Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) is the protocol for

carrier transmission access in Ethernet networks. On Ethernet, any device

can try to send a frameat any time. Each device senses whether the line is
idle and therefore available to be used. If it is, the device begins to transmit its
first frame. If another device has tried to send at the same time, a collision is
said to occur and the frames are discarded. Each device then waits a random
amount of time and retries until successful in getting its transmission sent.

CSMA/CD is specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard.

Difference Between Connection-oriented

and Connection-less Services
July 14, 2017 Leave a Comment

Co
mmunication can be established in two ways between two or more devices that
are connection-oriented and connection-less. Network layers can offer these two
different types of services to its predecessor layer for transferring
data. Connection-oriented services involve the establishment and
termination of the connection while connection-less services don’t require
any connection creation and termination processes for transferring data.
Another difference between connection-oriented and connection-less services is
connection-oriented communication uses a stream of data and is vulnerable to
router failure while connection-less communication uses messages and is robust
to router failure.

Content: Connection-oriented Vs Connection-less

Services
1. Comparison Chart

2. Definition

3. Key Differences

4. Conclusion

Comparison Chart

BASIS OF CONNECTION-ORIENTED CONNECTION-LESS

COMPARISON SERVICE SERVICE

Prior Connection Necessary Not required

Requirement

Reliability Ensures reliable transfer of data. Not guaranteed.

Congestion Unlikely Occur likely.

Transferring mode It can be implemented using circuit It is implemented using packet

switching and virtual circuit. switching.

Lost data Feasible Practically, not possible.

retransmission

Suitability Suitable for long and steady Suitable for bursty

 BASIS OF CONNECTION-ORIENTED CONNECTION-LESS

COMPARISON SERVICE SERVICE

communication. Transmission.

Signalling Used for connection establishment. There is no concept of

signalling.

Packet forwarding Packets sequentially travel to their Packets reach the destination

destination node and follows the same randomly without following the

route. same route.

Delay There is a delay in transfer of Because to the absence of

information, but once the connection is connection establishment phase,

established faster delivery can be the transmission is faster.

achieved.

Resource Need to be allocated. No prior allocation of the

Allocation resource is required.

Definition of Connection-oriented Service

Connection-oriented service is analogous to the telephone system that
requires communication entities to establish a connection before sending data.
TCP provides Connection-oriented services as does ATM, Frame
Relay and MPLShardware. It uses handshake process to establish the
connection between the sender and receiver.

A handshake process includes some steps which are:

 Client requests server to set up a connection for transfer of data.

  Server program notifies its TCP that connection can be accepted.

 The client transmits a SYN segment to the server.

 The server sends SYN+ACK to the client.

 Client transmits 3rd segment i.e. just ACK segment.

 Then server terminates the connection.

More precisely, it sets up a connection uses that connection then terminates the
connection.

Reliability is achieved by having recipient acknowledge each message. There

are sequencing and flow control, that’s the reason packets received at the
receiving end are always in order. It uses circuit switching for transmission
of data.

Connection Oriented and

Connectionless Services
These are the two services given by the layers to layers above them. These services are:

1. Connection Oriented Service

2. Connectionless Services

Connection Oriented Services

There is a sequence of operation to be followed by the users of connection oriented service.
These are:

1. Connection is established.

2. Information is sent.
3. Connection is released.

In connection oriented service we have to establish a connection before starting the

communication. When connection is established, we send the message or the information
and then we release the connection.
Connection oriented service is more reliable than connectionless service. We can send the
message in connection oriented service if there is an error at the receivers end. Example of
connection oriented is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) protocol.

Connection Less Services

It is similar to the postal services, as it carries the full address where the message (letter) is
to be carried. Each message is routed independently from source to destination. The order
of message sent can be different from the order received.
In connectionless the data is transferred in one direction from source to destination without
checking that destination is still there or not or if it prepared to accept the message.
Authentication is not needed in this. Example of Connectionless service is UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) protocol.

Difference: Connection oriented and Connectionless

service

1. In connection oriented service authentication is needed, while connectionless service

does not need any authentication.

2. Connection oriented protocol makes a connection and checks whether message is

received or not and sends again if an error occurs, while connectionless service protocol
does not guarantees a message delivery.

3. Connection oriented service is more reliable than connectionless service.

4. Connection oriented service interface is stream based and connectionless is

message based
Connection-oriented transport service priorly constructs a virtual
circuitbetween two remote devices. To this end, COTS makes four different
kinds of services available to the upper layers:

T-CONNECT This service enables a full duplex transport connection on a remote device

with a peer function.

T-DATA This service is used to transfer data, it could provide uncertain service and

restricted amount of data but

still, it is reliable.

T-EXPEDITED- This service is also used for transferring data, but it carries a limited
DATA amount expedited data up to 16 octets (bytes).

T-DISCONNECT It is used to terminate the Transport connection and to reject a connection

request also.

where, T stands for Transfer.

Definition of Connection-less Service

Connection-less service is analogous to the postal system. In which packets of
data (usually known as a datagram) is transmitted from source to destination
directly. Each packet is treated as an individual entity, which allows
communication entities to send data before establishing communication. Each
packet carries a destination address to identify the intended recipient.

Packets don’t follow a fixed path that is the reason the packets received at
receiver end can be out of order. It uses packet switching for transmission of
data.

Most network hardware, the Internet Protocol (IP), and the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) provides connection-less service.
Connection-less Transport services offer only one type of service to its upper
layer that is T-UNIT-DATA. It provides a single solitary data unit for all
transmission. Each unit contains all of the protocol control information
necessary for delivery but does not include provision for sequencing and flow
control.

Key Differences Between Connection-oriented and

Connection-less Services
The points given below explains the difference between connection-oriented and
connection-less services:

1. There is a requirement for prior connection for communication in

connection-oriented services, in contrast, it is not needed in connection-
less services.

2. Reliability is more in connection-oriented as compared to connection-less

services.
 3. Traffic congestion is greater in connection-less services whereas its
occurrence is rare in connection-oriented services.

4. In connection-oriented services order of packets received at the

destination is same as sent from the source. On the contrary, the order
might change in connection-less services.

5. All packets follow the same path in connection-oriented services while

packets follow a random path to reach the destination in connection-less
services.

6. Connection-oriented service is appropriate for long and steady

communication whereas connection-less service is fit for bursty
transmission.

7. In connection-oriented services, sender and receiver are synchronized

with each other while it is not the case of connection-less services.

8. Connection-oriented services use circuit switching on the other hand

packet switching is used in connection-less services.

9. Bandwidth requirement is higher in Connection-oriented services whereas

its low in connection-less services.
Conclusion:
Both connection-oriented and connection-less services have their merits and
demerits. Connection-oriented service is reliable and appropriate for long
distance communication, but it’s slow and requires higher bandwidth. Similarly,
connection-less service is fast, needs minor bandwidth and adequate for bursty
communication, but is not always reliable.

So, we conclude that both services have their equal importance and are
necessary for data transmission and communication.

Hubs are used to expand the size of a LAN. Hubs are mainly used to expand the
number of devices that can be used on a LAN.
A switch is used to segment a LAN into separate networks. If the traffic on you LAN
were flooding the network with data then you would install a switch to segment the
traffic.

Routers are used to connect a WAN or WANS to your LAN or connect dissimilar
networks together. Routers can be used to filter and isolate traffic or segment network
traffic like switches.

The differences of a router and switch can be confusing. A router can search among
multiple active paths and determine which is the best path at that particular moment. In
contrast, a switch can recognize only one path between networks.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAC ADDRESS AND IP ADDRESS

What is the difference between MAC address and IP address?

Solution:

Both the addresses represent a unique node (computer or any other machine) in the network. Each node in the IP
network has both MAC address and IP address which it stores in its own IP Stack.

MAC Address (or Hardware address or Physical Address):

This is the hard coded 48 - bit (6 byte) address, burned into the ROM of the NIC (Network Interface Card). They are
expressed as six pairs of hexadecimal digits (12 hexadecimal digits), usually written in one of the following formats.

MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS

The first half (3 bytes –MM:MM:MM) are vendor numbers which is the address of manufacturer (also called the OUI –
Organizationally Unique Identifier), and the 2nd half is NIC serial number assigned by the manufacturer to this
adapter, or station address.
This gives a theoretical 281,474,976,710,656 addresses. This is more than 56,000 MAC addresses for each person
on the planet! MAC address works at the data link layer of the OSI model and allows computers to uniquely identify
themselves in the network at a relatively lower level.You can see your MAC address on your Windows machine using
ipconfig/all command

IP Address:

IP Address works at the network layer of OSI model (actually the IP layer of TCP/IP model). This is a logical address
(and not the embedded hardware address) which is assigned by the Network administrator or Internet service
provider. Hence IP address may change each time you connect with the Internet.

An IP address reveals which element on which network it is while the same cannot be extracted from a MAC address.
MAC is one of the security methods in WiFi. IP address is only required when a computer need to participate in the
data transfer using the IP layer of TCP/IP protocol suite.

Depending on the version of IP Addressing being used, the IP address can be 32 bits long (IPv4) or 128 bits long
(IPv6, a new IP addressing scheme designed because, total number of addresses in IPv4 were exhausting).

IP addresses are allocated based on the geographic location of machine. A unique IP address 127.0.0.1 is called
local host and is reserved for each computer to be used internally. A packet sent to this address will actually loop
back from IP layer only (and will not go to the physical layer at all). This is primarily used for testing purposes where
the same machine is acting as both client and server.

IP addresses are allocated based on the geographic location of machine.

A unique IP address 127.0.0.1 is called local host and is reserved for each computer to be used internally. A packet
sent to this address will actually loop back from IP layer only (and will not go to the physical layer at all). This is
primarily used for testing purposes where the same machine is acting as both client and server.

Source: https://www.ritambhara.in/difference-between-mac-address-and-ip-address/

perm_identity
Differences between Virtual Circuits & Datagram
Networks
Computer networks that provide connection-oriented service are called Virtual
Circuits while those providing connection-less services are called as Datagram
networks. For prior knowledge, the Internet which we use is actually based on
Datagram network (coonection-less) at network level as all packets from a source to
a destination do not follow same path.
Let us see what are the highlighting differences between these two hot debated
topics here:

Virtual Circuits-
1. It is connection-oriented simply meaning that there is a reservation of
resources like buffers, CPU, bandwidth,etc. for the time in which the newly
setup VC is going to be used by a data transfer session.
 2. First packet goes and reserves resources for the subsequent packets which as
a result follow the same path for the whole connection time.
3. Since all the packets are going to follow the same path, a global header is
required only for the first packet of the connection and other packets generally
don’t require global headers.
4. Since data follows a particular dedicated path, packets reach inorder to the
destination.
5. From above points, it can be concluded that Virtual Circuits are highly reliable
means of transfer.
6. Since each time a new connection has to be setup with reservation of
resources and extra information handling at routers, its simply costly to
implement Virtual Circuits.

Datagram Networks :
1. It is connectionless service. There is no need of reservation of resources as
there is no dedicated path for a connection session.
2. All packets are free to go to any path on any intermediate router which is
decided on the go by dynamically changing routing tables on routers.
3. Since every packet is free to choose any path, all packets must be associated
with a header with proper information about source and the upper layer data.
4. The connectionless property makes data packets reach destination in any
order, means they need not reach in the order in which they were sent.
5. Datagram networks are not reliable as Virtual Circuits.
6. But it is always easy and cost efficient to implement datagram networks as
there is no extra headache of reserving resources and making a dedicated each
time an application has to communicate.