WEEK 3 – CONTROL

STRUCTURE : SELECTION –
PART I

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER AND

COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

1
 WEEK 3 OUTLINE
 Intro to control structure
 Types of selection
 One-way selection
 Two-way selection
 Multi-selection
 Compound statement

2
 Learning Objectives
 Apply concepts for developing algorithms, using variables and
structuring a C program

 Explain what is meant by a control structures

 Explain the three basic types of control structures

3
 Control Structures
 All programs can be written in terms of three control structures (like
building blocks)
 Sequence Structure
 ‘Built-in’ to C
 Unless otherwise directed, one statement after the next is executed
 Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default

Pseudo Code Flow Chart

Begin
• Begin
• Input A and B Input A,B
• Calculate A + B
• Print result of Calculate A + B
SUM
• End Print SUM

4 End
 Selection Structure
 Used to choose among alternative courses of action
 Used to control the flow of a program
 Also called as decision or branches
 Branches are conditions or choices used to enable selection of
program flow
 C has three types:
 If selection statement (one-way selection)
 If…else selection statement (two-way selection)
 Switch selection statement (multiple selection)

5
 One-way statement: If
 If structures is a single-entry/single-exit structure
 The primary tool of selection structure
 Used when we want a single or a group of statements to
be executed if the condition is true.
 If the condition is false, the statement is skipped and
program continues by executing the first statement after
the if selection structure
 Condition is express as a statement and two possible
outcomes are indicate by true and false (boolean
result).
6
 If syntax – Part 1

if (test expression)
{
statement/s to be executed if test expression is true;
}

 Exercise:
 Draw flowchart for the syntax above.
7
 Flowchart of if statement

Test True
expression

Statement (s)
False

8
 If Syntax – Part II
if (this logical expression is true) NO SEMI-COLON!
{
statement 1;
}
next_statement;

 The expression in parentheses can be any expression that results in a

value of true or false
 If the expression is true, Statement 1 is executed, after which the
program continues with next_statement
 If the expression is false, Statement 1 is skipped and execution
continues immediately with next_statement

9
 if statement – basic understanding
Is it raining?

If the answer is no, walk to work.

If the answer yes, take umbrella

OR

If it is not raining, I will walk to work. Otherwise, I

willE take umbrella.
Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above statement
10
 if statement – flowchart
False
False Expression
Is it raining? == True

True
True

Take umbrella Statement 1

Walk to work Next_Statement

11
 If statement – Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number to check.\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
if (num<0) { /* checking whether number is less than 0 or not. */
printf("Number = %d\n",num);
}
/*If test condition is true, statement above will be executed, otherwise it will not be executed */
printf("The if statement in C programming is easy.");
return 0; E

} Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
12
 If statement – Example 2
int main ()
{
int num;
printf (“Enter a number between -10 and 10:”);
scanf (“%d”, &num);
if (num > 0)
printf (“%d is a positive number\n”, num);
E return 0;
} Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
13
 If statement – Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void) {
int number = 0;
printf (“\nEnter an integer between 1 and 10);
scanf (“%d”, &number);
if (number > 5)
printf (“You entered %d which is greater than 5\n”, number);
if (number < 6)
printf (“You entered %d which is less than 6\n”, number);
return 0;
} E

Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
14
 If statement – Example 4
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;
/* check the boolean condition using if statement */
if( a < 20 )
{
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a); E
return 0; Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
} • Predict and display the output
15
 Two-way statement: if…else
 Specifies and action to be performed both when the
condition is true and when it is false
 If the boolean expression (or statements) evaluates to
true, then the if block of code will be executed,
otherwise else block of code will be executed.

16
 If…else syntax

NO SEMI-COLON!
if (this logical expression is true)
{
statements(s) will be execute if the boolean expression
is true
}
NO SEMI-COLON!
else
}
statement(s) will be execute if the boolean expression is false
}

 Exercise:
 Draw flowchart for the syntax above.
17
 Flowchart of if…else statement

True
Test
expression

False
If code

Else code

18
 If…else statement – basic understanding

If the rain today is worse than the rain yesterday

I will take my umbrella

else

I will take my jacket

Then I will go to work

E

Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above statement
19
 If…else statement – Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
nt main ()
{
int num;
printf (“Enter a number between -10 and 10;”);
scanf (“%d”, &num);
if (num > 0 )
printf(“%d is a positive number\n”, num);
else
printf (“%d is a negative number\n”, num);
return 0;
} Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
20
 If…else statement – Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int number;
printf (“Enter a number you want to check.\n”);
scanf (“%d”, &num);
if ((number%2) == 0) /*checking whether remainder is 0 or not*/
printf (%d is even.”, num);
else
printf (“%d is odd.”, num);
return 0;
E
}
Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
21
 If…else statement – Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a = 100;
if( a < 20 ) {
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
else {
/* if condition is false then print the following */
printf("a is not less than 20\n" );
}
E
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);
Exercise:
return 0; • Draw flowchart for the above code
} • Predict and display the output
22
 Multi-statement: if…else if
 An if…else if control structure shifts program control,
step by step, through a series of statement blocks.
 Is used when program requires more than one test
expression.
 Very useful to test various conditions using single if…else
statatement.

23
 If…else if syntax
if (test expression1) {
statements(s) to be execute if test expression1 is true;
}
else if (test expression2) {
statement(s) to be execute if test expression1 is false and 2 is true;
}
else if (test expression3) {
statement(s) to be execute if test expression1 and 2 are false and 3 is true;
}
.
.
else {
statements to be executed if all test expressions are false;
}

 Exercise:
 Draw flowchart for the syntax above.
24
 If…else if statement – Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int numb1, numb2;
printf("Enter two integers to check".\n);
scanf("%d %d", &numb1,&numb2);
if(numb1==numb2) /*checking whether two integers are equal*/.
printf("Result: %d = %d",numb1,numb2);
else if(numb1>numb2) /*checking whether numb1 is greater than numb2*/
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb1,numb2);
else
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb2,numb1);
Exercise:
return 0; • Draw flowchart for the above code
} • Predict and display the output
25
 If…else if statement – Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a = 100;
if( a == 10 ) {
printf("Value of a is 10\n" ); }
else if( a == 20 ) {
printf("Value of a is 20\n" ); }
else if( a == 30 ) {
printf("Value of a is 30\n" ); }
else {
printf("None of the values is matching\n" ); }
printf("Exact value of a is: %d\n", a ); Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
return 0; • Predict and display the output
26
}
 Compound (Block of)Statement:
 Any block of the code is written or embedded inside the
pair of the curly braces.
 If condition specified inside the ‘if block’ is true, then
code block written inside the pair of curly braces will be
executed
 If expression evaluates to false, all the statements between
the braces following the else will be executed
 In either case, execution continues with next statement.

27
 Compound of statement: syntax
if (expression)
{
StatementA1;
StatementA2;
…..
}
else
{
StatementB1;
StatementB2;
…..
}

Next_Statement;

 Exercise:
 Draw flowchart for the syntax above.
28
 Compound Statement– basic understanding

If the weather is sunny,

I will walk to the park, eat a picnic and walk home

else

I will stay in, watch football and drink coke.

E

Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above statement
29
 Compound statement– Example 1
int main ( )
{
int num = 10 ;
if(num > 0)
{
printf ("\nNumber is Positive");
printf ("\nThis is The Example of Compound Statement");
}
} Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
30
 Compound statement– Example 2
if (iAge > 17 )
{
printf (“Eligible to take car driving license\n”);
print (“Allow to register at driving school\n”);
}
else
{
printf (“Not eligible to drive\n”);
printf (“Not allows to register at driving school\n”);
Exercise:
} • Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
31
 END

32