ‘Eukaryotes’ there may exist
tiniest organism in Universe. Other organisms are of type microbes: cyanobacteria, algae,
lichens, and fungi. The proposed paper takes this science view in consideration and with
philosophical view proves their existence after and before the time of Big- Bang and ultimately
origin of life in the Universe can be answered.
Key words: Philo-Science, Big-bang, Evolution, Plasma, Harbination. Dark matter.
Introduction: Origin of life is on the Earth is still a puzzling query for Human beings and
what subsequently is related with origin of life in the Universe. For the origin of life on Earth,
many theories are being proposed by Philosophers and researchers out of them few are religious
like „Golden embryo‟, Adam and Eve, Mayan, Sumerian, Dogon culture and many more. In
modern era theories like first life began in water, Ape theory from which modern Human has
evolved, Biology based theory, RNA world hypothesis, Panspermia theory, Extraterrestrial life
theory, life from comets etc. Out of those theories, no theory provides satisfactory answer to the
Human and hence this puzzle remains unsolved. [1]
Lots of research is being conducted by many countries like U.S.A., U.K, China by erecting radio,
space telescopes (Like Hubble, Spitzer), ground giant radio signal receiving stations from space
like S.E.T.I.( Search for extraterrestrial intelligence) and also by sending messages M.E.T.I
(Messaging for extraterrestrial intelligence) towards probable places/planets in the sky so as to
search an Extraterrestrial life on habitant planets that will suits as Human next residence than
Earth in Universe. Besides this few interplanetary spacecrafts are crossing our galaxy to visit
Exoplanets by carrying quoted information about our galaxy, our location in space (Pioneers
spacecraft launched in 1972, Voyager launched in 1977) by U.S.A.
Archeologist are searching for Alien‟s visit past history in ancient literature, by studying ancient
architectures, foot prints so that they may get some clue of alien life on unknown planets in the
Universe.
Recently June 3, 2016 JPL has explored tiny life from capsule return from International space
station by researcher Dr. Ventateswaran who has leaded this experiment on „can bacteria and
fungi survive in Outer space environment‟. Those were survived in that environment and
experiment was successful. [2].
Also NASA have published many photographs taken by its unmanned space crafts showcasing
pictures that resembles to be an ancient life was existing long past in history on Mars, like
photographs as that is on Earth[3] Besides this ESA is also sending probes on comets like
Rosetta to get clue of living beings in the form of tiny germs that may provide and prove life also
exists other than Earth in the Universe[4].Another attempt in this process is to search for an
Exoplanets that suits for life nearby stars. According to their view life in form other than Earth
may be in existence but the information acquired from those planets is as historical information
depending upon their distances from Earth. [5].
Many researchers like Dr.Stephen Hawking, Dr. Frank Drake are very much hopeful for life on
other planets than Earth. They contributed by proposing their theories, mathematical equations in
Astronomy[6].Theoretical, biological, philosophical, astronomical views on life in Universe by much
more of Mathematicians, Biologists, Philosophers and Astronomers are giving ideas that life exists in the
Universe[7].
According to researchers in Bio-Chemistry area, life existing in Universe must have a complex chain of
molecules called D.N.A. and subsequently R.N.A. as basic building block in their body for being alive
along with water and air as oxygen. But recent study predicts that oxygen and water are not necessary to
build D.N.A. but may have other form of life other than life on Earth surveying in Nitrogen, Helium.
Methane and many more unknown gases or plasma state of matter. Life in this form will survive in
immense cold or hot environment.
Besides this there are many astronomical articles available magazines, research Journals, documents, web
pages stating and supporting other form of life in the Universe [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].
From above, life in any form exists in Universe but an exact form of it is still unknown to Human on
Earth.
Philo-Science view
Proposed explanation takes in to account an existence of tiniest organism‟s consideration
because of the fact that they get habituated to any change in environment surrounding them.
They can survive in extreme cold as well as in extreme heat environment and also plasma state
of matter. [15, 16, 17].They was reported to live under deep ocean without light and food. They
might be living in entirely different world than on Earth. Apart from this they found near atomic
plants in high level radioactive nuclear waste and waste that include nuclear fuel processing like
plutonium-239,uranium-235.Other elements involved in plant are, like gases ,water, other solid
and of high active highest temperature of 10000c.
When ground water reacts with this nuclease waste, they react and produce highly alkaline
liquid. One such product linked to these activities, isosaccharinic acid (ISA), causes much concern as
it can react with a wide range of radionuclides - unstable and toxic elements that are formed during the
production of nuclear power and make up the radioactive component of nuclear waste. If the ISA binds to
radionuclides, such as uranium, then the radionuclides will become far more soluble and more likely to
flow out of the underground vaults to surface environments, where they could enter drinking water or the
food chain. However, the researcher‟s new findings indicate that microorganisms may prevent this
becoming a problem.
Working on soil samples from a highly alkaline industrial site in the Peak District( A District
National park, U.K), which is not radioactive but does suffer from severe contamination with
highly alkaline lime kiln wastes, they discovered specialist “extremophile” bacteria that thrive
under the alkaline conditions expected in cement-based radioactive waste. The organisms are not
only superbly adapted to live in the highly alkaline lime wastes, but they can use the ISA as a
source of food and energy under conditions.
For example, when there is no oxygen (a likely scenario in underground disposal vaults) to help
these bacteria “breathe” and break down the ISA, these simple single-cell microorganisms are
able to switch their metabolism to breath using other chemicals in the water, such as nitrate or
iron[18].
According to one of the researchers, from the University's School of Earth, Atmospheric and
Environmental Sciences, it is of very interested in these Peak District microorganisms. They must have
evolved to thrive at the highly alkaline lime-kiln site in only a few decades, it is highly likely that similar
bacteria will behave in the same way and adapt to living off ISA in and around buried cement-based
nuclear waste quite quickly[18 nuclear waste paper].
As an example ‘Deinococcus radiodurans‟ is an extremophilic bacterium, one of the
most radiation-resistant organisms known. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid,
and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest
bacterium and off course in space where vacuum is present unknown bacterium are surveyed.
They remain in hibernation mode and can become active/survive when favorable conditions are
met. The hibernation mode can persist for several of years for them.
It is reported in much literature that, before Universe formation there was only darkness [15
Puran], which clearly means there was no light present. Entire space was Hugh, without
boundaries with existing dark matter with Brownian motion. Dark matter might be consisting of
tiniest living being in it. An unknown power (referred to as God‟s power) or by Natural means
brought those random moving particles in uniform motion. In moving group of such particles, as
the space was Hugh, there maximum chances of collision of opposite stream of particles with
each other creating giant whirlpool/maelstrom in dark matter or because of vacuum (Ideally
vacuum is empty space without any matter but modern research shows existence of rarest density
material) created in dark matter resulting in giant whirlpool/maelstrom.
In ocean/river water whirlpool/ maelstrom, flowing water get attracted at point of origin i.e.at its
opening side of it and escapes from its end opening (End) wherever it finds empty spaces so that
total volume of water in oceans remains same as shown in figure (1).That is total volume of
water in oceans remains same and same is the case if of vacuum is created in dark matter
resulting in giant whirlpool/maelstrom but total volume of dark matter remains unchanged.
Fig 1: Whirlpool created in water (a) Deep and flowing wavy Water (b) Whirlpool formation
And (c)(d) End part of whirlpool in water with single and more than one opening.
But since the space in consideration is vacuum with lower density that that of tremendous speed
matter inside the maelstrom, the matter was exhausted out of maelstrom into vacuum creating
light (Time) and space in the form of Big-Bang. During this course, tiniest organisms present
must have been thrown out along with matter in earlier Universe and this matter became visible
when new Universe was formed with light. Reported temperature at the time of Big-Bang was
1035 0K at time t=0 which was lower down to 1027 0K due to inflation in 10-35 seconds and further
lowered to 107 0K in 1 month time [19] fig.3.
Big-Bang events (Chain of events) i.e. extreme hot gases at the beginning, forming tiniest
molecule, bonding of molecules & conversion into atoms, atom bonding forming dust along
remaining quantity of gases, dust bonding to small, middle and bigger celestial objects like
planets, their natural satellites, stars, Galaxies and upto today‟s Universe that is seen holds here.
Now, if drastic change in the temperature is noted, within a span of one month, the temperature
dropped to 2 x104 K and at this temperature, the tiniest living being already existing in dark
matter must have been oozed(Escape out off ) out at a point of Big Bang and thrown away into
newly created space and time. They with the formation of planets, meteors, comets gases state
they must be in build part of those celestial bodies and ultimately after millions of year in those
bodies and by cell division forming multi-cellular structure they may have acquired different
shapes and form (As shown in alien form on Discovery, National geographic TV serials).
So this is the probable reason how the life began in Universe.
(a): Temperature at Big Bang (b): Temperature Graph showing variations
Fig 3: Temperature and Time graph
Time Temperature
0 1035k
10-35sec 1027k
2
10 sec 109k
1 Month 107k
104yrs 2x104k
5
3 x 10 yrs 3x103k
Today beginning
Conclusion: Philo-Science view provides best approximation to other existing theories today. As
per earlier theories beginning of life is not predictable but if existence of tiny life before Big
Bang is considered, all possible questions can be answered. The proposed paper gives an idea
about the beginning of Universe.
References:
[1] A.P.Dhande “Analogy between two creations: Human and computer. Are we driven by Extraterrestrials (Call
God),2014,Http//www.amazon.com/dp/B013GP4EK.
[2] “Microbes in Space: JPL researchers explore tiny life “NASA, Jet Populasion Laboratory, California institute of
technology, News, June 3, 2016.
[3] “Mars Science laboratory, Curiosity Rover” NASA, Jet Populasion Laboratory, California institute of
technology.
[4]Tariq Malik “The Life and Death of the Rosetta Spacecraft: 2004 to 2016”September30,2016
[5] Exoplanets Exploration Program “Exoplanets exploration Beyond our solar system” Exoplanets
Exploration, April, 6, 2016.
[6] Joel Hruska“ Stephen Hawking may have finally solved the black hole „information‟
problem” Extreme tech,August 27, 2015.
[7] Frank Drake “The Drake Equation” SETI, 1961
[8] Microbes in Space: JPL Researcher Explores Tiny Life June 3, 2016
[9] „Stephen Hawking‟ Life in the Universe. Document available on /Life/Life in the Universe -
Stephen Hawking.www.google.com
[10] Neil deGrasse Tyson ‘The Search for Life in the Universe‟ NASA document June 30,
2003.
[11] Eukaryotes - Cells with Parts Life/Biology4Kids.com Microorganisms/Eukaryotes.htm
[12] Lynn Rothschild ‘Life in Extreme Environments: The Universe May Be More Habitable
Than We Thought, Volume 14 Number 1, 2002, Astra journal.
[13] Neil Gehrels „Balloon Experiments‟ Gamma Ray Tools, Multiwavelength-
astronomy/index.html.
[14] Alfredo Carpineti „We are not alone in the Universe‟ http://www.iflscience.com/space,
29/04/2016.
[15] http://www.astro.ucla.edu/ “Brief History of the Universe” Tutorial.
[16] Jesse Emspak “States of Matter: Plasma Live Science , May 5, 2016.
[17] http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/life-extreme-environments/
[18] R. E. Burns, W. E. Causey,W. E. Galloway, and-R. W. Nelson “Nuclear Waste Disposal in
Space” NASA Technical Paper 1225, MAY 1978
[19]Brief history of Universe „www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html‟