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WELCOME ABOARD!
SKMA 4513
AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Students are reminded that the slides are served solely for the
learning purpose and must be aware of the copyright issue.
issue
Tasks Marks
Notice the main difference of their landing gears?
7
More photo of light aircrafts…
More photo of light aircrafts…
8
More photo of light aircrafts…
More photo of light aircrafts…
Regardless their shapes & tail configurations are, they are still flyable and stable in the air!!
9
Brief History of UAV
Brief History of UAV
Th earliest
The li recorded
d d uses off Unmannedd Aerial
i l Vehicle
hi l
(UAV
UAV)) was in the mid 1800
1800’s
’s when the Austrian trying to
send bombs to the enemies, Venice by using bomb‐
bomb‐filled
balloons.. The balloons were launched from the Austrian
balloons
warship, Vulcano
Vulcano.. Some of the balloons successfully hit
the targets but some unfortunately were carried away by
the wind!
10
Amazing UAV facts
• 4 UAVs
UAV with
ith 2000 lb bombs
b b attacked
tt k d the
th Japanese
J
merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits
(1944)
Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997
P W ld War
Pre-World W II World War II 19 0
1950s
• Manned aircraft • Manned aircraft • Manned aircraft
- Reciprocating engines - Recips mature - Turbojets mature
- Biplanes to monoplanes - Structures mature - Advanced metalics
- Fabric to semi-monocoque - First jets - Supersonics mature
• Unmanned • Unmanned • Unmanned
- First unmanned vehicle - First combat use - First real systems
- First UAV - First drones - UAVs stagnate
1960s 1970s 1980s
• Manned aircraft • Manned aircraft • Manned aircraft
- Turbofans mature - Full fly by wire - Commercial FBW
- First composites - Early digital systems - Composites mature
- First fly by wire • Unmanned - Full digital systems
- Complex analog systems - First combat UAV • Unmanned
• Unmanned - First research UAV - Cruise missiles
- UAVs go to war - First tactical UAV - Tactical UAV (again)
• Other - Unmanned space 1990s - Unmanned 2000 and on
1990s - Manned aircraft - DARO Family of Vehicles - UAVs mature
- Co-cured composites - Tactical UAVs (again) - Manned/unmanned
- Pilots as managers - USAF / DARPA UCAV synergy co existence
synergy,co-existence
- Netted systems • Other - Reusable launchers
c 2004 LM Corporation Introduction to UAVs
12
And there are many kinds
ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm
Fixed wing
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm
Rotary
wing
Tilt wing/rotor
g
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Others define the system differently but at the bottom line there is
no difference - without all the elements, the system won’t work
Joint Stars
Target
MCE Set
Mission Control
Element (MCE)
Launch and Recovery
Element (LRE)
Global
Comms
External
Systems
Space
National Q Q/P Q/P
Relay
Imagery P
Data MCS
Fusion
Theater Data UCAV
Imagery P C
P Fusion
Air •Sensing
P
Relay
e ay •Control
National Q Q Q
P
SIGINT P C P
Mission
Sensor Planning
Management R R
The environment(s) in
Theater
SIGINT P Direct
P P P Q/P C P
Comms
UCAV
Q/P
Communications Network
c 2004 LM Corporation Course Introduction
15
2. Air Vehicle Element
The Airplane(s)
h //
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
d / / l b l k/
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
The Payload(s)
c 2004 LM Corporation Course Introduction
19
5. Support Element
Project
P j t Description
D i ti
1) Your Group/aircraft name
2) List of your team member
3) Leader name
4) Your aircraft basic specifications (i.e. mission etc. )
The aircraft design process are the steps by which aircraft are
designed.
designed These depend on many factors such as customer and
manufacturer demand, safety protocols, physical and economic
constraints etc. For some types of aircraft the design process is
g
regulated byy national airworthiness authorities.
Aircraft
c a t des
design
g iss a co p o se bet
compromise between
ee many
a y co
competing
pet g factors
acto s a
and
d
constraints and accounts for existing designs and market requirements
to produce the best aircraft
,p p p gg p
For the next studio class, please prepare the following graphs
(but not limited to):
1. Weight vs
Weight vs Wing Loading
2. Weight vs
Weight vs Endurance (or Range)
3. Range
Range vs
vs Endurance
4. Cruising Speed
Cruising Speed vs
vs Weight
5. Service Ceiling
Service Ceiling vs
vs Weight
6. Wing Area (or Wing Span) vs
Wing Area (or Wing Span) vs Wing Loading
& any necessary graphs you can think of!
AND A SKETCH OF YOUR PROPOSED AIRCRAFT!
Department of Aeronautical, Automotive & Ocean Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
35
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Source: Modern Aircraft Design Techniques, William H. Mason
Settling Chamber
• Heat Exchanger Test Section
• Honeycomb
• 3 Screens
6- Component
Balance Load Range 6-Component
6 Component Ext. Semi-Span
Semi Span Balance
Internal Balance
Balance
Half-Model Testing
2‐D Aerofoil Testing
f g
Pressure Measurement Distribution
UTM Test Model
y Surface pressure
p
di ib i
distribution test
y NACA 0012 with Trailing
Edge Flap
y Chord 0.5 m
y Span 1.5 m
y 96 pressure taps
(centerline and off‐
centerline)
Department of Aeronautical, Automotive & Ocean Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
42
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Current Typical
yp Design
g Process
Source: Modern Aircraft Design Techniques, William H. Mason
Source: Modern Aircraft Design Techniques, William H. Mason
Department of Aeronautical, Automotive & Ocean Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
44
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Current issues of interest in MDO also include the
consideration of the effects of uncertainty of computed
results and efficient geometric representation of aircraft.
MDO is an active research area and will be a key to
improving future aircraft design.
* For additional information see RayAD 3.2-3.5 & 6.2 and RosAD.1 2.0-2.4
Another commonly used form of weight parametric (for an UAV with zero
crew):
• Empty weight fraction and fuel fraction are key design parametrics
- They vary widely with design mission and vehicle class
- There are physical constraints on what they can be
0.50
SE P
Prop SE Prop
0.70
ME Prop 0.40 ME Prop
Biz Jet Biz Jet
Reg TBP 0.30 Reg TBP
0.60
Jet Transp Jet Transp
Typical
yp value Mil Trainer 0 20
0.20 Mil Trainer
0.50 Fighters Fighters
Mil. PBC 0.10 Mil. PBC
FW UAV FW UAV
0.40 0.00
0 100000 200000 0 100000 200000
Nominal Gross Weight Nominal Gross Weight
Minimum = .437
A
Average = .59
59
Median = .59
0.700 Maximum = .791
0.600
0 500
0.500
0.400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
GTOW (lbs)
Data source - Roskam, (RosAD.1)
Minimum = .113
A
Average = .13
13
0.400 Median = .12
Maximum = .283
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Data source -
GTOW (lbs) RosAD.1,
Table 2.4
• Current UAVs are designed primarily for endurance. Empty weight and
fuel fractions correlate accordingly.
0.80 0.80
Piston Piston
Jet Turboprop
0.70 0.70
Piston J t
Jet
Global Hawk
Jet Jet
0.60 0.60 Piston
0.50 0.50
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 0 8 16 24 32 40 48
Max Endurance (hrs) Max Endurance (hrs)
• Payload
Pa load definitions
- Internal/external stores and removable mission equipment are
considered payload
- For manned aircraft, ppassengers
g are defined as p
payload,
y crew
members and their equipment are not
0.25
0 30
0.30
0.20 0.15
0.10 0 05
0.05
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
GTOW (lbs) GTOW (lbs)
Piston
0.30
0.30 Jet
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10
0.00
0.00
50000 250000 450000 650000
0 10000 20000 30000
GTOW (lbs) Gross weight (Lbs)
A variety off sources will provide parametric data ffor bottoms-up weight
estimates
- Payload weight and fuel fraction will be input as variables
- RayAD
y Table 15.2 weight
g fractions are used for landing
gggear and systems
y
plus avionics
RayAD Table 15.2 lists airframe component unit weights (weight per unit
area) for three vehicle types:
1. g g
Straight Wing
The straight wing is found mostly on small, low-speed airplanes.
These wings provide the most efficient lift at low speeds, but are
not suited for high speed flight approaching the speed of sound
sound.
2. Turbo-Jet : Turbo-jet is a gas turbine engine with the thrust is produced from the
expansion of the hot gas combustion through nozzle
3. Turbo-Fan: Turbo-fan is a turbo-jet furnished with fan to increase the driving efficiency
of a low and medium speed aircraft
5. Turbo-shaft: Turbo-shaft is a gas turbine engine using rotor blade to convert engine
power to thrust – notably used by helicopter
100
Of Life Cyclle Cost
95
85
Detailed
Design
Preliminary
70 Design
Percent O
50 Concept
Design
Cumulative
Pre-concept
Design
C
10
75
Examples
Engine cost
- Raymer’s cost discussion includes an equation for
engine procurement cost in $1999
R(propul) = 2251*(0.043*Tmax + 243.25Mmax
+ 0.969*TiT -2228) (13.11)
where
Tmax = Maximum thrust (lb)
Mmax = Maximum Mach
TiT = Turbine inlet temperature ((degR)
g )
≈ 2000 - 2500 degR
Avionics cost
y
- Raymer recommends a weight
g based approximation
pp
of $3000-$6000 per pound ($1999)
76
Trade Studies
77
Table
T bl 19.1
19 1
Source : Raymer
78
Growth-sensitivity
G th iti it trade
t d studies
t di determine
d t i how
h much h the
th aircraft
i ft weight
i ht will
ill be
b
impacted if various parameters such as drag or specific fuel consumption should
increase.
79
REGULATIONS
t i have
All countries h l for
rules f how
h i ft mustt operate
aircraft t in
i
their airspace.
1. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
What we do
Air transport is one of the safest modes of travel. It is also the fastest growing. That is why
the European Union decided on a common initiative to keep air transport safe and
sustainable, allowing for growth and improved safety. It is called the European Aviation
Safety Agency.
The Agency promotes the highest common standards of safety and environmental
protection in civil aviation in Europe and worldwide. It is the centrepiece of a new
regulatory system which provides for a single European market in the aviation industry.
A milestone achievement of the agency in December 2006 was the certification of the
Airbus A380, the world's largest airliner.
80
REGULATIONS (cont’d)
The agency's responsibilities include:
The agency's responsibilities are growing to meet the challenges of the fast-developing
aviation sector. In a few years, the Agency will also be responsible for safety regulations
regarding airports and air traffic management systems.
Based in Cologne, the agency already employs some 500 professionals from across
Europe. It will continue to recruit highly qualified specialists and administrators in the
coming years as it consolidates its position as Europe's centre of excellence in aviation
safety.
f t
*Source: http://easa.europa.eu/home.php
81
REGULATIONS (cont’d)
2. Federal Aviation Regulations
The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FARs, are rules prescribed by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) governing all aviation activities in the United States.
The FARs are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). A wide variety of
activities are regulated, such as airplane design, typical airline flights, pilot training
activities, hot-air ballooning, lighter-than-air aircraft, man-made structure heights,
obstruction lighting and marking, and even model rocket launches and model
aircraft operation.
The rules are designed to promote safe aviation, protecting pilots, flight attendants,
passengers and the general public from unnecessary risk.
82
REGULATIONS (cont’d)
Federal Aviation Regulations
Parts in FAR (not all listed)
83
REGULATIONS (cont’d)
Part 23
Part 23 contains airworthiness standards for airplanes in the normal, utility, aerobatic, and
commuter categories. It dictates the standards required for issuance and change of type certificates
for airplanes in these categories.
g E.g.,
g the maximum takeoff weight g of an airplane in the normal,
utility or acrobatic category cannot exceed 12,500 lb, while in the commuter category it cannot
exceed 19,000 lb.
This part has a large number of regulations to ensure airworthiness in areas such as structural
loads, airframe, performance, stability, controllability, and safety mechanisms, how the seats must
be constructed, oxygen and air pressurization systems, fire prevention, escape hatches, flight
management procedures, flight control communications, emergency landing procedures, and other
limitations, as well as testing of all the systems of the aircraft. It also determines special aspects of
aircraft performance such as stall speed (e.g., for single engine airplanes – not more than 61
knots), rate of climb (not less than 300 ft/min), take-off speed (not less than 1.2 x VS1), and weight
of each pilot and passenger (170 lb for airplanes in the normal and commuter categories, and
190 lb for airplanes in the acrobatic and utility categories).
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations
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You have to submit the report by 19 October 2015
before 3 pm …!!
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