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Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
2 2
x2 y z
st nd
Take 1 and 2 ratio, we have
dx dy
2
x2 y
Integrating, we get
1 1
c1
x y
1 1
c1
y x
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have
dy dz
2
y2 z
Integrating, we get
1 1
c2
y z
1 1
c2
z y
Hence the required solution is
1 1 1 1
F , 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y x z y
2. Solve ( D 2 D D ) z 0
3 2
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ex y
D 2 DD D 2
1
2 ex y
(1) 2(1)( 1) (1) 2
1
ex y
4
4. Solve the equation ( D D ) z 0
3
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ( x y)
D 3DD 2 D 2
1
( x y)
2 3DD 2 D 2
D 1
D2
1
1 3DD 2 D 2
2 1 ( x y)
D D2
1 3DD 2 D 2
2 1 2
( x y )
D D
1
( x y) 0
D2
1 x2
x y
D2
x3 x 2 y
6 2
6. Solve: ( D 2 DD D ) z 0
2 2
7. Solve: ( D 2 D )( D 2 D 1) z 0
Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous.
( D 2D)(D 2D 1) z 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z e 0 x f1 ( y 2 x ) e x f 2 ( y 2 x )
(i.e.) z f1 ( y 2 x) e x f 2 ( y 2 x)
8. Solve ( D D D DD D ) z 0
3 2 2 3
2z
10. Solve: sin y
x2
2z
Sol. Given sin y
x2
z
x sin y f ( y )
x
x2
(i.e.) z sin y x f ( y ) ( y )
2
2 z
11. Solve: xy
xy
2 z
Sol. Given xy
xy
z x y2
f ( x)
x 2
x2 y2
(i.e.) z F ( x) ( y )
4
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b from
z ( x 2 a 2 )( y 2 b 2 )
Given z ( x a )( y b ) ---------- (1)
2 2 2 2
Sol.
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
z
p (2 x)( y 2 b 2 )
x
p
y 2 b 2 ( 2)
2x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z
q ( x 2 a 2 )(2 y )
y
q
x 2 a 2 (3)
2y
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have
q p
z .
2 y 2x
(i.e.) 4 xy z pq
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ and ‘b’
from z = ax + by.
Sol. Given z ax by ---------- (1)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
z
p a ( 2)
x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
z J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
q b (3)
y ASSISTANTPROFESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have KANYAKUMARI -
629401
z px qy
4
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from ( x a ) ( y b ) z cot
2 2 2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2y
Substitute (3) in equation (2), we have
2
q
p
2y
4 y2 p q2
16. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from z ( x a ) ( y b )
2 2
17. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from z ax by
n n
18. Find the partial differential equation of all planes cutting equal intercepts from the
x and y axes.
Sol. The equation of the plane is
x y z
1 ------------ (1)
a a c
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
1 p
0 0
a c
p 1
(2)
c a
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
1 q
0 0
a c
q 1
(3)
c a
Divide (2) by (3), we get
p
1
q
(i.e.) p q.
19. Form the partial differential equation of all spheres whose centre lies on the z-axis.
Sol. Any point on the z-axis is of the form (0, 0, a)
J.
MUradius
Then the equation of the sphere with centre (0, 0, a) and THUERUkL(say)
APPANis
,M.SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STAN TPROF ESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
x 2 y 2 ( z a) 2 k 2 -------------- (1) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI -
629401
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constant.
6
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
21. Find the partial differential equation of the family of spheres having their centres on the
line x = y = z.
Sol. Since the centre (a, b, c) lies on the line x = y = z, we have a = b = c
Hence the equation of the sphere is
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + (z – a)2 = r2 ---------------- (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constants.
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
2( x a) 2( z a) p 0
2 x 2 z p 2 a (1 p) (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
2( y a ) 2( z a ) q 0
2 y 2 z q 2 a (1 q) (3)
Divide (2) by (3), we get
2 ( x z p) 1 p
2 ( y z q) 1 q
( x z p )(1 q ) ( y z q )(1 p )
x xq z p z pq y y p zq z pq
(i.e.) ( y z ) p ( z x) q x y J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
22. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from
x
z 2 xy , 0
z
x
Sol. The given equation can be written as z xy f -------------- (1)
2
z
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
x z.1 x. p
2 z p y f (2)
z z
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
p x
q y
(i.e.) p y q x
24. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating an arbitrary function from
z xy f ( x 2 y 2 )
Sol. Given z xy f ( x y ) -------------- (1)
2 2
25. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating an arbitrary function from
z f (x2 y2 ) x y
Sol. Given z f ( x y ) x y -------------- (1)
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. y, we get
t f1 ( x) f 2( y) (6)
From (2) and (3) we have
p q f1 ( x) f 2 ( y) f1( x) f 2( y)
(i.e.) p q z s
27. Find the complete integral of p q 1
Sol. Given p q 1 --------------- (1)
The solution of equation (1) is
z axb yc
where a b 1
b 1 a
b 1 a
2
Sol. Given p q 4 pq 0
2 2
b2 4 a b a2 0
4a 16a 2 4.1.a 2
b
2. 1
4a 12 a 2
2
4a 2a 3
a (2 3 )
2
Hence the complete integral is
z a x a (2 3 ) y c
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Integrating , we get
x2
z ay b
2a
which is the complete integral.
z x y
31. Find the complete integral of pq
pq q p
z x y
Sol. Given pq
pq q p
z p x q y p q pq ------------- (1)
The complete integral of equation (1) is
z a x b y ab ab
32. Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z.
Sol. Given (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z
(i.e.) z = px + qy + (3 – p – 2q) ----------- (1)
The complete integral of equation (1) is
z = ax + by + (3 – a – 2b)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10
z x y
3 3 3 3 3 3
9 z 3 x( y 2 x) 3 y ( x 2 y ) ( y 2 x) 2 ( y 2 x)(x 2 y ) ( x 2 y ) 2
9 z 3xy 3x 2 3 y 2
(i.e.) 3 z xy x 2 y 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
0 x 2a
x
a (3)
2
0 y 2b
y
b (4)
2
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
2 2
x y x y
z x y
2 2 2 2
4 z 2 x 2 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
(i.e.) 4 z y 2 x 2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11
PART -B
1. Solve: x( y z ) p y( z x)q z( x y)
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
x ( y z ) y ( z x) z ( x y )
dx dy dz
x y z
Each ratio
yz zx x y
dx dy dz
0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x log y log z log c1
log( x y z ) log c1
x y z c1
dx dy dz
Each ratio
xy xz yz yx zx zy
dx dy dz 0
Integrating we get
x y z c2
Hence the required solution is
F ( xy z, x y z ) 0
2. Solve: z ( x p yq) y x
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x z y z y x2
Take 1st and 2nd ratio, we have
dx dy
xz yz
dx dy
x y
Integrating, we get
log x log y log c1
log x log y log c1
(i.e.) x y c1
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio 2
x z y2 z y2 z x2 z
x dx y dy z dz 0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
c2
2 2 2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 c2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
Hence the required solution is KANYAKUMARI-629401
F ( x y, x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 0
12
3. Solve: x( y z ) p y ( z x )q z ( x y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
x ( y2 z 2 ) y (z 2 x2 ) z (x2 y2 )
dx dy dz
x y z
Each ratio 2
y z z x x2 y2
2 2 2
dx dy dz
0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x log y log z log c1
log( x y z ) log c1
x y z c1
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio
x y x z y2 z 2 y2 x2 z 2 x2 z 2 y2
2 2 2 2
x dx y dy z dz 0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 c2
Hence the required solution is
F ( xyz, x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
dx dy dz
mz ny nx lz ly mx
ldx mdy ndz
Each ratio
lmz nly mnx lmz nly nmx
ldx mdy ndz 0
Integrating we get
lx my nz c1
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio
m z x n xy n xy lyz lyz m z x
x dx y dy z dz 0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 c2
Hence the required solution is
F (lx my nz, x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 0 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
13
5. Solve: z ( x y ) p z ( x y )q x y
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
2
z ( x y) z ( x y) x y 2
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio
x z xyz xyz y 2 z x 2 z y 2 z
2
x dx y dy z dz 0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
c1
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 c1
y dx x dy d ( x y)
Each ratio
xyz y 2 z x 2 z xyz z ( x 2 y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
d ( x y) dz
z( x 2 y 2 ) x 2 y 2
d ( xy ) z dz
Integrating we get
z2
xy c2
2
2 xy z 2 c2
Hence the required solution is
F ( x 2 y 2 z 2 , 2 xy z 2 ) 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
6. Solve: x( y z ) p y ( x z )q z ( x y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
x ( y 2 z) y ( x 2 z) z ( x 2 y 2 )
dx dy dz
x y z
Each ratio
( y z) ( x z) ( x 2 y 2 )
2 2
dx dy dz
0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x log y log z log c1
log( x z ) log y log c1
xz
c1
(i.e.)
y
x dx y dy dz
Each ratio 2 2
x y x z x2 y2 y2 z x2 z J
2 2
y.MUz THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
x dx y dy dz 0 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
Integrating, we get
x2 y2
z c2
2 2
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 2 z c2
Hence the required solution is
xz
F , x 2 y 2 2 z 0
y
7. Solve: ( x y y z ) p ( x y x z )q z ( x y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
2
x y y z x y x z z ( x y)
2 2 2
dx dy dz
Each ratio
x2 y2 y z x2 y2 x z x z y z
dx dy dz 0
Integrating, we get
x y z c1
x dx y dy x dx y dy
Each ratio
x( x y y z ) y ( x y x z ) x( x y 2 ) y ( x 2 y 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
x dx y dy
( x y)(x 2 y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
x dx y dy dz
( x y )(x y ) z ( x y )
2 2
xdx ydy
x dx y dy dz I
x2 y2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x2 y2 z put x 2 y 2 t
Integrating we get 2 xdx 2 ydy dt
1 2( xdx ydy) dt
log( x 2 y 2 ) log z log c2 dt / 2 1 dt
2 I
t 2 t
log( x 2 y 2 ) 2 log z log c2 1 1
log t log( x 2 y 2 )
log( x 2 y 2 ) log z 2 log c2 2 2
x2 y2
(i.e.) c2
z2
Hence the required solution is
x2 y2
F x y z, 2
0
z
8. Solve: ( x y z ) p 2 xy q 2 z x
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 z x J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
dy dz KANYAKUMARI-629401
2x y 2 z x
15
dy dz
y z
Integrating, we get
log y log z log c1
log y log z log c1
y
(i.e.) c1
z
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio
x( x y 2 z 2 ) 2 y 2 x 2 z 2 x
2
x dx y dy z dz
3
x y2x z2x
x dx y dy z dz
x( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
Equate this to 2nd ratio, we have
x dx y dy z dz dy
x( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 xy
x dx y dy z dz dy
I
xdx ydy zdz
x2 y2 z 2 2y x2 y2 z2
Integrating we get put x 2 y 2 z 2 t
1 1 2 xdx 2 ydy 2 zdz dt
log( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) log y log c2
2 2 2( xdx ydy zdz ) dt
log( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) log y log c2 I
dt / 2 1 dt
t 2 t
log( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) log y log c2 1 1
log t log( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
x2 y2 z 2 2 2
c2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i.e.)
y
Hence the required solution is
y x2 y2 z 2
F , 0
z y
9. Solve: (3z 4 y) p (4 x 2 z )q 2 y 3x
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
3z 4 y 4 x 2 z 2 y 3x
2dx 3dy 4dz
Each ratio
6 z 8 y 12 x 6 z 8 y 12 x
2dx 3dy 4dz 0
Integrating we get
2 x 3 y 4 z c1
x dx y dy z dz
Each ratio
3 z x 4 xy 4 xy 2 yz 2 yz 3Jz.MU
x THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
x dx y dy z dz 0 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 c2
Hence the required solution is
F (2 x 3 y 4 z, x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 0
10. Solve: ( x y z ) p ( y z x) q z x y
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
x2 y z y2 z x z 2 x y
dx dy d ( x y)
Each ratio 2
( x y z ) ( y z x) ( x y 2 ) ( z x y z )
2 2
d ( x y)
( x y )(x y ) z ( x y )
d ( x y)
( x y )(x y z )
dy dz d ( y z)
Each ratio
( y 2 z x) ( z 2 x y ) ( y 2 z 2 ) ( x y z x)
d ( y z)
( y z )( y z ) x( y z )
d ( y z)
( y z )( x y z )
d ( x y) d ( y z)
( x y )( x y z ) ( y z )( x y z )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Integrating we get
d ( x y) d ( y z )
( x y)
( y z)
( x y z ) 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 c2
x 2 y 2 z 2 2( x y y z z x) x 2 y 2 z 2 c2
2( x y y z z x) c2
(i.e.) x y y z z x c2
Hence the required solution is
x y
F , x y y z z x 0
yz
11. Solve: (4 D 4 DD D ) z e
3x 2 y
2 2
sin x
2
Sol. A.E. is 4m – 4m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
2
4m – 2m – 2m + 1 = 0
2m(2m – 1) – 1(2m – 1) = 0
(2m – 1)(2m – 1) = 0
1 1
m= ,
2 2
1 1
C.F = f1 y x x f 2 y x
2 2
1
P.I1 = e3x 2 y
4 D 4 DD D
2 2
1
e3x 2 y
4(3) 4(3)( 2) (2)
2 2
1
e3x 2 y
64
1
P.I2 = sin( x 0 y)
4 D 4 DD D 2
2
1
sin( x 0 y )
4( 1) 0 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 1
sin x
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 1 1 1
(i.e.) z f1 y x x f 2 y x e 3 x 2 y sin x
2 2 64 4
1
2 ex y Since the denominator = 0, we have to
(1) 2(1)(1) (1) 2
multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
x
ex y
2 D 2 D J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL. ,
M.B.A.,
PGDCA.
A SSISTANT PROFESS O RIN MA TH EMA TICS,
x2 x y ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
e
2 KA NYAKU MA RI-
62940 1
18
1
P.I2 = x2 y
D 2 DD D
2 2
1
x2 y
2 DD D 2
D 2 1
D2
1
1 2 DD D 2
2 1 2
x2 y
D D
1 2 DD D 2 2
2 1 2
x y
D D
1 2 D 2
1 D x y
D2
1 2 2 D 2
( x y ) ( x y )
D2 D
2
1 2 2
x y ( x )
D2 D
1 2 x3
2 x2 y
D 3
1 x3 y 2x 4
D 3 12
x 4 y x5
12 30
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x 2 x y x 4 y x5
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) x f 2 ( y x) e
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 12 30
1
e2x y
(2) (2) (1) (2)(1) (1)
3 2 2 3
1
e2x y
9
1
P.I2 = 3 cos(x y)
D D 2 D DD 2 D3 J.
MUTHUERU
D3L
=APDP2A
DN,M.
SC.
,
M. PH
D′3IL.
= ,
M.
D′B
2.A.
D′ ,PGDCA.
1 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
cos(x y) ANNAIVAI LAN=K(–1)D
ANNICOLLEGEOF =E(–1)D′
NGINEERI NG
D D D D = – D
KANYAKUMARI - =1– D′
62940
19
x
cos(x y ) Since the denominator = 0, we have to
3D 2 DD D 2
2
multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
x
cos(x y )
3(1) 2(1) (1)
x
cos(x y )
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x y x
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x) x f 3 ( y x) e cos(x y)
9 4
1
P.I1 = e6 x 0 y
( D D 1)( D D 2)
1
e6x 0 y
(6 0 1)( 6 0 2)
1 6x
e
20
1
P.I2 = 4 e0 x 4 y
( D D 1)( D D 2)
1
4 e0x 4 y
(0 4 1)( 0 4 2)
2
e 4 y
3
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
P.I3 = 4 e3x 2 y
( D D 1)( D D 2)
1
4 e3x 2 y
(3 2 1)( 3 2 2)
1
e3x 2 y
3
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3
1 6 x 2 4 y 1 3x 2 y
(i.e.) z e x f1 ( y x) e 2 x f 2 ( y x) e e e
20 3 3
m = –1 is a root –1 1 0 –7 –6
The other roots are 0 –1 1 6
m2 – m – 6 = 0 1 –1 –6 0
(m – 3)(m + 2) = 0
m = 3, –2
m = –1, –2, 3 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
C.F = f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 3x) ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
20
1
P.I1 = e2x y
D 7 DD 6 D
3 2 3
1
e2x y
(2) 7(2)(1) 6(1)
3 2 3
1
e2x y
12
1
P.I2 = 3 sin( x 2 y )
D 7 DD 2 6 D3 D3 = D2D D′3 = D′2D′
1 = (–1)D = (–4)D′
sin( x 2 y ) =–D = – 4D′
D 7 D(4) 6(4 D)
1
sin( x 2 y )
27 D 24D
1
sin( x 2 y )
3(9 D 8 D )
9 D 8D
sin( x 2 y )
3(9 D 8 D )(9 D 8 D)
9 D 8D
sin( x 2 y )
3(81D 2 64D 2 )
9 D 8D
sin( x 2 y )
3[81(1) 64(4)]
9 D[sin(x 2 y )] 8 D [sin(x 2 y )]
525
1
[9 cos(x 2 y ) 16 cos(x 2 y )]
525
1
[7 cos(x 2 y )]
525
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
cos(x 2 y )
75
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x y 1
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 3x) e cos(x 2 y)
12 75
2 z 2 z 2 z
16. Solve: 2 2 sinh(x y) xy
x 2 xy y
(or) r s 2t sinh(x y) xy
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D DD 2 D ) z sinh( x y ) xy
2 2
1 1 1
e x y e x y
2 (1) (1)(1) 2(1)
2 2
(1) (1)(1) 2(1)
2 2
1 x x
e x y e x y
2 2 D D 2 D D
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
1 x x
e x y e x y
2 2 1 2 1
x x
e x y e x y
6 6
1
P.I2 = 2 xy
D DD 2 D2
1
xy
D D 2 D 2
D 2 1
D2
1
1 DD 2 D 2
2 1 xy
D D2
1 DD 2 D 2
2 1 xy
D D2
1 D
2 1 xy
D D
1 D
2 ( xy ) ( xy )
D D
1 1
2 xy ( x)
D D
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 x2
2 xy
D 2
1 x2 y x3
D 2 6
x3 y x 4
6 24
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x x y x x y x3 y x 4
(i.e.) z f1 ( y 2 x) f 2 ( y x) e e
6 6 6 24
2 z 2 z 2 z
17. Solve: 5 6 2 y sin x
x2 xy y
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D 5DD 6 D ) z y sin x
2 2
1
P.I = y sin x
D 5DD 6 D 2
2
1
y sin x
( D 2 D) ( D 3D)
1 1
y sin x
D 2 D D 3D
1
D 2 D
(c 3 x) sin x dx where y = c – 3x
1
(c 3x)( cos x) (3)( sin x)
D 2 D
1
[ y cos x 3 sin x]
D 2 D
[(c 2 x) cos x 3 sin x] dx where y = c – 2x
f1 ( y x ) e 3 x f 2 ( y x )
1
P.I = ( xy 7)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
( D D)( D D 3)
1 1
( xy 7)
( D D ) D D
31
3
1
1 D D
1 3 ( xy 7)
3( D D)
1 D D D D 2
1 ( xy 7)
3( D D) 3 3
1 D D 2 DD
1 ( xy 7)
3( D D) 3 3 9
1 D D 2 DD
( xy 7 ) ( xy 7 ) ( xy 7 ) ( xy 7)
3( D D) 3 3 9
1 y x 2
xy 7
3( D D) 3 3 9
1
y x 65
xy J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
D
3D 1
3 3 9 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
D ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
23
1
1 D y x 65
1 xy
3D D 3 3 9
1 D y x 65
1 xy
3D D 3 3 9
1 y x 65 D y x 65
xy xy
3D 3 3 9 D 3 3 9
1 y x 65 1 1
xy x
3D 3 3 9 D 3
1 y x 65 x 2 x
xy
3D 3 3 9 2 3
1 x 2 y xy x 2 65 x x 3 x 2
3 2 3 6 9 6 6
1 x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65 x
3 2 6 3 3 9
z = C.F + P.I
1 x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65x
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) e f 2 ( y x)
3x
3 2 6 3 3 9
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
P.I = 2
D D 2 DD 2 D 2 D 1
2
1
e2x y
(2) (1) 2( 2)(1) 2(2) 2(1) 1
2 2
1
e2x y
16
z = C.F + P.I
1
(i.e.) z e x f1 ( y x) xe x f 2 ( y x) e 2 x y
16
1 3DD 4 D 2
2 1 2
x
D D
1
x 0
D2
1 x2
D2
x3
6
1
P.I2 = sin(0 x y )
D 3DD 4 D 2
2
1
sin(0 x y )
0 0 4(1)
1
sin y
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x3 1
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 4 x) sin y
6 4
x 2 y 2 z 2 ( x y z ) ------------- (1)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to x, we get
2 x 0 2 z p ( x y z ) (1 0 p)
2 x 2 z p ( x y z ) (1 p) (2)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to y, we get
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0 2 y 2 z q ( x y z ) (0 1 q)
2 y 2 z q ( x y z ) (1 q) (3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
2 x 2 z p ( x y z ) (1 p)
2 y 2 z q ( x y z ) (1 q)
x z p (1 p)
y z q (1 q)
( x zp )(1 q) ( y zq )(1 p)
x xq z p z pq y y p zq z pq
(i.e.) ( y z ) p ( z x) q x y
1
22. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation z y 2 f log y
2
x
1
Sol. Given z y 2 f log y ------------------ (1)
2
x
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to x, we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
1 1 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
p 0 2 f log y 2 (A
2N
)NAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
x x KANYAKUMARI-629401
25
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
q f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) (3)
Diff. equation (2) p.w.r.to x, we get
2 z
r 2 f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y )
x
f ( x y ) ( x y )
r f ( x y ) ( x y ) 2 f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) (4)
Diff. equation (2) p.w.r.to y, we get
2z
s f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y )
xy
f ( x y ) ( x y )
s f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) (5)
Diff. equation (3) p.w.r.to y, we get
2z
t 2 f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y ) f ( x y ) ( x y )
y
f T(HxUERyU)LA(PxPAN,yM.
J.MU )SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
t f ( x y ) ( x y ) 2 f ( x y ) ( x y ) f (AxNNAyIV IL
)A (AxNKAyN)NI COLLEGEOF
ENG(I
6N)EERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
26
(2) + (3) p q 2 f ( x y) ( x y)
(2) – (3) p q 2 f ( x y) ( x y)
( p q)( p q) 4 f ( x y) ( x y) f ( x y) ( x y)
(i.e.) p 2 q 2 4 z f ( x y) ( x y ) -------------- (7)
(4) – (6) r t 4 f ( x y) ( x y)
(7) p 2 q 2 z (r t )
24. Find the PDE of all planes which are at a constant distance ‘k’ from the origin.
Sol. The equation of the plane having constant distance ‘k’ from the origin is
a x b y c z k a 2 b 2 c 2 0 ------------------ (1)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
ac p 0
a c p ( 2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
b cq 0
b c q (3)
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have
c p x c q y c z k c2 p2 c2q2 c2 0
p x q y z k p2 q2 1 0
(i.e.) z p x q y k p 2 q 2 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
m= 1
C.F = f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x)
1
P.I = 2 e x y sin(2 x 3 y)
D D 2
1
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
( D 1) 2 ( D 1) 2
1
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
D 2 D 1 D 2 2 D 1
2
1
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
D 2 2 D D 2 2 D
1
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
4 2 D ( 9 ) 2 D
1
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
2( D D) 5
[2( D D) 5]
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
[2( D D) 5][2( D D) 5]
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
[2( D D) 5] ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ex y sin(2 x 3 y ) ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
4( D D) 2 25 KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
[2( D D) 5]
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
4( D 2 DD D 2 ) 25
2
[2( D D ) 5]
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
4[(4) 2(6) (9)] 25
[2( D D ) 5]
ex y sin(2 x 3 y )
125
2 D[sin(2 x 3 y )] 2 D[sin(2 x 3 y )] 5 sin(2 x 3 y )
ex y
125
x y
e
[4 cos(2 x 3 y ) 6 cos(2 x 3 y ) 5 sin(2 x 3 y )]
125
ex y
[10 cos(2 x 3 y ) 5 sin(2 x 3 y )]
125
ex y
[sin(2 x 3 y ) 2 cos(2 x 3 y )]
25
z = C.F + P.I
ex y
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x) [sin( 2 x 3 y ) 2 cos(2 x 3 y )]
25
(2 D D)( D D 3) z x e y
1
Here 1 0, m1 , 2 3, m1 1
2
1 3 x
C.F = e f1 y x e f 2 ( y x)
0x
2
1 3 x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
= f1 y x e f 2 ( y x )
2
1
P.I = xe y
2 D DD D 6 D 3D
2 2
1
ey x
2 D D( D 1) ( D 1) 2 6 D 3( D 1)
2
1
ey x
2 D DD D D 2 D 1 6 D 3D 3
2 2
1
ey x
2 2 D 2 DD D 2 5 D D
1
ey x
2 D 2 DD D 2 5 D D
2 1
2
1
ey 2 D 2 DD D 2 5 D D
1 x
2 2
e y 2 D 2 DD D 2 5 D D J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
1 x
2 2
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
28
ey 5D
x 2 ( x)
2
ey 5
x
2 2
ey
(2 x 5)
4
z = C.F + P.I
1 y
e
(i.e.) z f1 y x e 3 x f 2 ( y x) (2 x 5)
2 4
2 x
= f1 ( y x ) e f 2 ( y 2 x )
1
P.I1 = 2 ( x y)
D 3DD 2 D 2 2 D 2 D
1
( x y)
( D D)(D 2 D 2)
1
( x y)
D D 2 D
D1 21
D 2
1 1
1 D D 2 D
1 1 ( x y)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2D D 2
D D 2 D D 2 D
2
1
1 1 ( x y)
2D D 2 2
1 1 D D D2
2 1 D DD ( x y )
2D D 2 4
1 1 1 D D D D D
D ( x y)
2 D 2 D 4 D 2 2 D 4
1 1 1 D D D 3D
( x y)
2 D 2 2D 4 D 2 4
11 x y D( x y ) D ( x y ) D( x y ) 3D( x y )
( x y)
2 D 2 2D 4 D2 4
1 x2 x y x 1 x2 3
xy
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4
1 y 1
x2 x y
2 2 2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
29
1
P.I2 = sin(2 x y)
D 3DD 2 D 2 2 D 2 D
2
1
sin(2 x y )
4 3( 2) 2(1) 2 D 2 D
1
sin(2 x y )
2 D 2 D
2 D 2 D
sin(2 x y )
(2 D 2 D)(2 D 2 D)
2 D 2 D
sin(2 x y )
4 D 2 4 D 2
2 D 2 D
sin(2 x y )
4(4) 4(1)
2 D[sin(2 x y )] 2 D[sin(2 x y )]
12
1
[4 cos(2 x y ) 2 cos(2 x y )]
12
1
[6 cos(2 x y )]
12
1
cos(2 x y )
2
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 y 1 1
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) e 2 x f 2 ( y 2 x) x 2 x y cos(2 x y )
2 2 2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN m = –1, m2 = 4
m= 2
m = –1, –2, 2
C.F = f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 2 x)
1
P.I = 3 cos(2 x y )
D D D 4 DD 2 4 D3
2
1
cos(2 x y )
4 D 4 D 4 D 4 D
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
x multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
cos(2 x y )
3D 2 DD 4 D
2 2
x
cos(2 x y )
3(4) 2(2) 4(1)
x
cos(2 x y )
12
z = C.F + P.I
x
(i.e.) z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 2 x) cos(2 x y)
12 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
30
29. Solve: z px qy p q
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0 x f (a) y a 2 .2{ f (a)} f (a) { f (a)}2 .2a (8)
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (7) and (8) gives the general integral.
31. Solve: z px qy 1 p q
2 2
a
x (3)
1 a b 2 2
1
and 0 y (2b)
2 1 a2 b2
b
y (4)
1 a b
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN x y
2 2 a2
b2
1 a2 b2 1 a2 b2
(1 a 2 b 2 ) 1
1 a2 b2
1
1
1 a2 b2
x2 y2 1 z2 [ u sin g (5) ]
(i.e.) x 2 y 2 z 2 1
which is the singular integral.
To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes z a x f (a) y 1 a { f (a)} -------------- (6)
2 2
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (6) and (7) gives the general integral.
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
32
q
32. For the equation z px qy
p p , find the complete and singular solutions.
q
Sol. Given z px qy p ------------------- (1)
p
The complete integral of equation (1) is
b
z ax by a ------------- (2)
a
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
b
0 x 2 1
a
b
x 1 2 (3)
a
1
and 0 y
a
1 1
y a ( 4)
a y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Substitute (4) and (5) in equation (1), we have
x x 1 ( x 1) 1
z y 2
y y y y
x x 1 ( x 1) 1
z
y
(i.e.) y z 1 x
which is the singular integral.
33. Solve: p (1 q ) qz
Sol. Given p (1 q ) qz --------------- (1)
Let q = ap
Then equation (1) becomes
p(1 + ap) = ap z
1 + ap = az
a z 1
p
a
Now, q a p
a z 1 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
a ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
a ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
a z 1
33
34. Solve: p q x y
2 2 2 2
Sol. Given p2 + q2 = x2 + y2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
p2 x2 y2 q2
Let p x a p
2 2 2
x2 a2
Also y q a q y a
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a 2 2 a
which is the complete integral.
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
x x
2a a2 1 1 x
0 2 sinh .( a )
2 x a
2 2 2 2 1 ( x / a) 2 a a
y (2a) a2 1 y J.MUTHU RyULAPPAN,
1E
2 cosh .(a)M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
2 2 y a
2 2 2 ( x / a) 1 a
2 ASSI TA
S aNTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNI COLLEGEOFENGINEERING
and 0 1 K A N YA KUMARI-629401
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no singular integral.
34
2 2 a 2 2 a
Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get
x x
2a a2 1 1 x
0 2 sinh .(a )
2 x a
2 2 2 2 1 ( x / a) 2
a a
y (2a ) y
a2 1 1 y
2 cosh .(a ) f (a ) (4)
2 y a
2 2 2 2 ( x / a) 1 a
2
a
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (3) and (4) gives the general integral.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Y y
z
yq
Y
z
(i.e.) y q Q where Q
Y
Equation (1) becomes
P Q z 2 ---------- (2)
Let Q = aP
Then equation (2) becomes
P.aP z 2
z
P
a
Now, Q a P
z
a
a
a z
Substitute P and Q in the relation
dz = P dX + Q dY J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
z ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
dz d X a zdY KANYAKUMARI-629401
a
35
dz
a d X a dY
z
Integrating , we get
a log z X aY b
(i.e.) a log z log x a log y b
which is the complete solution.
36. Solve: z ( p q ) x y
2 2 2
1 1
Put Z z z
2
Z z
2z
x x
P Z
z p where P
2 x
Z z
2z
y y
Q Z
z q where Q
2 y
Equation (1) becomes
2 2
P Q
x y
2 2
(i.e.) P 2 Q 2 4 ( x y )
P2 4 x 4 y Q2
Let P 4 x a P 4x a
2
Also 4 y Q a Q 4 y a
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
dz = p dx + q dy
dz 4 x a dx 4 y a dy
Integrating we get
(4 x a) 3 / 2 (4 y a) 3 / 2
z b
4(3 / 2) 4(3 / 2)
(4 x a) 3 / 2 (4 y a) 3 / 2
z b (2)
6 6
which is the complete integral.
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
1 1
0 (4 x a)1 / 2 (4 y a)1/ 2
4 4
and 0 1
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no singular integral.
To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes
(4 x a) 3 / 2 (4 y a) 3 / 2
z f (a) -------------- (3)
6 6
Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
1 1
0 (4 x a)1 / 2 (4 y a)1/ 2 f (a) AN NA(I
4V)AILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
4 4 KANYAKUMARI-629401
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (3) and (4) gives the general integral.
36
3. Solve: ( D D ) z e
x2 y
2 2
sin(2 x y )
4. Solve: ( D D ) z e sin( x 2 y )
2 2 x y
5. Solve: ( D 4 DD 2 D ) z e
x y
2 2
1
6. Solve: ( D 7 DD 6 D ) z e
2x y
3 2 3
sin( x 2 y)
7. Solve: ( y z ) p ( z x)q ( x y)
8. Solve: ( y xz ) p ( yz x ) q ( x y )( x y )
9. Solve: x ( y z ) p y ( z x)q z ( x y )
2 2 2
y2z
10. Find the general solution of p xzq y 2
x
11. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘ф’ from the relation ( x y z , ax by cz ) 0
2 2 2
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function f and ф from
z f ( x ct ) ( x ct )
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘g’ from the
relation g ( x y z , xyz ) 0
2 2 2
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ from
z xf ( 2 x y ) g ( 2 x y )
Answers
1 1
1. z f1 ( y x) x f 2 ( y x) sinh( x y ) e x 2 y
4 9
1
2. z f1 ( y x) e 2 x f 2 ( y x) [2 cos(x 2 y) 3 sin( x 2 y)]
39
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
x 2 y
e
3. z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x) [ 4 cos(2 x y ) 3 sin(2 x y )]
50
ex y
4. z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y x) [ sin( x 2 y ) 2 cos(x 2 y )]
15
5. z f1 y (2 2 ) x f 2 y (2 2 ) x e x y
x2
2
1 1
6. z f1 ( y x) f 2 ( y 2 x) f 3 ( y 3x) e 2 x y cos(x 2 y)
12 75
x y
7. F , ( x y z)(x y) 2 0 8. F [ x 2 y 2 z 2 , x y z ] 0
yz
1 1 1
9. F , x 2 y 2 z 2 0 10 . F [ x 3 y 3 , x 2 z 2 ] 0
x y z
11. (b z c y) p (c x a z) q a y b x 12 . T c 2 r
13 . ( y 2 z 2 ) p x ( z 2 x 2 ) q y ( x 2 y 2 ) z
14. r 4(s t ) J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1
1. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
Sol. The Dirichlet’s conditions are
(i) f(x) is periodic with period 2l in (c, c + 2l) and f(x) is bounded.
(ii) The function f(x) must have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iii) The function f(x) must be piecewise continuous and has a finite number of finite
discontinuities.
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges in (c, c + 2l)
2. Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
c + 2l c + 2l c + 2l
1 1 nπ x 1 nπ x
Sol. a 0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l c
l c
l l c
l
b
1
2
y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c + 2π 2 ∞
1 a0
π ∫c
[ f ( x )] dx = 2
2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2
2x
1 + , −π < x < 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
5. In the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) = π π,π
in (–π π),
2x
1− , 0< x<π
π
find the coefficient of sin nx
Sol. Since the interval is (–π,π), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
2( − x ) 2x
f (− x) = 1 + = 1− in (−π , 0)
π π
= f ( x) in (0, π )
2( − x ) 2x
and f ( − x ) = 1 − = 1+ in (0, π )
π π
= f ( x ) in (−π , 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
So the coefficient of sin nx (i.e.) bn = 0.
6. Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is
l
2 1
y =
l0∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx
l
1 x3 1 l 3
l
1 2
= ∫ x dx = = − 0
l0 l 3 0 l3 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
l2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
= KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
2
7. Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in the interval (0,10).
Sol.
nπx nπx
10 10
2 2
an =
10 ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
10
dx =
10 ∫ (10) cos 10
0
dx
nπx
10
sin 10
= 2 =
20
[sin nπ − 0] = 0
nπ nπ
10 0
π
1 sin 2 x
= x +
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π 2 0
= [(π + 0) − (0)]
1
π
=1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is =
2 2
11. Find the Fourier constant bn for f(x) = xsinx in (–π, π)
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)sin(–x) = (–x)(–sinx) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence the function is an even function. So bn = 0.
12. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in –2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function
2 2
2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) dx
2
2 0 0
2
x3
= − 2 x
3 0
8 4
= − 4 − (0) = −
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
3 3
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
a0 IVA−IL4A/N3KANNI2
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion isANNA =
K A
= − COLLEGEOFENGINEERING
NYAK
2 2 3UMARI-629401
3
a(−1) n
= (e aπ − e − aπ )
π (a + b )
2 2
a(−1) n
(i.e.) a n = 2 sinh aπ
π (a 2 + b 2 )
14. If f(x) is an odd function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
Sol. a0 = an = 0
nπ x
l
2
bn =
l ∫ f ( x) sin
0
l
dx
15. If f(x) is an even function in the interval (–l, l), write the formula to find the Fourier
coefficients.
nπ x
l l
2 2
Sol. a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx , a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx , bn = 0
l 0
l 0
l
π,π
16. Find a0 if f ( x) = x , expanded as a Fourier series in (–π π).
Sol. f (− x) = − x = x = f ( x) , which is an even function.
π π
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 2
a0 =
π ∫
0
f ( x) dx =
π ∫ | x | dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ x dx
0
π
2 x2
=
π 2 0
2 π 2
= − 0 = π
π 2
18. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in the
interval (0,2) converges at x = 2?
Sol. At x = 2 (which is point of discontinuity), the x2
Half range Fourier sine series converges to –2 – x2 0 2 – (4 – x )2 4
f (2−) + f (2+) 2 + [− (4 − 2) ]
2 2
=
2 2
4−4
= =0
2
π,π
19. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (–π π) is
π2 ∞
4 2
+ ∑ (−1) n 2
cos nx − sin nx , then find the value of the infinite series
3 n =1 n n
1 1 1
2
+ 2 + 2 + .......... ...
1 2 3
π2 ∞
4 2
Sol. Given f ( x ) = + ∑ ( −1) n 2 cos nx − sin nx
3 n =1 n n
Put x = π in the above series we get
π2 ∞
4
f (π ) = + ∑ (−1) n 2 (−1) n − 0 --------------- (1)
3 n =1 n
But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (−π ) + f (π ) (−π + π 2 ) + (π + π 2 ) 2π 2
f (π ) = = = =π2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes
π2 ∞
4
π =
2
+ ∑ (−1) n 2 (−1) n − 0
3 n =1 n
π2 ∞
4 ( −1) 2 n
π2 − =∑
3 n =1 n2
2π 2 1 1 1
= 4 2 + 2 + 2 + .......... .....
3 1 2 3
π2 1 1 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .......... .....
6 1 2 3
20. The cosine series for f(x) = x sin x in 0 < x < π is given as
1 ∞ (−1) n
1 1 1 π
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 ∑ 2 cos nx . Deduce that 1 + 2 − + − .... =
2 n=2 n − 1 1.3 3.5 5.7 2
Sol. As n2 –1 = ( n – 1)( n + 1)
1 cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x cos 6 x
x sin x = 1 − cos x − 2 − + − + − ................
2 1 .3 2 .4 3 .5 4 .6 5 .7
π
Put x = in the above series we get
2
π 1 −1 1 −1
(1) = 1 − (0) − 2 −0+ −0+ − ................
2 2 1.3 3 .5 5 .7
π 1 1 1
= 1+ 2 − + − ................
2 1 . 3 3 .5 5 . 7
21. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < π.
π π
2 2
Sol. bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ 2 sin nx dx
0
π J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
4 − cos nx
=
π n 0 nπ =
−4
[ ]
AN
[
− (−1) ]
4 STANTnPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
( −1) n − 1 = AS1SI
πAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
nN
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
5
22. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
π
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at x = and so it is a discontinuous
2
point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So it does not have a Fourier series
expansion.
23. Does f(x) = sin (1/x) posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the three criteria
in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = sin(1/x) has minimum or maximum value at odd
π 1 ( 2n − 1)π
multiple of . (i.e.) when =
2 x 2
2
⇒x=
( 2n − 1)π
As n tend to ∞, x = 0. So the function does not have a Fourier series expansion.
24. Without finding the values of a0, an and bn, the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series,
a0 2 ∞
2
for the function f(x) = x2 in the interval (0, π) find the value of
2
+ ∑ (a
n =1
n
2
+ bn )
2 ∞ π
a0 2
Sol.
2
+ ∑ (an + bn ) =
n =1
2 2
π∫
[ f ( x)] 2
dx
0
π
2
= ∫[x
2 2
] dx
π
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
π
2
= ∫x
4
dx
π 0
π
2 x5 2 π 5 2π 4
= = − 0 =
π 5 0 π 5 5
a0 ∞
+ ∑ (an cos nπ x + bn sin nπ x) is the Fourier series of f(x) = x in (–1, 1), find a3 + b3
2 2
25. If
2 n =1
Sol. Since the given function f(x) = x is an odd function, we have a0 = 0, an = 0 (i.e.) a3 = 0
1 1
2
f ( x) sin nπ x dx = 2 ∫ x sin nπ x dx
1 ∫0
bn =
0
1
− cos nπ x − sin nπ x
= 2 ( x ) − (1)
nπ nπ
2 2
0
( −1) n
= 2 − + 0 − {0 + 0}
nπ
2 (−1) n
bn = −
nπ
2 (−1) 3
4 (−1) 6 4J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
b3 = − ⇒ b3 = =
2
3π 9π 2
9π 2 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORIN MATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
4 4 KANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
∴ a3 + b3 = 0 + 2 = 2
2 2
9π 9π
6
PART – B
1. Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in (–π, π).
1 1 1 π2
Deduce + + + .............. =
12 2 2 3 2 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) dx
π −
π −
π
1 x2 x3
= x + +
π 2 3 −π
1 π2 π3 π 2 π 3
= π + + − − π + −
π 2 3 2 3
1 2π 3 2π 2
2π + = = 2 +
π 3
3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ (1 + x + x 2 ) cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1 sin nx − cos nx − sin nx
= (1 + x + x 2 ) − (1 + 2 x ) + ( 2 )
π n n
2
n
3
− π
1 (1 + 2π ) ( −1) n (1 − 2π ) ( −1) n
= 0 + − 0 −
0 + − 0
π n 2
n 2
cos nπ = (−1) n
(−1) n sin nπ = 0
= [1 + 2π − 1 + 2π ]
πn 2
cos n(−π ) = cos nπ
( −1) n
4 ( −1) n
= (−1) n
= ( 4π ) =
π n2 n2
π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) sin nx dx
π −
π −
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π
1 − cos nx − sin nx cos nx
= (1 + x + x 2 ) − (1 + 2 x ) + ( 2 )
π n n
2
3
n − π
1 2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n 2 ( −1)
n
2 (−1) n
= − (1 + π + π ) + 0 + −
− (1 − π + π ) + 0 +
π n n3 n n 3
=
(−1) n
nπ
[
−1− π − π 2 +1− π + π 2 ]
( −1) n − 2 (−1) n 2 ( −1) n +1
= (−2π ) = =
nπ n n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1 2π 2
∞ 4( −1) n 2( −1) n +1
= + ∑
2 + 2
cos nx + sin nx
2 n =1 n
3 n
π2 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
= 1+ + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... + 2 − + − ..........
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
π2 cos x cos 2 x cos 3x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
(i.e.) f ( x) = 1 + − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− ............ + 2 − + − ............
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Put x = π in the above series we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
π2 1 1 1 ANNAIVAI LANKA NNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
f (π ) = 1 + − 4− 2 − 2 − 2 − ............ + 2(0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3 KANYAKUMARI -629401
7
1 + x, −2≤ x≤0
2. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x) =
1 − x, 0≤ x≤2
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.
a0 ∞ nπx
∴ f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) dx = ∫ (1 − x) dx
0
2
x2
= x −
2 0
= [( 2 − 2) − (0)]
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
=0
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ (1 − x ) cos
0
2
dx
2
nπx nπx
sin − cos
= (1 − x) 2 − (−1) 2
nπ n 2π 2
2 4 0 cos nπ = (−1) n
4 (−1) n 4 sin nπ = 0
= 0 − 2 2 − 0 − 2 2
n π n π cos 0 = 1
4
[
= 2 2 1 − ( −1) n
π n
] sin 0 = 0
0 ∞ 4 [1 − ( −1) n ] nπx
f ( x) = +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
2
4 2 πx 2 3πx 2 5πx
= 2 2
cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2
8 1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx
f ( x ) = 2 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... ....
π 1 2 3 2 5 2
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
Put x = 0 in the above series we get ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
8 1 1 1
f ( 0) = 2 2
+ 2 + 2 ............ --------------- ANNAIVAI
(1) LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
KANYAKUMARI-629401
NEERING
π 1 3 5
8
1
π
cos(n + 1)π = (−1) n +1
=
π ∫ [sin(n + 1) x + sin(n − 1) x] dx ,
0
n ≠1
cos(n − 1)π = (−1) n−1
π
1 − cos( n + 1) x − cos( n − 1) x
= +
π n +1 n −1 0
1 (−1) n +1 (−1) n −1 1 1
=− + − +
π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 −1 −1 1 1
= − (−1) n + − +
π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 1 1 1 1
= ( −1) n + + +
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π n + 1 n − 1 n + 1 n − 1
1 2n 2n
= ( −1) n 2 + 2
π n − 1 n − 1
bn =
2n
π (n − 1)
2
[
(−1) n + 1 , n ≠ 1 ]
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin x dx =
π ∫ cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ sin 2 x dx
0
π
1 − cos 2 x 1
= =− (1 − 1) = 0
π 2 0 2π
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2
∞
2n [ ( −1) n + 1]
= 0+∑ sin nx
n=2 π (n 2 − 1)
2 4 sin 2 x 8 sin 4 x 12 sin 6 x
= +0+ +0+ J.
MUTH +U
0E+R..........
ULAPP........
AN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
π 3 15 35 ASSI STANTPROFESS ORINMATHEMATICS,
8 sin 2 x 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 6 x ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
= + + + .................. KANYAKUMA RI
-62
940
1
π 3 15 35
9
4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π. Hence deduce that
1 1 1 π2
(i ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 π2
(ii ) 2 − 2 + 2 − .............. =
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 π2
(iii ) 2 + 2 + 2 + .............. =
1 3 5 8
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1 x3
=
π 3 0
1 8π 3 8π 2
= − 0 =
π 3 3
2π 2π
1 1
an = ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx = ∫x
2
cos nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1 sin nx − cos nx − sin nx
= ( x 2 ) − (2 x ) + ( 2)
π n n
2
n
3
0
1 ( 4π ) (1) cos 2nπ = 1
= 0 + − 0 − {0 + 0 − 0}
π n 2
sin 2nπ = 0
4
= 2
n
2π 2π
1 1
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx = ∫x
2
sin nx dx
π 0
π 0
2π
1 − cos nx − sin nx cos nx
= ( x 2 ) − ( 2 x ) + ( 2 )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π n n
2
3
n 0
1 4π 2 2 2
= − + 0 + 3 − 0 + 0 + 3
π n n n
4π
=−
n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1 8π 2
∞ 4 4π
= + ∑ 2 cos nx − sin nx
2 3 n =1 n n
4π 2 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
f ( x) = + 4 2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... ..... − 4π + + + .......... ..
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Put x = 0 in the above series we get
4π 2 1 1 1
f ( 0) = + 4 2 + 2 + 2 + ............ − 4π (0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (0) + f ( 2π ) (0) + (4π 2 )
f ( 0) = = = 2π 2
2 2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫π f ( x) dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
dx
π −
π −
π
1 (π − x ) 3
=
π − 3 − π
1
− 3π
0 − 8π 3 = [ ]
8π 2
=
3
π π
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ (π − x ) 2 cos nx dx
π −π
π −π
π
1 sin nx − cos nx − sin nx
= (π − x) 2 − [2(π − x)( −1)] + ( 2 )
π n n
2
n
3
− π
1 ( 4π ) ( −1) n
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − − 0
π n 2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
4 ( −1) n ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
=
n2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11
π π
1 1
bn = ∫π f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫π (π − x)
2
sin nx dx
π −
π −
π
1 − cos nx − sin nx cos nx
= (π − x ) 2 − [ 2(π − x )( −1)] + ( 2 )
π n n
2
3
n − π
1 2 ( −1) n 2 ( −1)
n
2 ( −1) n
= 0 + 0 + − − ( 4π ) + 0 +
π n3 n n 3
4π ( −1) n
=
n
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
1 8π 2
∞ 4( −1) n 4π ( −1) n
= + ∑ cos nx + sin nx
2 3
n =1 n
2
n
4π 2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
f ( x) = + 4 − 2 + 2
− 2
+ .......... ..... + 4π
− 1 + 2 − 3 + .......... ..
3 1 2 3
4π 2 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 4 2 − 2
+ 2
− .......... ..... − 4π − + − .......... ..
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
6. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π and deduce the result
1 1 1 π −2
− + − .......... =
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π 2π
1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x dx
0
=
1
[x (− cos x) − (1)(− sin x)]02π
π
=
1
[(−2π + 0) − (0 + 0)]
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π
= −2
2π 2π
1 1
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0
2π
∫ x [sin( n + 1) x − sin( n − 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫ x sin( n + 1) x dx −
0
2π ∫ x sin( n − 1) x dx
0
2π
1 − cos( n + 1) x − sin( n + 1) x
= ( x ) − (1)
2π n + 1 ( n + 1) 2
0
2π
1 − cos( n − 1) x − sin( n − 1) x
− ( x ) − (1)
2π n −1 ( n − 1) 2
0
1 − 2π (−1) 2 n+ 2 1 − 2π (−1) 2 n − 2
(−1) 2 n + 2 = 1 = + 0 − {0 + 0} − + 0 − {0 + 0}
2π n +1 J.MU TH2UπERULAPP nA−N1,M. SC.
,
M. PHI
L.,
M.B.A.
,PGDCA.
(−1) 2 n −2 = 1 −1 1 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
= + ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n +1 n −1 KANYAKUMARI-629401
12
− ( n − 1) + (n + 1)
an =
(n + 1)(n − 1)
2
an = , n ≠1
n −12
When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
a1 =
π ∫ f ( x) cos x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x cos x dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
2π
1 − cos 2 x − sin 2 x
= x − (1)
2π 2 4 0
1 − 1
= 2π + 0 − (0 + 0)
2π 2
1
=−
2
2π 2π
1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ x sin x sin nx dx
0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0
2π
∫ x [cos(n − 1) x − cos(n + 1) x] dx
1
= , n ≠1
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1
=
2π ∫0 x cos(n − 1) x dx − 2π ∫ x cos(n + 1) x dx
0
2π
1 sin( n − 1) x − cos( n − 1) x
= ( x ) − (1)
2π n − 1 ( n − 1)
2
0
2π
1 sin( n + 1) x − cos( n + 1) x
− ( x ) − (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2π n +1 ( n + 1)
2
0
1 (−1) 2 n − 2 1 1 (−1) 2 n + 2 1
= 0 + 2
− 0 + 2
− 0 + 2
− 0 +
2π
(n − 1) (n − 1) 2π (n + 1) (n + 1) 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 0 + 2
− 0 + 2
− 0 + 2
− 0 +
2π (n − 1) (n − 1) 2π (n + 1) (n + 1) 2
bn = 0 , n ≠ 1
When n = 1, we have
2π 2π
1 1
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x sin x sin x dx
0
2π
1
= ∫ x sin
2
x dx
π 0
2π
1 1 − cos 2 x
=
π ∫
0
x
2
dx
2π
1 x 2 sin 2 x − cos 2 x
= − x − (1)
2π 2 2 4 0
1 2 1 J. MUT 1HU ERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,M.
PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
= 2π − 0 − − 0 − 0 − ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
2π 2 2
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
=π KANYAKUMARI
-629401
13
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 n =1
∞ ∞
a0
= + a1 cos x + ∑ a n cos nx + b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n=2 n=2
−2 1 ∞
2
= − cos x + ∑ cos nx + π sin x + 0
2 2 n = 2 ( n − 1)( n + 1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
3
2 2x 2 x3
= −
3 2 3 0
2 27
= 9 − − (0 − 0)
3 3
=0
2nπx
3 3
1 2
an =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) cos
30 3
dx
3
2nπx 2nπx 2nπx
sin − cos − sin
2 2 3 − (2 − 2 x) 3 3
= ( 2 x − x ) + ( −2)
3 2 n π 4n π
2 2
8n π3 3
3 9 27 0
2 −9 − 9
= 0 − ( −4) 2 2 + 0 − 0 − ( 2) 2 2 + 0
3 4n π 4 n π
2 − 54
= 2 2
3 4n π
−9
= 2 2 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
nπ ASSI STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
2nπx
3 3
1 2
bn =
(3 / 2 ) ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx = ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) sin
30 3
dx
3
2nπx 2nπx 2nπx
− cos − sin cos
2 3 3 3
= ( 2 x − x )
2
− (2 − 2 x) + ( −2)
3 2 n π 4n π2 2
8n π
3 3
3 9 27 0
2 −3 27 27
= ( −3) + 0 − 2 3 3 − 0 + 0 − 2 3 3
3 2 nπ 8n π 8n π
3
=
nπ
a0 ∞ 2nπ x 2 nπ x
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 3 3
∞
−9 2nπ x 3 2 nπ x
= 0 + ∑ 2 2 cos + sin
n =1 n π 3 nπ 3
9 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2 2
cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3
3 1 2π x 1 4π x 1 6π x
+ sin + sin + sin + .....................
π 1 3 2 3 3 3
8. Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and using this series find the root
square mean value of f(x) in the interval.
Sol. Fourier series is
a0 ∞ nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 l l
l l
1 1
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
l −l l −l
l
1 x2 x3
= −
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
l2 3 −l
1 l 2 l 3 l 2 l 3
= − − +
l 2 3 2 3
1 − 2l 3 − 2l 2
= =
l 3 3
nπx nπx
l l
1 1
a n = ∫ f ( x) cos dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) cos dx
l −l l l −l l
l
nπx nπx nπx
sin − cos − sin
1 2 l l l
= ( x − x ) − (1 − 2 x) + ( −2 )
l nπ n 2π 2 n 3π 3
l l2 l3 − l
1 ( −1) n l 2 ( −1) n l 2
= 0 + (1 − 2l ) 2 2 + 0 − 0 + (1 + 2l ) 2 2 + 0
l n π nπ
( −1) n l 2
= [1 − 2l − 1 − 2l ]
l n 2π 2
( −1) n l 4 l 2 ( −1) n + 1
= 2 2 [− 4l ] = J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
nπ n 2π 2
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
nπx nπx
l l
1 1
bn = ∫
l −l
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ ( x − x 2 ) sin
l −l l
dx
l
nπx n πx nπx
− cos − sin cos
1 l l l
= ( x − x )
2
− (1 − 2 x ) + ( −2 )
l n π nπ2 2
n π
3 3
l l2 l 3 − l
1 ( −1) n l 2( −1) n l 3 2 ( −1) l
n
2( −1) n l 3
= − (l − l 2 ) + 0 − −
− ( − l − l )
nπ + 0 −
l nπ n 3π 3 n 3π 3
=
− ( −1) n l
l nπ
[
l −l2 + l + l2 ]
( −1) n +1 n +1
[2l ] = 2 l (−1)
=
nπ nπ
a ∞
nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 l l
∞ 4 l 2 (−1) n + 1
1 − 2l 2 nπ x 2 l (−1) n + 1 nπ x
= + ∑
cos + sin
2 3
n =1 n π
2 2
l nπ l
−l 2 4l 2 1 πx 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 2 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ....................
3 π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l
2 l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x 1 4π x
+ sin − sin + sin − sin + ....................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l
l
x in 0 ≤ x ≤
2
9. Obtain the sine series for f ( x) =
l − x in l ≤ x ≤ l
2
Sol. Fourier sine series is
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπx
l
2
bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx
nπx nπx
l/2 l
2 2
=
l ∫
0
x sin
l
dx + ∫ (l − x) sin
l l/2 l
dx
l/2 l
nπx nπx nπx nπx
− cos − sin − cos − sin
2 l l 2 l l
= ( x) − (1) + (l − x) − ( −1)
l nπ nπ2 2
l nπ nπ2 2
l l 2
0 J.
MUTHUElRULAP PAN,M. SC.
,M.P
2
lHIL. ,
M.B.
A
l / 2.
,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
nπ 2 nπ nπ 2 nπ
2 l l . sin l . cos l . sin
l . cos
= − 2 + 2 − {0 + 0} + {0 − 0} − −
2 l 2 − 2
l 2 nπ n π 2 2
l 2 nπ nπ 2 2
2 nπ
2l . sin
2 2
=
l n π 2 2
4l nπ
bn = 2 2 sin
n π 2
∞
nπ x
f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
∞
4l nπ nπ x
=∑ sin sin
n =1 nπ 2 2
2 l
4l 1 π πx 1 3π 3π x 1 5π 5π x
= 2 2
sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + 2 sin sin + 0 + .......................
π 1 2 l 3 2 l 5 2 l
4l 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x
= 2 2
sin − 2 sin + 2 sin + .......................
π 1 l 3 l 5 l
10. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x) in 0 < x < π.
1 1 1 π4
Deduce that 4 + 4 + 4 + ............ =
1 2 3 90
Sol. Half range fourier cosine series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
11. 2 2
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) dx
0
π
2 π x 2 x3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
= −
π 2 3 0
2 π 3 π 3
= − − (0 − 0)
π 2 3
2 π 3
=
π 6
π2
=
3
π π
2 2
an =
π ∫ f ( x) cos nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x(π − x) cos nx dx
0
π
2 sin nx − cos nx − sin nx
= (π x − x 2 ) − (π − 2 x ) + ( − 2 )
π n n
2
n
3
0
2 ( −π )( −1) n (π )(1)
= 0 + + 0 − 0 + + 0
π n2 n2
2π
=
πn 2
[
− ( −1) n − 1 ]
=−
2
n 2
[
( −1) n + 1 ] J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
17
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
1 π 2
=
∞ 2
+ ∑ − 2 ( −1) n + 1 cos nx
2 3
[ ]
n =1 n
π2 2 cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x 2 cos 6 x
= − 2 0 + 2
+0+ 2
+0+ 2
+ 0 + .......... .....
6 2 4 6
π2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
= −4 2 + 2
+ 2
+ .......... .....
6 2 4 6
Parseval’s identity for half range fourier cosine series is
π 2∞
2 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] dx = + ∑ an
2 2
π 0
2 n =1
π 2
2 1 π 2 ∞
4
∫
π0
[π x − x ] dx =
2 2
2 3
+ ∑
n =1 n
4
[(−1) n + 1]2
π
2 π4 4 4 4
(π x + x − 2π x )dx =
π∫
2 2 4 3
+ 40 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..............
0
18 2 4 6
π
2 π 2 x 3 x 5 2π x 4 π 4 16 1 1 1
+ − = + 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π 3 5 4 0 18 2 1 2 3
2 π 5 π 5 π 5 π 4 1 1 1
+ − − 0 = + 4 + 4 + 4 + ..............
π 3 5 2 18 1 2 3
2 π 5 π 4 1 1 1
− = 4 + 4 + 4 + ...................
π 30 18 1 2 3
π4 π4 1 1 1
− 4
=
+ 4 + 4 + .............
15 18 1 2 3
π 4
1 1 1
(i.e.) = 4 + 4 + 4 + .............
90 1 2 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
11. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x) = e − x in –1 < x < 1.
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by
∞
∑ f ( x) =
n= −∞
Cn ei nπ x
1
1 2l = 2
Cn = ∫ f ( x ) e − i n π x dx l=1
2(1) −1
1
1
= ∫ e − x e − i n π x dx
2 −1
1
1
= ∫ e − (1+i n π ) x dx
2 −1
1
1 e − (1+i n π ) x
=
2 − (1 + i nπ ) −1
=
−1
2(1 + i nπ )
[
e − (1+i n π ) − e (1+i n π ) ]
− (1 − i nπ ) −1 − i n π
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e e [ − e 1e i n π ]
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
− (1 − i nπ ) −1
=
2(1 + n 2π 2 )
e (cos [ n π − i sin n π ) − e 1
(cos n
ANπN
A
−
A
SS
i
IV
IST
sin
AI
A
L
N
n
A
T
π
N
P
)
K
R
A
O
N]
F
N
E
I
S
C
S
O
O
L
R
L
I
N
EG
MA
EO
T
F
H
E
E
N
MA
G
T
I
N
I
C
EE
S,
RING
KANYAKUMARI -629401
18
− (1 − i nπ ) −1
Cn =
2(1 + n π )
2 2
[
e (−1) n − e 1 (−1) n ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n 1
=
2(1 + n π )
2 2
e − e −1 [ ]
(1 − i nπ ) (−1) n
= 2 sinh 1
2(1 + n 2π 2 )
(−1) n sinh1(1 − i nπ )
Cn =
1 + n 2π 2
∞
(−1) n sinh 1(1 − i nπ ) i n π x
∴ f ( x) = ∑ e
n=−∞ 1 + n 2π 2
1, 0< x < π
12. Find the Fourier series of f ( x) =
2, π < x < 2π
1 1 1
Hence evaluate the value of the series 2
+ 2 + 2 + ................
1 3 5
Sol. Fourier series is
∞
a0
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
2π π 2π
1 1 1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx
0
=
π ∫ (1) dx + π π∫ (2) dx
0
=
1
[x ]0π +
2
[x ]π2π
π π
=
1
[(π − 0)] + 2 [(2π − π )]
π π
= 1+ 2 = 3
2π π 2π
1 1 1
an =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx =
π ∫ (1) cos nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) cos nx dx
π 2π
1 sin nx 2 sin nx
= +
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
π n 0 π n π
1 2
= (0 − 0) + (0 − 0)
π π
=0
2π π 2π
1 1 1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx =
π ∫ (1) sin nx dx +
0
π ∫π (2) sin nx dx
π 2π
1 − cos nx 2 − cos nx
= +
π n 0 π n π
−1 2
= [( −1) n − 1] − [1 − (−1) n ]
nπ nπ
=
nπ
1
[
− ( −1) n + 1 − 2 + 2(−1) n ]
( −1) n − 1
=
nπ
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos nx + bn sin nx )
2 n =1
3 ∞ ( −1) n − 1
= + ∑ 0. cos nx + sin nx
2 n =1 nπ J. MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
ASSI STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
3 2 sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x ANNA IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
= − + + + .......... .......... .....
2 π 1 2 3
KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
π 0
2 n =1
1
π
1
2π
(3) 2 ∞
+ ∑ 0 +
(−1) n − 1
2
{ }
∫ (1) dx + ∫ (2) dx =
2 2
π 0 π π 2 n =1
n π
2 2
9 1 4
1
[x]π0 +
4
[x]π2π =
4 4
+ 2 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5
4 1 1
1
[π − 0] + 4 [2π − π ] = 9 + 2 2
1
+ 2 + 2 + ..................
π π 2 π 1 3 5
9 4 1 1 1
5− = 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5
1 4 1 1 1
= 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ..................
2 π 1 3 5
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .................
8 1 3 5
l
x, 0< x<
13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) = 2
l
l − x, < x<l
2
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of ∑
n = 1 ( 2 n − 1)
4
l x, 0<x<L
Sol. Let 2 L = l ⇒ L = , then the given function becomes f ( x) =
2 2 L − x, L < x < 2 L
a0 ∞ nπ x nπ x
Fourier series is f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 L L
2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x ) dx + ∫ (2L − x) dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
L 0
L 0 L L
L 2L
1 x2 1 (2 L − x) 2
= +
L 2 0 L − 2 L
1 L2 1 L2
= − 0 + 0 −
L 2 L − 2
L L
= + =L
2 2
nπ x
2L
1
an =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
L
dx
nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x cos L dx + L ∫
L
( 2 L − x ) cos
L
dx
L 2L
nπ x nπ x nπ x nπ x
sin − cos sin − cos
1 L L 1 L L
= ( x ) − (1) + ( 2 L − x ) − ( −1)
L nπ n 2π 2 L nπ n 2π 2
L
L2
0
L
L2
L
1 ( −1) n L2 L2 1 L2 ( −1) n L2
= 0 + 2 2 − 0 + 2 2 + 0 − 2 2 − 0 − 2 2
L n π n π L n π n π
J.
MUT HUE RU LAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
=
1 L2
L n 2π 2
[ 2L
( −1) − 1 − 1 + (−1) = 2 2 ( −1) − 1
n n
n π
n ASSI
ANNAIVAI
]
STANTPROFESSORI
[
NMATHEMATI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
]
CS,
NEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
20
nπ x
2L
1
bn =
L ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
L
dx
nπ x nπ x
L 2L
1 1
=
L ∫0 x sin L dx + L ∫
L
( 2 L − x ) sin
L
dx
L 2L
nπ x nπ x nπ x nπ x
− cos − sin − cos − sin
1 L L 1 L L
= ( x ) − (1) + ( 2 L − x ) − ( −1)
L n π n π
2 2
L n π n π
2 2
L L2 0 L L2 L
1 ( −1) n L2 1 ( −1) n L2
= − + 0 − {0 + 0 } + {0 − 0} − − − 0
L nπ L nπ
=0
a ∞
nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 L L
L ∞ 2 L [(−1) n − 1] nπ x
= + ∑ cos + 0
2 n =1 nπ2 2
L
L 2L 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x
= + 2 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − 2 cos + 0 − .................
2 π 1 L 3 L 5 L
L 4L 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x
= − 2 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
2 π 1 L 3 L 5 L
l 2l 1 2π x 1 6π x 1 10π x
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have
2L ∞
2
1 a0
∫ [ f ( x)] 2 dx = + ∑ (a n + bn )
2 2
L 0
2 n =1
1
L
1
2L
L2 ∞ 4 L2 (−1) n − 1
+ ∑
2
{ }
∫ ( x) 2 dx + ∫ (2 L − x) dx = +
2
0
L0 L L
2 n =1 n 4π 4
L 2L
1 x3 1 (2 L − x) 3 L2 4 L2 4 4 4
+ = + 4 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
L 3 0 L − 3 L 2 π 1 3 5
1 L3 1 L3 L2 16 L2 1 1 1
− 0 + 0 − = + 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
L 3 L − 3 2 π 1 3 5
2L 2
L 2
16 L 1
2
1 1
− = 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5
L2 16 L2 1 1 1
= 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5
π 4
1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n =1 (2n − 1) 4
14. Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.
∞
1
Hence deduce the value of the series ∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
4
a0 ∞ nπ x
Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l
2 x2 2 l 2 J.
l l
2 2 MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
a 0 = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ x dx = = − 0 = l ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
l 0 l 0 l 2 0 l 2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
21
nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ x cos
l 0 l
dx
l
nπ x nπ x
sin − cos
2 l l
= ( x)
− (1)
l nπ n 2π 2
l
l2
0
2 ( −1) n l 2 l 2
= 0 + 2 2 − 0 + 2 2
l n π n π
2l
= 2 2 ( −1) n − 1
n π
[ ]
a ∞
nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 l
l ∞ 2 l [(−1) n − 1] nπ x
= +∑ cos
2 n =1 nπ2 2
l
2
l 2l πx 2 3π x 2 5π x
= + − 12 cos l + 0 − 3 2 cos l + 0 − 5 2 cos l + 0 − ...................
2 π2
l 4l 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x
(i.e.) f ( x) = − 2 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ...................
2 π 1 l 3 l 5 l
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l ∞ 2
2 a0
∫ = + ∑
2 2
[ f ( x )] dx an
l 0 2 n =1
2
l
l 2 ∞ 4l 2 (−1) n − 1
( x) dx = + ∑
2
{ }
l ∫0
2
2 n =1 n 4π 4
l
2 x3 l 2 4l 2 4 4 4
= + 4 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 0 + ..................
l 3 0 2 π 1 3 5
2 l 3 l 2 16l 2 1 1 1
− 0 = + 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
l 3 2 π 1 3 5
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2l 2
l 2
16l 1
2
1 1
− = 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
3 2 π 1 3 5
l 2 16 l 2 1 1 1
= 4 4 + 4 + 4 + ..................
6 π 1 3 5
π 4
1 1 1
= 4 + 4 + 4 + .................
96 1 3 5
π 4 ∞
1
(i.e.) =∑
96 n = 1 (2n − 1) 4
15. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).
∞
Sol. Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx
n =1
π π
2 2
bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin nx dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x [sin(n + 1) x + sin(n − 1)Jx.MU
0
] dx , n ≠ 1
THUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
π π
1 1 ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
=
π ∫ x sin(n + 1) x dx + π ∫
0 0
x sin( n − 1) x dx ,KA
nN≠YA
1KUMARI-629401
22
π π
1 − cos( n + 1) x − sin( n + 1) x 1 − cos( n − 1) x − sin( n − 1) x
bn = x − (1) + x − (1)
π n +1 (n + 1)
2
0 π n −1 ( n − 1)
2
0
1 − π ( −1) n +1 1 − π ( −1) n −1
= + 0 − {0 + 0} + + 0 − {0 + 0}
π n + 1 π n − 1
(−1) n + 2 ( −1) n
= +
n +1 n −1
1 1
= ( −1) n +
n + 1 n − 1
2n
= ( −1) n
( n + 1)( n − 1)
2n (−1) n
(i.e.)bn = 2 , n ≠1
n −1
When n = 1, we have
π π
2 2
b1 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin x dx
0
=
π ∫ x cos x sin x dx
0
π
1
=
π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0
π
1 − cos 2 x − sin 2 x
= x − (1)
π 2 4 0
1 − 1 1
= π + 0 − {0 + 0} = −
π 2 2
∞ ∞
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx = b1 sin x + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1 n=2
1 ∞
2 n( −1) n
= − sin x + ∑ sin nx
2 n=2 n2 −1
1 2 sin 2 x 3 sin 3 x 4 sin 4 x
= − sin x + 2 3 − + + ..................
2 8 15
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
16. Prove that 1 =
4
π
sin
πx 1
l
+ sin
3
3πx 1
l
+ sin
5
5πx
l
+ .............. in the interval 0 < x < l
Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find half range Fourier sine
series for f(x) = 1
∞
nπ x
Fourier sine series is f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x nπ x
l l
2 2
bn =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) sin
l
dx = ∫ (1) sin
l 0 l
dx
nπ x
l
− cos
2 l = 2 − ( −1) l − − l
n
=
l nπ l nπ nπ
l 0
=
2
nπ
( −1) n +1 + 1 [ ]
∞
nπ x ∞ n +1
2 [( −1) + 1] nπ x
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin =∑ sin
n =1 l n =1 nπ l
2 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x
= sin + 0 + sin J.
MUT+HU
0E +RUL APPAN,M.
sin +S0C.
+,
M. PHI L. ,
..........M.
. B.
A.,
PGDCA.
π 1 l 3 l ASSISTA5NTPROlFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
4 πx 1 3πx A 1NNAI5VπAxILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
(i.e.) 1 = sin + sin + sin +K..........
ANYAK ...U
MARI-629401
π l 3 l 5 l
23
l − x, 0 < x < l
17. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x) =
0, l < x < 2l
1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence deduce the value of the series (i) 1 − + − + .......... (ii) 2 + 2 + 2 + ..............
3 5 7 1 3 5
a ∞
nπ x nπ x
Sol. Fourier series is f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 l l
2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0 =
l ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ (l − x ) dx + ∫ (0) dx
l 0 l l
l
1 (l − x ) 2
=
l − 2 0
=
1
− 2l
[0 −l2 ]
l
=
2
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
an =
l ∫
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx = ∫ (l − x ) cos
l 0 l
dx + 0
l
nπ x nπ x
sin − cos
1 l l
= (l − x ) − ( −1)
l nπ n 2π 2
l l2 0
1 ( −1) n l 2 l 2
= 0 − 2 2 − 0 − 2 2
l n π n π
=
1 l2
l n 2π 2
[
( −1) n +1 + 1 ]
l
[
= 2 2 ( −1) n +1 + 1
n π
]
nπ x nπ x
2l l
1 1
bn =
l ∫ f ( x) sin
l
dx = ∫ (l − x) sin
l 0 l
dx + 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
l
nπ x nπ x
− cos − sin
1 l − ( −1) l
= (l − x )
l nπ n 2π 2
l l2 0
1 l2
= {0 − 0} − − − 0
l nπ
l
=
nπ
a ∞
nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 l l
l ∞ l [(−1) n +1 + 1] nπ x l nπ x
= + ∑ cos + sin
4 n =1 nπ
2 2
l nπ l
l l 2 πx 2 3π x 2 5π x
= + 2 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + 2 cos + 0 + .................
4 π 1 l 3 l 5 l
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x
+ sin + sin + sin + .................
π 1 l 2 l 3 l
l 2l 1 πx 1 3π x 1 5π x J.MUTHU ERU LAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL.,
M. B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(i.e.) f ( x) = + 12 cos l + 3 2 cos l + 5 2 cos l + .................NTPROFESSORI
4 π2 A S S IST A N MA THE MATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
l 1 π x 1 2π x 1 3π x KA NYAKUMARI -
629401
+ sin + sin + sin + ................. − − − − − − − −(1)
π 1 l 2 l 3 l
24
l
Put x = (which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get
2
l l 2l l 1 π 1 1 3π 1 1 5π
l− = + 2 (0) + 1 sin + sin π + sin + sin 4π + sin + .................
2 4 π π 2 2 3 2 4 5 2
l l l 1 1 1
= + 1 + 0 − 3 + 0 + 5 + 0 − 7 + .................
2 4 π
l l l 1 1 1
− = 1 − + − + .................
2 4 π 3 5 7
l l 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + .................
4 π 3 5 7
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + .................
4 3 5 7
Put x = l in equation (1) we get
l 2l 1 1 1
f (l ) = + − 12 − 3 2 − 5 2 − ................ --------------- (2)
4 π2
But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have f(x) = l – x
f (l −) + f (l +) (0) + (0)
f (l ) = = =0 f(l–) = l – l =0
2 2
Hence equation (2) becomes f(x) = 0
f(l) = 0
1 1l 2l 1
0= −
12 + 3 2 + 5 2 ............
4 π2
l 2l 1 1 1
− = − 2 2 + 2 + 2 ............
4 π 1 3 5
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 ................
8 1 3 5
18. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.
∞
1 π2
Deduce that ∑
n =1 ( 2n − 1) 2
=
8
Sol. Half range cosine series is
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
a0 ∞ nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos
2 n =1 2
2 2
2
a0 =
2 ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 dx
0
2
( x − 2) 3
=
3 0
− 8 8
= 0 − =
3 3
nπx nπx
2 2
2
an =
2 ∫
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx = ∫ ( x − 2) 2 cos
0
2
dx
2
nπx nπx nπx
sin − cos − sin
= ( x − 2) 2
2 − [ 2( x − 2)] 2 + ( 2) 2
nπ n 2π 2 n 3π 3
2 4 8 0
= {0 + 0 − 0} − 0 − 2 2 − 0
16
n π
16
= 2 2 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
π n
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
25
8 ∞ 16 nπx
f ( x) = + ∑ 2 2 cos
6 n =1 n π 2
4 16 1 πx 1 2πx 1 3πx
(i.e.) f ( x ) = + 2 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + .......... .......... .... --------- (1)
3 π 1 2 2 2 3 2
Put x = 0 in equation (1) we get
4 16 1 1 1
f ( 0) = + 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ........................ ------------- (2)
3 π2
But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
( x + 2) 2 + ( x − 2) 2
f ( x) = (x + 2)2 (x – 2)2 (2 – x )2
2
(0 + 2) + (0 − 2) 2 (4) + (4)
2 –2 0 2 4
f (0) = = =4
2 2
Hence equation (2) becomes
4 16 1 1 1
4= + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3
4 16 1 1 1
4− = 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3
8 16 1 1 1
= 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ........................
3 π 1 2 3
π2 1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (3)
6 1 2 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Hence equation (4) becomes
1
4 16 1 1
0= +
− 12 + 2 2 − 3 2 + ........................
3 π2
4 16 1 1 1
− = − 2 2 − 2 + 2 − ........................
3 π 1 2 3
π2 1 1 1
= 2
− 2 + 2 − ...................... − − − − − − − − − − (5)
12 1 2 3
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
19. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6
(i.e.) 2l = 6 ⇒ l = 3
Fourier series is
a0 ∞ nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 3 3
a πx 2π x 3π x πx 2π x 3π x
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + a 2 cos + a3 cos + b1 sin + b2 sin + b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + a 2 cos 2θ + a 3 cos 3θ + b1 sin θ + b2 sin 2θ + b3 sin 3θ where θ =
2 3
x y θ=πx/3 cosθ cos2θ cos3θ sinθ sin2θ sin3θ ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ
0 9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 9 9
1 18 π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 0.866 0.866 0 9 –9 –18
2 24 2π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 0.866 –0.866 0 –12 –12 24
3 28 π –1 1 –1 0 0 0 –28 28 –28
4 26 4π/3 –0.5 –0.5 1 –0.866 0.866 0 –13 –13 26
5 20 5π/3 0.5 –0.5 –1 –0.866 –0.866 0 10 –10 –20
Total 125 –25 –7 –7
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
∑ y 125
a 0 = 2 [mean value of y ] = 2 =2 = 41.667
n 6
∑ y cos θ − 25
a1 = 2 [mean value of y cos θ ] = 2 =2 = − 8.333
n 6
∑ y cos 2θ − 7
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2θ ] = 2 = 2 = − 2.333
n 6
∑ y cos 3θ − 7
a3 = 2 [mean value of y cos 3θ ] = 2 = 2 = − 2.333
n 6
∑ y sin θ − 3.464
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin θ ] = 2 =2 = − 1.155
n 6
∑ y sin 2θ 0
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2θ ] = 2 =2 =0
n 6
∑ y sin 3θ 0
b3 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 3θ ] = 2 =2 =0
n 6
41.667
∴ f ( x) = − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1.155 sin θ + 0 sin 2θ + 0 sin 3θ
2 J. MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI πx
N MAT HEMATICS,
(i.e.) f ( x) = 20.833 − 8.333 cos θ − 2.333 cos 2θ − 2.333 cos 3θ − 1A.N
155
NAIsin
VAIθLANK
where
ANNICOθL=LEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI 329401
-
6
27
20. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3 2π
f(x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10
Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ ( a n cos n x + bn sin n x)
2 n =1
a0
(i.e.) f ( x) = + a1 cos x + a 2 cos 2 x + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2 x
2
Here n = 6
∑ y 85
a 0 = 2 [ mean value of y ] = 2 = 2 = 28.333
n 6
∑ y cos x − 14.5
a1 = 2 [ mean value of y cos x] = 2 =2 = − 4.833
n 6
∑ y cos 2 x 2. 5
a 2 = 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 x] = 2 = 2 = 0.833
n 6
∑ y sin x − 0.866
b1 = 2 [ mean value of y sin x] = 2 =2 = − 0.289
n 6
∑ y sin 2 x 2.598
b2 = 2 [ mean value of y sin 2 x] = 2 =2 = 0.866
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n 6
28.333
∴ f ( x) = − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) = 14.1665 − 4.833 cos x + 0.833 cos 2 x − 0.289 sin x + 0.866 sin 2 x
21. Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f(x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11.6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7
Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12
(i.e.) 2l = 12 ⇒ l = 6
Fourier series is
a0 ∞ nπ x nπ x
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos + bn sin
2 n =1 6 6
a πx πx
f ( x ) = 0 + a1 cos + b1 sin
2 6 6
a πx
(i.e.) f ( x) = 0 + a1 cos θ + b1 sin θ where θ =
2 6
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
29
Part – A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l) and the
associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.
∞
nπ x
Sol. f ( x) = ∑ bn sin
n =1 l
nπ x
l
2
bn = ∫ f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value of a1 in the
Fourier series expansion.
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
∴ a1 = 0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, – π < x < π
Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function.
Fourier series is
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
π π
2 2
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫x
2
dx
π 0
π 0
π
2 x3 2 π 3 2π 2
= = − 0 =
π 3 0 π 3 3
a π2
Hence the first term of the Fourier series = 0 =
2 3
4. If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
2π x
4
1
Sol. a 2 = ∫ 2 x cos
2 0
dx
2
4
= ∫ x cos π x dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
4
sin π x − cos π x
= x − (1)
π π
2
0
1 1
= 0 + 2 − 0 + 2
π π
=0
∫ [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2 1
b
RM S = y = a
b−a
⇒y = ∫
b−a a
[ f ( x )] 2 dx
7. Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)
Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as
2π 2π
1 1
2
RM S = y = ∫ ⇒y = ∫
2
[ f ( x )] dx [ f ( x )] 2 dx
2π 0
2π 0
2π 0
2π 2π
1 1 (π − x ) 3
= ∫0 (π − x) dx = 2π − 3
2
2π 0
1 π 3 π 3
= −
2π 3 − 3
1 2π 3 π 2
= =
2π 3 3
π
⇒y=
3
10. Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points in (–π, π)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and f ′(x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)
Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to
a) f(x) if x is a point of continuity
f ( x − 0) + f ( x + 0)
b) if x is a point of discontinuity.
2
11. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis.
Sol. The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical value is known
as harmonic analysis. In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the
function y = f(x) in (0, 2π) are given by
a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2π)]
an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2π)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2π)]
x , 0 < x < 1
12. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f ( x) = at x = 1
2 , 1 < x < 2
Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity
f (1 − 0) + f (1 + 0) 1 + 2 3
f (1) = = =
2 2 2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
31
14. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) = sin5x
in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. Fourier cosine series is
b0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ bn cos nx
2 n =1
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2π 2π
1 1
∴ b5 =
π ∫ f ( x) sin 5 x dx = π ∫ sin 5 x sin 5 x dx
0 0
2π
1
= ∫ sin
2
5 x dx
π 0
2π
1 1 − cos 10 x
=
π 0 ∫2
dx
2π
1 sin 10 x
= x − 10
2π 0
1
[(2π − 0) − (0 − 0)]
=
2π
b5 = 1
∞
sin nx
15. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0, 2π) is f ( x) = ∑ . Find the RMS value
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n =1 n
of f(x) in the interval (0, 2π).
Sol. RMS value of f(x) in (0, 2π) is
2 ∞
a0 1
∑ (a
2
y = + + bn )
2 2
n
4 2 n =1
16. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a what value does its Fourier series represent at that point.
17. Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in (o, l)
x, 0 ≤ x < 1
18. Find the sum of the Fourier series for f(x) = at x = 1.
2, 1 < x < 2
0, 0 < x < π
19. If the Fourier series for the function f(x) = is
sin x, π < x < 2π
2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
1 1
f ( x) = − + + + + ......... + sin x
π π 1 .3 3.5 5.7 2
1 1 1 π −2
Deduce that − + − .........∞ =
1 . 3 3 . 5 5 .7 4 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
20. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1; 0 < xAS
<SI
πSTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
21. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) =YA
KAN |K
cosx
UMAR|I
expressed
-629401 in
the interval (–π, π).
32
Part – B
x, 0 < x < π
1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f ( x) = of period 2π.
2π − x, π < x < 2π
2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(x) = x; 0 < x < π and hence deduce the
∞
1
sum of the series ∑ (2n + 1)
n=0
4
3. Expand the function f(x) = sinx, 0 < x < π in Fourier cosine series.
4. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values
x: 0 π /3 2π / 3 π 4π / 3 5π / 3
f(x) : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 –0.88 –0.25
5. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in (0, 2π) of periodicity 2π.
6. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = |x|, – π < x < π and deduce
∞
1 π2
∑ (2n − 1)
n =1
2
=
8
7. Find the half-range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = (π – x)2 in the interval (0, π). Hence find
1 1 1
the sum of the series 4
+ 4 + 4 + ..........∞
1 2 3
8. Determine the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x in the interval – π < x < π
9. Find the half range cosine series for x sinx in (0, π) and hence find the value of
2 2 2 2
1+ − + − + .......... .∞
1 .3 3 .5 5 . 7 7 .9
10. Obtain the Fourier series for the function
π x, 0 < x < 1
f ( x) =
π (2 − x ), 1 < x < 2
11. Calculate the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data:
xo : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 320
f(x): 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
12. Find the Fourier series of the function
0, − π ≤ x ≤ 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 1 1
f ( x) = and hence evaluate + + + .........∞
sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π 1 .3 3 . 5 5 . 7
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
4. Classify the following second order partial differential equations
x 2 f xx (1 y 2 ) f yy 0 for 1 y 1, x
Sol. A x 2 , B 0, C 1 y 2
B 2 4 AC 4 x 2 (1 y 2 )
4 x 2 ( y 2 1)
x 2 is always +ve in x
In 1 y 1 , y 1 is –ve
2
B 2 4 AC = –ve ( x 0 )
Equation is Elliptic
If x 0, B 2 4 AC 0, the equation is Parabolic
When y 1 (or ) y 1then B 2 4 AC 0, the equation is hyperbolic.
5. What are the assumptions to be made while deriving one dimensional wave equation
or equation of vibration of strings?
Sol. (i) The mass of the string per unit length is constant.
(ii) The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
(iii) The tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at end points is so large
J.
MU
that the action of the gravitational force on the string THU
can ERneglected.
be ULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(iv) The string performs a small transverse motion in a vertical plane that is every particle S,
AS SI
STAN TPROF ESSORIN MA T HEMATIC
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
of the string moves strictly vertically and so that the deflectionKand
ANYAthe slope
KUMA RI- at
629 every
401
point of the string remain small in absolute value.
2
Tension
Sol. a2
Mass per unit length of the string
10. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest in this position. Write the
initial conditions.
2 y 2 y
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
The equation of AB is O(0,0) B(2l, 0)
y b xl
b 0 l 2l
y b xl
b l
b( x l )
y b
l
bl bx bl b
y (2l x) , l x 2l
l l
The initial boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0
bx
l , 0 xl
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 (iv) y ( x, 0)
t b (2l x), l x 2l
l
11. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
time t = 0. Write the most general solution to this problem. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Sol. The most general solution is ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
n x n a t KANYAKUMARI-629401
y( x, t ) cn sin cos
n 1 l l
3
12. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity x (l x),
Write the most general solution to this problem.
Sol. The most general solution is
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) c n sin sin
n 1 l l
13. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportionality is known as the specific heat (s) of the conducting material.
14. State the Fourier law of heat conduction.
Sol. The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient normal to the curve. This constant of proportionality is known as
thermal conductivity (k) of the material. It is known as Fourier law of heat conduction.
15. Define temperature gradient
Sol. The rate of change of temperature with respect to the distance is called as temperature
gradient.
16. What is one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The one dimensional heat equation is
u 2u k
2 where 2
is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
t x2 c
u 2 u
2
17. In one dimensional heat equation 2 what does
2
refer to?
t x
k
Sol. In one dimensional heat equation 2 is diffusivity of the material of the bar.
c
Here k is thermal conductivity, c is specific heat and is the density.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
18. What are possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
(i) u ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) c3 e p t
2 2
(iii) u ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
20. Define steady state and derive the steady state solution of one dimensional heat
equation.
Sol. Steady state is the state in which the temperature does not vary with respect to the time.
u 2 u
2
21. The bar of length 50cm has its ends kept at 20 C and 100 C until steady state
condition prevails. Find the steady state temperature of the rod.
Sol. The steady state equation of the one dimensional heat equation is
d2y
0
dx 2
u ( x) ax b (1)
The boundary conditions are (i) u(0) 20 (ii) u(50) 100
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
20 a(0) b b 20
Substitute b = 20 in equation (1) we get
u( x) ax 20 (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
100 a (50) 20
8
a
5
Substitute this value in (2) we get
8x
u ( x) 20
5
22. What is two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
u 2 u 2u
2
2
y 2
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation is
t x
But in steady state, u(x,t) = u(x)
u
0
t
2u 2u
2 2 2 0
x y
2u 2u
2 0, 2 0
x 2
y
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i.e) 2 u 0
which is the Laplace equation in two dimensions.
23. What are the possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation or Laplace equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation are
(i ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(iii) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
24. Write any two solutions of the Laplace equation u xx u yy 0 involving exponential
terms in x or y.
Sol. (i ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(ii) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
25. How will you choose the correct solution for one dimensional wave equation?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation is
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 ) ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANN AIVAILANKA NNICOLLEGE
Here y( x, t ) means, the displacement of the string at any point x at any time t. OFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
Therefore the Solution (ii) which consists of periodic function in ‘t’ is correct solution.
5
26. Write down the appropriate solution of one dimensional heat flow equation. How is
it chosen?
Sol. The possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation are
(i) u ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) c3 e p t
2 2
(iii) u ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
Here as we are dealing with the heat equation u(x,t) representing the temperature at time t,
u(x,t) must decreases as t increases. (i.e.) u(x,t) cannot be infinite as t
Solution (ii) is correct solution.
27. If the ends of a string of length ‘l’ are fixed and the midpoint of the string is drawn
aside through a height ‘h’ and the string is released from rest, state the initial and
boundary conditions.
Sol. The boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0 for all t 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0 for all t 0
y ( x , 0)
(iii) 0 for every x in (0, l )
t
2h x l
(iv) y ( x, 0) , 0x
l 2
2h l
(l x) , xl
l 2
28. What are the laws assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. (i) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.
(ii) The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature change.
(iii) The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area and to the
gradient normal to the curve.
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
29. Write down the two-dimensional steady state heat conduction equation.
2u 2u
Sol. 0
x2 y2
30. The ends A and B of a rod l cm long have the temperature 40oC and 90oC until steady
state prevails. Find the temperature in the rod at that state.
d 2u
Sol. When steady state condition prevails, the heat flow equation is 0 .
d x2
Solving we get u(x) = ax + b --------- (1)
Given u(0) = 40 ; u(l) = 90
Applying condition (i) in equation (1), we get
40 = a(0) + b b = 40
Substitute b = 40 in equation (1), we have
u(x) = ax + 40 ----------- (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2), we get
90 = a(l) + 40
50
a
l
50
Substitute a in equation (2), we have J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
l ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
50 x ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
u ( x) 40 KANYAKUMARI-629401
l
6
35. Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
which the initial position of the string is f(x) and the initial velocity imparted at
each point is g(x).
Sol. The boundary and initial conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0
(iii) y ( x, 0) f ( x )
y ( x , 0)
(iv) g ( x)
t
36. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation.
Sol. Solution of one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature.
But solution of one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
PART -B
1. A string is stretched and fastened to two points x = 0 and x = l apart. Motion is started
by displacing the string into the form y = k(lx – x2) from which it is released at time
t = 0. Find the displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x from one end
at time t.
2 y 2 y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2 a ------------ (A)
t x2
From the given problem, the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0 for all t 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0 for all t 0
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
(iv) y ( x, 0) k (lx x 2 ) , 0 x l
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------ (3)
l l l
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x n a t n a n a t n a
c 2 sin c3 sin c 4 cos ------------- (4)
t l l l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x n a
0 c2 sin c4
l l
c4 0
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l2 l 3 0
2k (1) n l 3 l 3
0 0 (2) 3 3 0 0 (2) 3 3
l n n
4k l 3
ln 3 3
(1) n 1
4k l 2
c n 3 3 1 (1) n
n
Substitute c n in (5) we get
n x n a t
4kl 2
y ( x, t ) 3 3 1 (1) n sin cos
n 1 n l l
8kl 2 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t )
n 1, 3, 5...... n
3 3
sin
l
cos
l
2. A tightly stretched string of length 2L is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced transversely through a small distance ‘b’ and string is released from
the rest in that position. Find an expression for the J .
MUTHUERUL
transverse APPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.
displacement PHIL.
of ,
M.B.
the A.
,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
string at any time during the subsequent motion. ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
Sol. Let 2L = l (For convenience) KANYAKUMARI-629401
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
9
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
2bx l
l , 0 x
2
(iv) y ( x, 0)
2b (l x) , l x l
l 2
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat) ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
sin pl 0
10
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------ (3)
l l l
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x n a t n a n a t n a
c 2 sin c3 sin c 4 cos ------------- (4)
t l l l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x n a
0 c2 sin c4
l l
c4 0
Substitute c4 0 in equation (3) we have
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) c2 sin c3 cos
l l
n x n a t
c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) cn sin cos (5) where cn c2 c3
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions of the
form (5) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation. (by super position principle)
The most general solution of (5) can be written as
n x n a t
y( x, t ) cn sin cos ------------------ (6)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get
n x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
f ( x) cn sin (7 )
n 1 l
2bx l
, 0 x
l 2
where f ( x)
2b (l x), l x l
l 2
To find c n expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 l
From (7) & (8) we get
c n bn
n x
l
2
l 0
f ( x ) sin dx
l
2 2bx n x 2b(l x) n x
l/2 l
sin dx sin dx
l 0 l l l/2
l l
l/2 l
nx nx nx nx
4b 4b
cos sin cos sin
2 ( x) l (1) l 2 (l x)
J
.MU TH U ElRU
L APPAN,
(1)
M.SC.,
M. P HlIL.
,B.
M. A. ,
PGDCA.
l n n2 2
l A S
n
S I
ST ANT PROFES
SO Rn
IN MA
2 2
TH
E
MA T ICS,
AN NA IVA ILANK ANNICOLL EG E OF E
N G I
N EERING
l l2 0 l KANYAKUMARI 2
l-6
29401 l / 2
11
4b l l n l2 n 4b l l n l2 n
2
. cos sin {0 0} 2
{0 0} . cos sin
l 2 n 2 n2 2
2 l 2 n 2 n2 2
2
4b l 2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n
2 cos 2 2 sin cos 2 2 sin
l 2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2
8b l 2 n 8b n
cn 2 2 2 sin 2 2 sin
l n 2 n 2
Substitute cn in equation (6) we get
8b n n x n a t
y( x, t ) 2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n 2 l l
8b n n x n a t
(i.e.) y( x, t ) sin sin cos
n 1 n
2 2
2 2L 2L
3. A string is stretched with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position given
3 x
by y( x,0) y0 sin . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement
l
y at any distance x from one end at anytime t.
2 y 2 y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2 a ------------ (A)
t x2
From the given problem, the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0 for all t 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0 for all t 0
y ( x, 0)
(iii) 0 ( initial velocity is zero )
t
x
(iv) y ( x, 0) y 0 sin 3 , 0xl
l
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
l ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
n x n a t n a t ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------
KAN(3)
YAKUMARI-
629401
l l l
12
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
4. A taut string of length l has its ends x = 0 and x = l fixed. The point where x =
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------ (3)
l l l
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x n a t n a n a t n a
c 2 sin c3 sin c 4 cos ------------- (4)
t l l l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x n a
0 c2 sin c4
l l
c4 0 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
sin dx sin dx
l 0 l l l /3
2l l
l /3 l
nx nx nx nx
cos sin cos sin
6h l l 3h l l
2 ( x) (1)
2 (l x) (1)
l n n 2 2 l n n 2 2
l
l2
0
l
l2
l / 3
6h l l n l2 n 3h 2l l n l2 n
2 . cos 2 2 sin {0 0} 2 {0 0} . cos 2 2 sin
l 3 n 3 n 3 l 3 n 3 n 3
3h 2l 2 n 2l 2 n 2 l 2 n l2 n
2 cos 2 2 sin cos 2 2 sin
l 3n 3 n 3 3n 3 n 3
3h 3 l 2 n
c n 2 2 2 sin
l n 3
9h n
(i.e.) c n 2 2 sin
n 3
Substitute cn in equation (6) we get
9h n n x n a t
y( x, t ) 2 2 sin sin cos
n 1 n 3 l l
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
5. The points of trisection of a tightly stretched string of length l with fixed ends are
parallel aside through a distance ‘d’ on opposite sides of the position of equilibrium,
and the string is released from rest. Obtain an expression for the displacement of the
string at any subsequent time and show that the midpoint of the string always remains
at rest.
Sol.
l
A ,d
3
O(0,0) C (l, 0)
d
2l
B ,d
3
First we have to find the equation of the string in its initial position.
The equation of string OA is
y0 x0
0 d 0 l /3
y 3x
d l
3d x
y , 0 x l /3
l
The equation of string AB is
yd x l /3
d d l / 3 2l / 3
y d x l /3
2d l /3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y d 3x l
2d l
2d (3 x l ) d l 6d x 2d l 3d
yd (l 2 x) , l / 3 x 2l / 3
l l l
The equation of string BC is
yd x 2l / 3
d 0 2l / 3 l
y d x 2l / 3
d l /3
y d 3x 2l
d l
d (3 x 2l ) d l 3d x 2d l 3d
y d (x l) , 2l / 3 x l
l l l
2 y 2 y
2
3 d x l
l , 0 x
3
3 d l 2l
(iv) y ( x, 0) (l 2 x) , x
l 3 3
3 d 2l
l ( x l ) , xl
3
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------ (3)
l l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
l
Differentiate equation (3) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we have
y ( x, t ) n x n a t n a n a t n a
c 2 sin c3 sin c 4 cos ------------- (4)
t l l l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
n x n a
0 c2 sin c4
l l
c4 0
Substitute c4 0 in equation (3) we have
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) c2 sin c3 cos
l l
n x n a t
c2 c3 sin cos
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) cn sin cos (5) where cn c2 c3
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions of the
form (5) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation. (by super position principle)
The most general solution of (5) can be written as J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
n x n a t ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
y( x, t ) cn sin cos ------------------
ANNA(6)
IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n 1 l l KANYAKUMARI
-629401
17
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
6d l l
2 .
l 3 n
cos
6d l l
n
3 n
2n
l2
2 2 sin
2l 2
n
3
{0 0}
2n l l n 2l 2 n
2 . cos 2 2 sin
. cos sin
l 3 n 3 n 3 3 n 3 n2 2
3
6d l l 2n l2 2n
2 {0 0} . cos 2 2 sin
l 3 n 3 n 3
6d 3 l 2 n 3l 2 2n
2 2 2 sin 2 2 sin
l n 3 n 3
18d n 2n
2 2
sin sin
n 3 3
18d n n
2 2 sin sin n
n 3 3
18d n n n
cn sin sin n cos cosn sin
n 2 2
3 3 3
n
18d
n
(i.e.) cn 2 2 1 (1) n sin
3
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
18
6. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially in a position
3 x 2 x
given by y( x, 0) k sin cos . If it is released from rest from this position,
l l
determine the displacement y(x, t).
2 y 2 y
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
l ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
n x n a t n a t ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin KA NYA
------------------ (3) KUMA RI-
6294
01
l l l
19
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Problems on vibrating on strings with non-zero initial velocity
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx(l – x).
Find the displacement of the string at any time.
2 y 2 y
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
Diff. (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we get
y( x, t ) n x n a t n a
t
n 1
cn sin
l
cos
l
l
---------------- (6)
l
nx nx nx
cos sin cos
2k l l l
(lx x )
2
(l 2 x) (2)
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l2 l 3 0
2k (1) n l 3 l 3
0 0 (2) 3 3 0 0 (2) 3 3
l n n
n a 4k l 3
cn
l
ln
3 3
(1) n 1
(i.e.) c n
4k l 3
n a
4 4
1 (1) n
Substitute c n in (5) we get
n x n a t
4kl3
y ( x, t ) 4 4 1 (1) n sin sin
n 1 n a l l
8kl3 n x n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t ) sin sin
n 1, 3, 5...... n a
4 4
l l
8. Find the displacement of a tightly stretched string of length 7cms vibrating between
3 x 9 x
fixed end points if initial displacement is 10sin and initial velocity is 15sin
7 7
2 y 2 y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2 a ------------ (A)
t x2
Let l = 7 cm
From the given problem, the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y (0, t ) 0 for all t 0
(ii) y (l , t ) 0 for all t 0
3 x
(iii) y ( x, 0) 10 sin
l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(iv)
y ( x, 0)
t
9 x
15 sin
l
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
pl n ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
n KANYAKUMARI-629401
p
l
22
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin
l l l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) sin c2 c3 cos c2 c4 sin
l l l
n x n a t n a t
sin cn cos d n sin (3)
l l l
The most general solution of (3) can be written as
n x n a t n a t
y( x, t ) sin cn cos d n sin ------------------- (4)
n 1 l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (4) we get
3 x n x
10 sin cn sin
l n 1 l
3 x x 2 x 3 x
10 sin c1 sin c2 sin c3 sin .....................
l l l l
By Equating like coefficients we have
c3 10 , c1 c2 c4 c5 .......... . 0
Diff. (4) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we get
y( x, t ) n x n a t n a n a t n a
sin cn sin . d n cos ---------------- (5)
t n 1 l l l l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (5) we get
9 x n x n a
15 sin d n sin .
l n 1 l l
9 x x a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3 a
15 sin d1 sin . d 2 sin . d 3 sin . .....................
l l l l l l l
By Equating like coefficients we have
9 a 15 l
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
d9 15 (i.e.) d 9 and the remaining d n ' s are zero.
l 9 a
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4), we have
3 x 3 a t 15 l 9 x 9 a t
y ( x, t ) 10 sin cos sin sin
l l 9 a l l
3 x 3 a t 105 9 x 9 a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t ) 10 sin cos sin sin
7 7 9 a 7 7
9. If a string l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given a
l
k x , 0 x
2
velocity v such that v Find the displacement function y(x, t).
k (l x) , l x l
2
2 y 2 y
2
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat c4 sin pat)
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n x n a t n a t
y ( x, t ) c 2 sin c3 cos c 4 sin ------------------ (3)
l l l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
0 c 2 sin (c3 0)
l
c3 0
Substitute c3 0 in equation (3) we get
n x n a t
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y ( x, t ) c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n a t
y ( x, t ) c n sin sin (4) where c n c 2 c 4
l l
Since the partial differential equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions of the
form (4) with n=1,2,3,… is also a solution of the equation.
The most general solution of (4) can be written as
n x n a t
y( x, t ) c n sin sin ------------------- (5)
n 1 l l
Diff. (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ we get
y( x, t ) n x n a t n a
cn sin cos ---------------- (6)
t n 1 l l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get
n x n a
f ( x) cn sin ------------ (7)
n 1 l l
kx, 0 x l/2
where f ( x)
k (l x) , l / 2 x l
To find c n expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine J.
MUseries
THUEin the
RULAPPinterval
AN,M. SC.
,(0,PHl)IL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
M.
n x ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (8) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
n 1 l KANYAKUMARI
-629401
24
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(ii) y (l , t ) 0 for all t 0
(iii)
y ( x, 0)
t
x (x l) , 0 x l
x, 0 x l/2
(iv) y ( x, 0)
lx, l/2 x l
2 y 2 y
2
Sol. The one dimensional wave equation is 2 a ------------ (A)
t x2
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i ) y ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 e p a t c4 e p a t )
(ii) y ( x, t ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
(iii) y ( x, t ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11t c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
y ( x, t ) (c1 cos px c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat)
c1 0 [ c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat 0] J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we get ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
y ( x, t ) c2 sin px (c3 cos pat c 4 sin pat) ------------ (2) KANYAKU MARI-6
294
01
25
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n a
dn bn
l
n x
l
2
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx
n x
l
2
l 0
x ( x l ) sin dx
l
l
nx nx nx
cos sin cos
2 l l l
( x l x )
2
(2 x l ) (2)
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l2 l 3 0
2 (1) n l 3 l 3
0 0 (2) 3 3 0 0 (2) 3 3
l n n
n a
dn
l
4l 3
ln
3 3
(1) n 1
4l 3
(i.e.) d n 4 4 (1) n 1
n a
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n 2
Substitute the values of cn and dn in equation (4) we get
n x 4l n n a t 4l 3 [(1) n 1] n a t
y ( x, t ) sin 2 2 sin cos sin
l
n n a
4 4
n 1 l 2 l
n x 4l n n a t 8l 3 n a t
(i.e.) y ( x, t ) sin 2 2 sin cos 4 4 sin
n 1, 3, 5.... l n 2 l n a l
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
11. A uniform bar of length l through which heat flows is insulated at its sides. The ends
are kept at zero temperature. If the initial temperature at the interior points of the bar
is given by k (lx x ), 0 x l . Find the temperature distribution in the bar after
2
time t.
u 2 u
2
(iii) u ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u( x, t ) ( Acos px B sin px) e p t ------------ (1)
2 2
A 0 [ e p t 0]
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
sin pl 0
pl n
p
n
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
l
n 2 2
n x 2 t
u( x, t ) B sin e l2
l
The most general solution is
n 2 2 2
n x
u ( x, t ) Bn sin
t
l2
e ------------------ (3)
n 1 l
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
k (lx x ) Bn sin
2
----------------- (4)
n 1 l
To find Bn expand k(lx – x2) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (5) J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
n 1 l
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
l l2 l 3 0
2k (1) n l 3 l 3
0 0 ( 2)
n 3 3 0 0 ( 2) 3 3
l n
4k l 3
ln3 3
(1) n 1
(i.e.) Bn
4k l 2
n 3 3
1 (1) n
Substitute Bn in equation (3) we get
n 2 2 2
4k l2 n x
u ( x, t ) 3 3 [1 (1) n ] sin
t
l2
e
n 1 n l
n 2 2 2
8k l 2 n x
(i.e.) u ( x, t )
t
l2
sin e
n 1, 3, 5..... n
3 3
l
12. Find the temperature distribution in a homogeneous bar of length π which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if initially the temperature is k at
the centre of the bar and falls uniformly to zero at its ends.
Sol. The equation of line OA is
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u0 x0
0 k 0 / 2 A ,k
u 2x 2
k
k
2k x
u , 0 x /2
O(0,0) B(π, 0)
The equation of line AB is
u k x / 2
k 0 / 2
u k x / 2
k / 2
u k 2x
k
k (2 x )
u k
k 2kx k 2k
u ( x) , / 2 x
Hence initially the temperature function is in the form
2k x J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.,M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
, 0 x AS SISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA TH EMA T I
C S,
2 ANNA IVAILANKANNICOL LEGE OFE N G I
N EERING
u ( x , 0)
2k ( x) , x KANYAKUMA R I
-629401
2
29
u 2 u
2
(iii) u ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u( x, t ) ( Acos px B sin px) e p t ------------ (1)
2 2
A 0 [ e p t 0]
2 2
sin p 0
p n
pn
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Substituting p n in equation (2) we get
u( x, t ) B sin nx e
The most general solution is
2 2
n t
u( x, t ) Bn sin nx e n t ------------------ (3)
2 2
n 1
2k x
, 0 x
2
where f ( x)
2k ( x) , x
2
To find Bn expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, π)
f ( x) bn sin nx ----------------- (5)
n 1
/2
4k
2 x sin nx dx ( x) sin nx dx
0 /2
/2
4k cos nx sin nx 4k cos nx sin nx
2 ( x) (1) 2 ( x) (1)
n n
2
0 n n
2
/ 2
4k 1 n 1 n 4k 1 n 1 n
2
. cos 2 sin {0 0} 2 {0 0} . cos 2 sin
2 n 2 n 2 2 n 2 n 2
4k n 1 n n 1 n
2 cos 2 sin cos 2 sin
2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2
4k 2 n
2 2 sin
n 2
8k n
Bn 2 2 sin
n 2
Substitute the values of Bn in equation (3) we get
8k n
u( x, t ) sin nx e n t
2 2
sin
n 1 n
2 2
2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
In steady state, the initial conditions are
(i ) u (0) 20
(ii) u (30 ) 80
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
20 a(0) b
b 20
Substitute b = 20 in equation (1) we get
u( x) a x 20 -------------- (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
80 a(30) 20
30 a 60
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x) 2 x 20
Now both the ends A and B are reduced to 0 . At this stage, the steady state is changed
into unsteady state (transient state). For this transient state, the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t ) 0 for all t 0
(ii) u (30, t ) 0 for all t 0
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M.PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
(iii) u ( x, 0) 2 x 20 , 0 x 30 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
[since the initial temperature of this transient state isAthe
NNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI
temperature in the-6
KANYAKUMARI
previous
29401
NEERING
steady state].
31
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(i) u ( x, t ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) c3 e p t
2 2
(iii) u ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u( x, t ) ( Acos px B sin px) e p t ------------ (1)
2 2
A 0 [ e p t 0]
2 2
sin 30 p 0
30 p n
n
p
30
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we get
30
n 2 2
n x 2 t
u ( x, t ) B sin e 900
30
The most general solution is
n 2 2 2
n x 900 t
u ( x, t ) Bn sin e ------------------ (3)
n 1 30
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
2 x 20 Bn sin ----------------- (4)
n 1 30
To find Bn expand 2x + 20 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 30)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (5)
n 1 30
From (4) & (5) we get
Bn bn
n x
30
2
30 0
f ( x) sin
30
dx
n x
30
1
(2 x 20) sin dx
15 0 30
30
nx nx
cos sin
1 30 30
(2 x 20) (2)
15 n n 2 2
30 900 0
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
1 (1) n 30 30 ASSISTANTPROFESSO SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
( 80)
n 0 ( 20)
0 RINMA THE MAT I
C S,
15 n ANN AI
V AILANKANNICOLLEG EOF ENG I
N EERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
32
30(20)
15(n )
4(1) n 1
(i.e.) Bn
40
n
1 4(1) n
Substitute Bn in equation (3) we get
n 2 2 2
40 n x
u ( x, t )
t
[1 4(1) n ] sin e 900
n 1 n 30
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Substitute b = 20 in equation (1) we get
u( x) a x 20 -------------- (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
40 a(10) 20
10 a 20
a2
Substitute a = 2 in equation (2) we get
u( x) 2 x 20
Now the temperatures at A and B are changed, the state is no longer steady. For this
transient state the boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, t ) 50 for all t 0
(ii) u (10, t ) 10 for all t 0
(iii) u ( x, 0) 2 x 20 , 0 x 10
Since we have non-zero boundary values, we break up the required function u(x, t) into
two parts. (i.e.) u ( x, t ) u s ( x) u t ( x, t ) ------------ (3)
where u s (x ) is a steady state solution of equation (A) and u t ( x, t ) is a transient solution.
To find us(x):
u s (x ) satisfies equation (A)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
d 2u s ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
2 0 where (i ) u s (0) 50 (ii)AN uN
s(
A10 LA
IV)AI 10
NKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
dx KANYAKUMARI-629401
Solving, we get u s ( x) a x b ------------- (4)
33
(iii) ut ( x, t ) (c7 x c8 ) c9
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
ut ( x, t ) ( A cos px B sin px) e p t ------------ (6)
2 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
A 0 [ e p t 0]
2 2
sin 10 p 0
10 p n
n
p
10
n
Substituting p in equation (7) we get
10
n 2 2
n x 2 100 t
u t ( x, t ) B sin e
10
The most general solution is
n 2 2 2
n x 100 t
ut ( x, t ) Bn sin e ------------------ (8)
n 1 10
Applying condition (iii) in equation (8) we get J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA THE MAT I
C S,
n x
6 x 30 Bn sin ----------------- (9) AN NA IVAILANKANNICOL LEGE OF ENG I
N EERING
n 1 10 KANYAKUMA R I
-6294
01
34
To find Bn, expand 6x – 30 in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 10)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (10)
n 1 10
From (9) & (10) we get
Bn bn
n x
10
2
10 0
f ( x ) sin dx
10
n x
10
1
(6 x 30) sin dx
50 10
10
n x n x
1
cos sin
(6 x 30) 10 (6) 10
5 n n 2 2
10 100 0
1 (1) n 10 10
( 30 )
n 0 (30) 0
5 n
30 (10)
5 (n )
(1) n 1
(i.e.) Bn
60
n
1 (1) n
Substitute Bn in equation (8) we get
n 2 2 2
60 n x
u t ( x, t )
t
[1 (1) n ] sin e 100
n 1 n 10
n 2 2 2
120 n x
t
(i.e.) ut ( x, t ) sin e 100
n 2 , 4 , 6.... n 10
Hence equation (3)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u ( x, t ) u s ( x ) u t ( x, t )
n 2 2 2
120 n x
t
(i.e.) u ( x , t ) ( 4 x 50) sin e 100
n 2 , 4, 6.... n 10
By putting x = 5, we get the temperature at the midpoint of the rod.
n x n
u( x, t ) 30 sin sin 0 for n 2,4,6.......
10 2
(i.e.) The temperature at the midpoint of the rod remains unaltered for all time.
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
35
15. A square plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 20 and y = 20. Its faces are
insulated. The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by
u(x, 20) = x(20 – x) when 0 < x < 20 while the other three edges are kept at 0 C .
Find the steady state temperature in the plate.
2u 2u
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2 2 0 ------------ (A)
x y
Let us take the sides of the plate be l = 20. u(x, 20) = x(20 – x)
y = 20
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y ) 0, 0 y l
(ii) u (l , y ) 0, 0 y l
(iii) u ( x, 0) 0 , 0 x l y=0
(iv) u ( x, l ) x (l x), 0 x l
u(x, 0) = 0
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(c) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x, y ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px) (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) --------------- (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
c1 0 [ c3 e p y c4 e p y 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y ) c2 sin px (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) ------------ (2)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pl (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
sin pl 0
pl n
n
p
l
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we have
l
n y n y
n x
l
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e l
c e
l --------------- (3)
3 4
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
nx
0 c2 sin (c 3 c 4 )
l
c3 c 4 0
c 4 c3
Substitute c4 c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
n x ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
u ( x, y ) c 2 sin c 3 e
l
c3 e l ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
l KANYAKUMARI-629401
36
n y n y
n x l
u ( x, y ) c 2 c3 sin e e l
l
n x n y
cn sin . 2 sinh
l l
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y) cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
l l
The most general solution of equation (4) is
n x n y
u ( x, y) cn sin sinh ------------- (5)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in equation (5) we get
n x
x (l x) cn sin sinh n -------------- (6)
n 1 l
To find cn expand x(l – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, l)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 l
From (6) & (7) we get
cn sinh n bn
n x
l
2
f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
n x
l
2
l 0
x (l x ) sin dx
l
l
nx nx nx
cos sin cos
2 l l l
(l x x )
2
(l 2 x) (2)
l n n 2 2 n 3 3
l l2 l 3 0
2 (1) n l 3 l 3
0 0 (2) 3 3 0 0 (2) 3 3
n n
ENGI
NEERI NG I
S FUN
l
c n sinh n
4l 3
ln
3 3
(1) n 1
(i.e.) c n
4l 2
n sinh n
3 3
1 (1) n
Substitute c n in (5) we get
n x n y
4l 2
u ( x, y ) 1 (1) n sin sinh
n 1 n sinh n
3 3
l l
3200 n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y )
n 1, 3, 5...... n sinh n
3 3
sin
20
sinh
20
16. The boundary value problem governing the steady state temperature distribution in a
2u 2u
flat, thin square plate is given by 0, 0 x a, 0 y a
x2 y2
3 x
u ( x, 0) 0, u ( x, a) 4 sin , 0 x a ; u (0, y ) 0, u (a, y ) 0 , 0 y a
a
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
J.
MU
2 THUE
u 2 uRULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHIL.
,M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2 0 ------------ (A)
ASSIS TANTPROFESSORIN MAT HEMATICS,
A
xN2NAIVyAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI -
629401
37
u(x, a) = f(x)
The boundary conditions are y=a
(i ) u (0, y ) 0, 0 y a
(ii) u (a, y ) 0, 0 y a
(iii) u ( x, 0) 0 , 0 x a
x y=0
(iv) u ( x, a) 4 sin 3 , 0xa u(x, 0) = 0
a
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(c) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x, y ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px) (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) --------------- (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
c1 0 [ c3 e p y c4 e p y 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y ) c2 sin px (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pa (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
sin pa 0
pa n
n
p
a
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we have
a
n y n y
n x
a
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e a
c e
a --------------- (3)
3 4
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
nx
0 c2 sin ( c3 c 4 )
a
c3 c 4 0
c 4 c3
Substitute c4 c3 in equation (3) we have
n y n y
n x
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c 3 e
a
c3 e a
a
n y n y
n x
u ( x, y ) c 2 c3 sin e
a
e a
a
n x n y
c n sin . 2 sinh
a a
n x n y
(i.e.) u ( x, y) cn sin sinh ---------------- (4)
a a
The most general solution of equation (4) is
n x n y J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.
PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
u ( x, y) cn sin sinh ------------- (5) ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
n 1 a a ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
38
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
u ( x, y ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px) (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) --------------- (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
c1 0 [ c3 e p y c4 e p y 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y ) c2 sin px (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pa (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
sin pa 0
pa n
n
p
a
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we have
a
n y n y
n x
a
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e a
c e
a --------------- (3)
3 4
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHI
L.,
M. B.
A. ,
PGDCA.
n b n b A SSISTANTPROFESSOR I
N MA THE MAT I
C S,
n x
a
0 c2 sin c3 e a
c4 e
ANN AI VAILANKANNICOL LEGE OF ENG I
N EERING
a KANYAKUMA R I
-6294
01
39
n b n b
c3 e a
c4 e a
0
2 n b
c 4 c3 e a
(4)
Substitute (4) in equation (3) we have
n y 2 n b n y
n x
a
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e a
c e a
e
a
3 3
2 n y 2 n b
n x a a
n a y
u ( x, y ) cn sin e e e (5)
a
The most general solution of equation (5) is
2 n y 2 n b
n x a n a y
u ( x, y ) cn sin e e a
e ------------- (6)
n 1 a
Applying condition (iv) in equation (6) we get
2 n b
n x
x (a x) cn sin 1 e a -------------- (7)
n 1 a
To find cn expand x(a – x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, a)
n x
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (8)
n 1 a
From (7) & (8) we get
2 n b
cn 1 e a bn
n x
a
2
f ( x) sin dx
a0 a
n x
a
2
x(a x) sin dx
a0 a
a
nx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
nx nx
cos sin cos
2
(a x x )
2 a (a 2 x) a (2) a
a n n2 2
n
3 3
a a2 a 3 0
2 (1) n a 3 a 3
0 0 (2) 3 3 0 0 (2) 3 3
a n n
2 n b
c n 1 e a
4 a3
a n 3 3 (1) 1
n
(i.e.) c n
4 a 2 1 (1) n
2 n b
n 1 e a
3 3
Substitute c n in (6) we get
2 n y 2 n b
4 a 2 [1 (1) n ] n x a n a y
u ( x, y) 2 n b
sin e e a
e
n 1 3 3 a
n 1 e a
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
40
18. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = b and the edge
4 x 3 x
temperatures are u (0, y) u (a, y) u ( x, b) 0 and u ( x, 0) 5 sin 3 sin
a a
Find the temperature distribution.
2u 2u
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2 2 0 ------------ (A)
x y
The boundary conditions are
(i ) u (0, y ) 0, 0 y b
(ii) u (a, y ) 0, 0 y b
(iii) u ( x, b) 0 , 0 x a
4 x 3 x
(iv) u ( x, 0) 5 sin 3 sin , 0xa
a a
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(c) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x, y ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px) (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) --------------- (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
c1 0 [ c3 e p y c4 e p y 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y ) c2 sin px (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c2 sin pa (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
sin pa 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
pa n
n
p
a
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we have
a
n y n y
n x
a
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e a
c e
a --------------- (3)
3 4
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n b n b
n x
a
0 c2 sin c e a
c e
a
3 4
n b n b
c3 e a
c4 e a
0
2 n b
c 4 c3 e a
(4)
Substitute (4) in equation (3) we have
n y 2 n b n y
n x
a
u ( x, y ) c2 sin c e a
c e a
e
a
3 3
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
2 n y 2 n b n y
n x ASSI STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
u ( x, y ) cn sin e a
e a e a
A
NNAIV(A
5I)LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
a KANYAKUMARI-629401
41
19. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm width and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable
error . If the temperature along are short edge y = 0 is u(x, y) = 4(10x – x2)
for 0 < x < 10 while the two long edges as well as the short edge are kept at 0 C , find
the steady state temperature function u(x, y).
2u 2u
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2 2 0 ------------ (A)
x y
The boundary conditions are
(i ) u (0, y ) 0, for all y
(ii) u (10, y ) 0, for all y
(iii) u ( x, ) 0
(iv) u ( x, 0) 4(10 x x 2 ), 0 x 10
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(c) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x, y ) (c1 cos px c2 sin px) (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) --------------- (1)
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 .1 0) (c3 e p y c4 e p y )
c1 0 [ c3 e p y c4 e p y 0]
Substituting c1 0 in equation (1) we have J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
u ( x, y ) c2 sin px (c3 e p y c4 e p y ) ------------ (2)
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
42
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
f ( x) bn sin ----------------- (7)
n 1 10
From (6) & (7) we get
c n bn
n x
10
2
f ( x) sin dx
10 0 10
n x
10
1
4 (10 x x 2 ) sin dx
50 10
10
nx nx nx
cos sin cos
4 10 10 10
(10 x x )
2
(10 2 x) (2)
5 n n 2 2 n 3 3
10 100 1000 0
4 (1) n (1000) 1000
0 0 (2)
0 0 ( 2) 3 3
5 n 3 3 n
8000
5n
3 3
(1) n 1
(i.e.) c n
1600
n3 3
1 (1) n J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
43
n 1, 3, 5..... n
3 3
10
20. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two
long edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge
x = 0 is kept at temperature given by
20 y for 0 y 5
u
20 (10 y) for 5 y 10
Find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
2u 2u
Sol. The two dimensional heat equation in steady state is 2 2 0 ------------ (A)
x y
The boundary conditions are
(i ) u ( x, 0) 0, for all x
(ii) u ( x,10) 0, for all x
(iii) u (, y ) 0
20 y, 0 y5
(iv) u (0, y )
20(10 y ), 0 y 10
On solving equation (A) by the method of separation of variables we get the possible
solutions as
(a ) u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py)
(b) u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px) (c7 e p y c8 e p y )
(c) u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 ) (c11 y c12 )
The correct solution which satisfies our boundary conditions is given by
u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c2 e p x ) (c3 cos py c4 sin py) --------------- (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Applying condition (i) in equation (1) we get
0 (c1 e p x c2 e p x )(c3 .1 0)
c3 0 [c1 e p x c2 e p x 0]
Substituting c3 0 in equation (1) we have
u ( x, y ) (c1e p x c 2 e p x ) c4 sin py ------------ (2)
Applying condition (ii) in equation (2) we get
0 c4 sin 10 p (c3 e p x c4 e p x )
sin 10 p 0
10 p n
n
p
10
n
Substituting p in equation (2) we have
10
n x n x
n y
10
u ( x, y ) c4 sin c e 10
c e
10 --------------- (3)
1 2
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
n y
0 c4 sin (c1e c2 e ) ASSI
STANTPROFESSORIN MATHEMATICS,
10 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
This is possible only when c1 = 0 [ since if c2 = 0, u ] KANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
44
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
50
4
n
800
cos
n
n
2
100
2 2 sin
n
n 50
{0 0} 4 {0 0}
2 n
cos
n 100
2 2 sin
2 n
n
2
c n 2 2 sin
n 2
Substitute cn in equation (5) we get
n x
800 n n y 10
u ( x, y) 2 2 sin sin e
n 1 n 2 10
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
45
1. Solve the governing equation for one dimensional heat equation and necessary to solve
the problem.
2. Write the boundary conditions for the following problem. A rectangular plate is
bounded by the line x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b. Its surfaces are insulated. The
temperature along x = 0 and y = 0 are kept at 0o C and the others at 100o C.
3. Write down all possible solutions of the one dimensional wave equation
2u 1 u
2 .
x 2
c t
4. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm have their temperature kept at 20o C and
80o C respectively. Find the steady state temperature distribution on the rod.
2 y 2 y
2
c ,
5. In the wave equation t x 2 what does c2 stand for ?
2
6. A plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = l and y = l. Its faces are insulated. The
edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100o C. The edge coinciding with y-axis is kept at
50o C. The other two edges are kept at 0o C. Write the boundary conditions that are needed
for solving two dimensional heat flow equation.
Sol. (i) u(0, y) = 50
(ii) u(l, 0) = 100
(iii) u(l, y) = 0
(iv) u(x, l) = 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
12. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation with respect to the time?
Sol. Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But solution
of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
13. Write down the partial differential equation that represents steady state heat flow
in two dimensions and name the variables involved.
2u 2u
Sol. 0
x2 y2
where u is dependent variable and x, y are independent variables.
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Its Inverse Fourier sine transform is
2
0 s
f ( x) F [ f ( x)] sin sx ds
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
8. State convolution theorem ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
A NNA IVA I
LANK
Sol. If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x) g ( x)] F (s).G(s) ANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
2
Sol. Given
0
f ( x) cos x dx e
2 2
f ( x) cos x dx e
0
2
Fc [ f ( x)] e
1 2
f ( x) Fc e
2 2
e cos x d
0
2
e cos x d
0
2 e
( cos x sin x )
1 x 2 0
2 1
{0} (1 0)
1 x
2
2 1
(i.e.) f ( x)
1 x2
as
10. Find f(x) if its sine transform is e
Sol. The inverse Fourier sine transform is given by
2
0
f ( x) Fs [ f ( x)] sin sx ds
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
a s
e sin sx ds
0
2 e a s
a 2 x 2
( a sin sx x cos sx )
0
2 1
{0} ( 0 x )
a x
2 2
2 x
x2 a2
11. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function.
Sol. F[ f ( x)] (is) F (s)
F [ f ( x)] (is) 2 F ( s)
F [ f ( x)] (is) 3 F ( s)
Ingeneral, F [ f ( n ) ( x)] (is) n F ( s)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
1 s
a , s 2a
12. Find f(x) if its cosine transform is f c ( p) 2 2
s 2a
0,
Sol. The inverse Fourier cosine transform is given by
2
0
f ( x) Fc [ f ( x)] cos sx ds
2 1
s
2a
0 2
a cos sxds 0 ds
2 2a
2a
1 s sin sx 1 cos sx
a
2 x 2 x 2 0
1 cos2ax 1
0 0 2
2 x 2 x
2
1 1 cos2ax
x2 2
sin 2 ax
x2
1
13. Find the sine transform of
x
2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) sin sx dx
1 2 1
Fs
x x sin sx dx
0
Put sx = t
2 s dt
0
t
sin t
s
s dx = dt
2 sin t
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
dt
sin t
0
t
0
t
dt
2
2
2
2
14. Prove that F[af(x) + bg(x)] = aF(s) + bG(s) [ Linearity property on Fourier transform]
1
Sol. We have F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx F ( s)
1
F [a f ( x) b g ( x)] [a f ( x) b g ( x)] e
isx
dx
2
1 1
a dx b g ( x) e
isx isx
f ( x) e dx
2 2
a F ( s) b G ( s)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
4
a Fc ( s ) b Gc ( s )
2
(ii) Fs [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) sin sx dx Fs ( s)
2
Fs [a f ( x) b g ( x)]
[a f ( x) b g ( x)] sin sx dx
0
2 2
a
0
f ( x) sin sx dx b
g ( x) sin sx dx
0
a Fs ( s ) b Gs ( s )
1
F [ f ( x a)]
2
f ( x a) e i s x dx
Put x – a = t
1
2
f (t ) e i s (t a ) dt dx = dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
e
ias
f (t ) e i s t dt
2
1
e
ias
f ( x) e i s x dx
2
e ias
F (s)
1
f ( x)] e
iax iax
F[ e f ( x) e i s x dx
2
1
2
f ( x) e i ( s a ) x dx
F ( s a)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
1 s
18. Prove that (i ) F [ f (a x)] F , a 0 [ Change of scale property]
a a
1 s
(ii) Fs [ f (a x)] Fs
a a
1 s
(iii) Fc [ f (a x)] Fc
a a
1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx F ( s)
1
F [ f (a x)]
2
f (a x) e i s x dx
t Put a x = t
1 is dt
2
f (t ) e a
a
a dx = dt
s
1 1 i t
a 2
f (t ) e a
dt
1 s
F
a a
2
F
(ii) We have s [ f ( x )] f ( x) sin sx dx Fs (s)
0
2
Fs [ f (a x)]
0
f (a x) sin sx dx
2 s t dt Put a x = t
f (t ) sin a dx = dt
0 a a
1 2 s
a
0
f (t ) sin t dt
a
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 s
Fs
a a
2
(iii) We have Fc [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) cos sx dx Fc ( s)
2
Fc [ f (a x)]
0
f (a x) cos sx dx
2 s t dt Put a x = t
f (t ) cos a dx = dt
0 a a
1 2 s
a
0
f (t ) cos t dt
a
1 s
Fc
a a
19. If f ( ) is the Fourier transform of f (x), find the Fourier transform of f (x – a) and
f (ax).
Sol. F [ f ( x a )] e i a f ( ) [ see the solution in problem 16 & 18(i) ]
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
1 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
and F [ f (a x)] f ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
a a KANYAKUMARI
-629401
6
1
F [ f ( x) cos a x]
2
f ( x) cos a x e i s x dx
1 ei a x e i a x isx
2
f ( x)
2
e dx
1 1
1
i (s a) x i (s a) x
f ( x) e dx f ( x ) e dx
2 2 2
1
[ F ( s a) F ( s a)]
2
2
(ii) We have Fs [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) sin sx dx Fs ( s)
2 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
Fs [ f ( x) cos a x]
0
f ( x) cos a x sin sx dx
2 1
0
f ( x) [ sin( s a) x sin( s a) x] dx
2
1 2
2
2 0
f ( x) sin( s a) x dx f ( x) sin( s a) x dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
1
[ Fs ( s a ) Fs ( s a)]
2
2
(iii) We have Fs [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) sin sx dx Fs ( s)
2 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
Fs [ f ( x) sin a x]
0
f ( x) sin a x sin sx dx
2 1
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s a ) x cos(s a ) x] dx
1 2
2
2 0
f ( x) cos(s a ) x dx f ( x) cos(s a ) x dx
0
1
[ Fc ( s a ) Fc ( s a )]
2
2
(iv) We have Fc [ f ( x)]
f ( x) cos sx dx Fc ( s)
0 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M. PHIL.
,M.B.
A. ,PGDCA.
ASSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
2
Fc [ f ( x) cosa x]
0
f ( x) cosa x cossx dx ANNAI VAILANKAN
2cosAcosB =Ncos(A
ICOLL
KANYAKUMARI
+EG
-
EO
B) +FENGI
cos(A
629401
N–EB)
ERING
7
2 1
0
f ( x)
2
[ cos(s a ) x cos(s a ) x] dx
1 2
2
2 0
f ( x) cos(s a ) x dx f ( x) cos(s a ) x dx
0
1
[ Fc ( s a ) Fc ( s a )]
2
2
(v) We have Fc [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) cos sx dx Fc ( s)
2
Fc [ f ( x) sin a x]
0
f ( x) sin a x cos sx dx 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
2 1
0
f ( x) [ sin(a s) x sin(a s ) x] dx
2
1 2
2
2 0
f ( x) sin(a s ) x dx f ( x) sin(a s ) x dx
0
1
[ Fs (a s ) Fs (a s )]
2
21. Prove that (i) F[ f ( x)] F (s) (ii) F [ f ( x)] F ( s ) (iii) F [ f ( x)] F ( s )
1
Sol. (i) We have F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx F ( s)
1
F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 Put – x = t
2
f (t ) e i s t (dt ) – dx = dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
2
f (t ) e i s t dt
1
2
f (t ) e i ( s ) t dt
F ( s )
1
(ii) We have F ( s)
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
F (s)
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 Put – x = t
2
f (t ) e i s t (dt ) – dx = dt
1
2
f (t ) e i s t dt
1
2
f ( x) e i s x dx J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
F [ f ( x )] KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
1
(iii) We have F ( s)
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
F ( s)
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
F ( s)
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
F [ f ( x )]
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
g ( x) f ( x) dx
0
f ( x) g ( x) dx
0
25. Give an example for self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
1
Sol. is self-reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transform.
x
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
9
PART – B
a 2 x 2 , | x | a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0 , | x| a
sin s s cos s sin s s cos s s 3
Hence deduce that (i) 3
ds (ii) 3
cos ds
0
s 4 0
s 2 16
sin s s cos s
2
(iii) ds
0
3
s 15
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 a a
0. e dx (a x ) e dx 0. e i s x dx
isx 2 2 isx
2 a a
a
1
(a x 2 ) (cos sx i sin sx ) dx
2
2 a
a a
1 1
(a x ) cos sx dx i (a x 2 ) sin sx dx
2 2 2
2 a 2 a
a
2
(a x 2 ) cos sx dx 0
2
2 0
a
2 2 sin sx cos sx sin sx
(a x 2 ) (2 x) (2)
s s
2
s
3
0
2 2a cos as 2 sin as
0 {0 0 0}
s 2
s 3
2 sin as as cosas
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)] 2
s3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 sin s s cos s
When a = 1, we have F[ f ( x)] 2
s3
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have
1
F[ f ( x)] e
i s x
f ( x) ds
2
1 2 sin s s cos s
2 2
s3
(cossx i sin sx ) ds
2 sin s s cos s 2 sin s s cos s
s 3 cos sx ds i
s3
sin sx ds
4 sin s s cos s
cos sx ds 0
0
s3
sin s s cos s
0
s3
cos sx ds
4
f ( x) (1)
1
Put x in equation (1) we get
2
sin s s cos s s 1
0 s 3 cos ds
2 4
f
2
1 3 3
1 This proves (ii)
4 4 4 4 16
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
1 2
2 sin s s cos s 1
2 s 3 ds 0. dx (1 x ) dx 0. dx
2 2
1 1
sin s s cos s
2 1
8
ds (1 x ) dx
2 2
s 3
1
16 sin s s cos s
2 1
ds 2 (1 x ) dx
2 2
0 s 3
0
1
2 (1 x 4 2 x 2 ) dx
0
1
x5 2x3
2 x
5 3 0
1 2
2 1 {0 0 0}
5 3
8
2
15
16 sin s s cos s
2
16
0
ds
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
s3 15
sin s s cos s
2
0
s3
ds
15
This proves (iii)
ax
2. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e
2
0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] f ( x) sin sx dx
2
e
ax ax
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
0
2 e a x
a 2 s 2
( a sin sx s cos sx )
0
2 1
{0} ( 0 s )
a s
2 2
2 s
s2 a2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
11
2
Fc [ f ( x)]
f ( x) cossx dx
0
2
e
ax ax
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
0
2 e a x
a 2 s 2
( a cos sx s sin sx )
0
2 1
{0} ( a 0)
a s
2 2
2 a
s a2 2
1 | x | , | x| 1
3. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0 , | x | 1
4
sin t
Hence deduce that dt
0 t 3
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 1 1
0. e dx (1 | x | ) e dx 0. e i s x dx
isx isx
2 1 1
1
1
2 (1 | x | ) (cossx i sin sx ) dx
1
1 1
1 1
2 (1 | x | ) cos sx dx i
1 2 (1 | x | ) sin sx dx
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
2
2 (1 | x | ) cos sx dx 0
0
1
2
0
(1 x ) cos sx dx
1
2 sin sx cos sx
(1 x) (1)
s s
2
0
2 cos s 1
0 2 0 2
s s
2 1 cos s
(i.e.) F[ f ( x)]
s 2
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
1 2
2 1 cos s 1
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
1 cos s
2 1
2 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ds (1 | x | ) dx
2
s ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2
1 KANYAKUMARI-629401
12
4 1 cos s
2 1
ds 2 (1 x) dx
2
0 s 2
0
1
4 1 cos 2t (1 x) 3
2
0 4t 2
2dt 2 Put s = 2t
3 0 ds = 2dt
8 1 cos 2t 1
2
16 0 t 2 dt 2 {0}
3
2
1 2 sin 2 t 2
2 0 t 2 dt 3
2
4 sin 2 t 2
2 0 t 2
dt
3
4
sin t
(i.e.) dt
0
t 3
1, | x | 1
4. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)
0 , | x | 1
2
sin t sin t
Hence deduce that (i ) dt (ii) dt
0
0
t 2 t 2
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
1 1
0. e dx (1) e i s x dx 0. e i s x dx
isx
2 1 1
1
1
2 (cossx i sin sx) dx
1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 1
1 1
2 cos sx dx i
1 2 sin sx dx
1
1
2
2 cos sx dx 0
0
1
2 sin sx
s 0
2 sin s
0
s
2 sin s
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)]
s
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have
1
f ( x)
2
F [ f ( x)] e i s x ds
1 2 sin s
2
s
(cos sx i sin sx ) ds
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
1 sin s 1 sin s ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
s
cos sx ds i
sin sx ds NKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
s ANNAIVAILAK ANYAKUMARI-629401
13
2 sin s
f (x) cos sx ds 0
0 s
sin s
0
s
cos sx ds f ( x)
2
Put x 0 we get
sin s
0
s
ds f (0)
2
f (x) = 1
(1) f (0) = 1
2
sin t
(i.e.) 0
t
dt
2
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
1 2
2 sin s 1
2 1
2 sin s
s
ds dx
1
2
4 sin s
ds x 1
1
0 s
1 (1)
2
4 sin s
0 s
ds 2
2
sin t
(i.e.) dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 0
t 2
4x cos 2 x
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e . Hence deduce that
0
x 16
2
dx e 8 and
8
x sin 2 x
0
x 16
2
dx e 8
2
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)]
f ( x) cossx dx
0
2
e
4x 4x
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
0
2 e 4 x
16 s 2
( 4 cos sx s sin sx )
0
2 1
{0} ( 4 0)
16 s
2
2 4
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
s 16 2
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
2 2 4
0
cos sx ds
s 2 16
8 cos sx
f ( x)
0
s 2 16
ds
cos sx
0
s 16
2
ds f ( x)
8
cos sx
0
s 16
2
ds e 4 x (1)
8
Put x 2, we get
cos 2s
0
s 16
2
ds e 8
8
cos 2 x
0
x 16
2
dx e 8
8
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x, we get
d cos sx d 4x
dx 0 s 2 16
ds (e )
8 dx
cos sx d 4x
0 x s 2 16
ds
8 dx
(e )
sin sx . s 4x
0 s 2 16
ds
8
(e )(4)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
s sin sx 4x
0 s 2 16 ds
2
e
Put x 2, we get
s sin 2s 8
0
s 2 16
ds
2
e
x sin 2 x
0
x 16
2
dx e 8
2
x
6. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of e and hence find the Fourier sine
x 1
transform of 2 and Fourier cosine transform of
1 x 1 x2
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)]
f ( x) cossx dx
0
2
Fc [e x ] e
x
cos sx dx
0
2 e x
( cos sx s sin sx ) J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
1 s 2 0 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
15
2 1
{0} ( 1 0 )
1 s
2
2 1
s 1 2
2
e
x x
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
0
2 e x
1 s 2
( sin sx s cos sx )
0
2 1
{0} ( 0 s )
1 s
2
2
s
s 1 2
1 2 1
Now, Fc 2
1 x
0 1 x2
cos sx dx (1)
2 2 1
x
e cos sx ds
0
s2 1
2 cos sx
e x
0
s2 1
ds
cos sx
0
s 1
2
ds e x
2
cos sx Put x = s
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
0
x 1
2
dx e s
2
and s = x
a | x | , | x | a
7. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x )
0 , | x| a
sin t
sin t
4
Hence deduce that (i )
0
t
dt
2
(ii)
0
dt
t 3
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 a is x a
0. e dx (a | x | ) e dx a
isx isx
0. e dx
2 a
a
1
2 a
(a | x | ) (cossx i sin sx ) dx
a a
1 1
2 a
(a | x | ) cossx dx i 2
(a | x | ) sin sx dx
a
a
2
2
(a | x | ) cos sx dx 0
0
a
2
(a x ) cossx dx
0
a
2 sin sx cos sx
(a x) (1)
s s
2
0
2 cos sa 1
0 0 2
s 2
s
2 1 cos as
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)]
s2
Using inverse Fourier transform, we have
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
f ( x)
2
F [ f ( x)] e i s x ds
1 2 1 cos as
2
s2
(cossx i sin sx ) ds
1 cos as
1 1 1 cos as
cos sx ds i sin sx ds
s 2
s2
2 1 cos as
cos sx ds 0
0 s2
1 cos as
0
s 2 cos sx ds f ( x)
2
Put x 0 we get
1 cos a s
0
s2
ds
2
f (0)
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
17
1 cos 2t 2 dt (a)
0 4t 2 a 2 Put as = 2t
ads = 2dt
a2 f (x) = a – | x |
2 sin 2
t a f (0) = a – 0 = a
2a dt
0
4t 2 2
2
sin t
0 t
dt
2
This proves (i)
Using Parseval’s identity, we have
| F ( s) | ds | f ( x) | 2 dx
2
a 2
2 1 cosas a
1 cosas
2 a
2
ds (a | x | )
2
dx
s2 a
4 1 cosas
2 a
ds 2 (a x) dx
2
0 s 2
0
a
4 1 cos2t 2dt (a x) 3
2
0 4t 2 / a 2 a
2 Put as = 2t
3 0 ads = 2dt
8 a 3 1 cos2t a 3
2
16 0 t 2
dt 2 {0}
3
2
a3 2 sin 2 t 2 a3
0 t 2 dt 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
2
4 sin 2 t 2
2
2 dt
0
t 3
4
sin t
(i.e.) dt
0
t 3
x2
2
8. Find the Fourier transform of e
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
x
2
x2
1
F e 2
2
e 2
e i s x dx
1
1 2
x 2 i s x
2
e 2
dx
1
1
( x i s )2 i 2s 2 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
e
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
2
dx ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
18
1
1
( x i s )2
s2
2 e
2
e 2
dx
s2
1
e 2 ( x i s )2
2 e
2
dx
s2
x i s 2
e 2
2 e 2
dx
xis
Put t
s2 2
2
e dx
2
e t 2 dt dt
2
2
2
s
2
e
2
e t dt
e dt
t 2
2
s
2
e
x2 s2
(i.e.) F [e 2
]e 2
a2 x2 a 2
x2
9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e and hence find Fs [ x e ]
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) cos sx dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
a2 x2
e a
2
x2
Fc e cos sx dx
0
2 1
e a x cos sx dx
2 2
2
1
R.P. e a x e i s x dx
2 2
2
R.P. e a x i s x dx
1
2 2
2
is
2
i2s2
ax
1 4 a2
R.P. e
2a
dx
2
2
is s2
ax
1 2 a
R.P. e
e 4 a2
dx
2
s2
is
2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
4a2 ax
e a ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
R.P. e 2
dx ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
s2
4 a2
e dt
R.P. e t
2
Put ax
is
t
2
a 2a
a dx dt
s2
2
e 4a
R.P.
a 2
s2
1
(i.e.) Fc [e a ]
2
x2 4 a2
e
a 2
d
Fs [ x e a ] Fc [e a x ]
2
x2 2 2
ds
d 1 4 a2
s2
e
ds a 2
s2
1 2s
e 4 a2
2
a 2 4a
s2
s
e 4 a2
2 2 a3
a| x |
10. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) e , a 0 . Hence deduce that
cos x t a |x | dx dx
(i) 2 2 dt e (ii) (iii) 0 ( x 1) 4 and also prove
0
a t 2 a 0
x 1 2
2 2 2
that (iv) F x e
a| x |
i 2 2as
(s 2 a 2 ) 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
Sol. F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
e
a| x |
(cossx i sin sx ) dx
2
1 1
a| x |
e cos sx dx i e a | x | sin sx dx
2 2
2
2
0
e a x cos sx dx 0
2 e a x
2 ( a cos sx s sin sx )
a s 2
0
2 1
{0} 2 ( a 0)
a s
2
2 a
(i.e.) F [ f ( x)]
s a2 2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
20
1 2 a
e a| x |
2
(cossx i sin sx ) ds
s2 a2
a 1 a 1
2 2
cos sx ds i 2 sin sx ds
s a s a2
2a cos sx
0
s2 a2
ds 0
cos sx a| x |
s
0
2
a 2
ds
2a
e
cos xt a| x |
(i.e.) t
0
2
a 2
dt
2a
e This proves (i )
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) | dx
2 2
2
2 a
s 2 a 2 ds e
a| x |
2
dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
e
2a 2 1
a| x | 2
ds dx
(s a 2 ) 2
2
4a 2 ds
0 (s a )
2 2 2
2 e 2 a x dx
0
2a 2 ds e2a x
0 ( s 2 a 2 ) 2 2a 0
1
[0 1]
2a
2a 2 ds 1
0 ( s 2 a 2 ) 2
2a
ds
(s
0
2
a )
2 2
3
4a
put a 1, we get
ds
(s
0
2
1) 2
4
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
dx ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
(i.e.) 2 This proves (iii) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
0
( x 1) 2
4 KANYAKUMARI-629401
21
d
By the property, F [ x f ( x)] (i) F [ f ( x)]
ds
d
F [ x e a | x | ] (i ) F [e a | x | ]
ds
d 2 a
(i )
ds s 2 a 2
2 a
(i ) (2 s )
(s a )
2 2 2
2 2a s
i This proves (iv)
(s a 2 ) 2 2
11. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x n1 , 0 n 1, x 0 and hence prove
1
that is self reciprocal under both Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x
2 2
Sol. Consider Fc [ f ( x)] i Fs [ f ( x)]
f ( x) cos sx dx i
0
f ( x) sin sx dx
0
2
Fc [ f ( x)] i Fs [ f ( x)]
f ( x) (cossx i sin sx) dx
0
2
f ( x) e
isx
dx
0
2
x
n 1 n 1 n 1
Fc [ x ] i Fs [ x ] e i s x dx
0
( n)
x e dx
n 1 a x
2 ( n) an
0
(is) n
2 ( n)
i cos i sin
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(i ) n
2 2
sn
n
n n 2 ( n ) (i ) cos i sin
n
cos i sin 2 2
2 2 sn
n n
Equating R.P and I.P, we get cos i sin
2 2
2 ( n) n
Fc [ x n1 ] cos (1)
s n
2
2 ( n) n
Fs [ x n1 ] sin (2)
s n
2
1
Put n
in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2)
Fc [ x 2 ] cos
s 1/ 2
4
1 2 1
Fc
x s 2
1 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
s ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
22
1
Put n in equation (1), we have
2
1
1 2 (1 / 2)
Fs [ x 2 ] sin
s 1/ 2
4
1 2 1
Fs
x s 2
1
s
1
Hence is self reciprocal under Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
x
1
Now, F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1 1
1
F
| x | 2
| x|
(cossx i sin sx ) dx
1 1 1 1
2
| x|
cos sx dx i
2
| x|
sin sx dx
2 1
2 0 x
cos sx dx 0
2 1
0 x
cos sx dx
1
Fc
x
1
s
e a x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
12. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
2
0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] f ( x) sin sx dx
e a x 2 e a x
Fs
x
0
x
sin sx dx
2 e a x
0
s x
sin sx dx
e a x
2
0 x
cos sx . x dx
2
e
ax
cos sx dx
0 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
2 e a x ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
(a cos sx s sin
a 2 s 2
sx ) KANYAKUMARI-629401
0
23
2 1
{0} 2 ( a 0)
a s
2
d e a x 2 a
Fs
ds x s a2
2
2 1 s dx 1 x
a
a
tan 1 x 2
a 2
tan 1
a
a a
2 s
tan 1
a
e a x
13. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
x
2
Sol. Fc [ f ( x)] f ( x) cos sx dx
0
e
ax
2 e a x
Fc x cos sx dx
x 0
2 e a x
0
s x
cos sx dx
e a x
2
0 x
( sin sx . x) dx
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
0
e a x sin sx dx
2 e a x
( a sin sx s cos sx )
a2 s2 0
2 1
{0} ( 0 s )
a s
2 2
d e a x 2 s
Fc
ds x s a2
2
ax
14. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x e
d
Sol. Fs [ x e a x ] Fc [e a x ]
ds
2
e
ax ax
Fc [e ] cos sx dx
0
2 e a x
2 ( a cos sx s sin sx )
a s2 0
2 1
{0} 2 ( a 0)
a s
2
2 a
s2 a2
d 2 a
Fs [ x e a x ]
ds s 2 a 2
2 a
( s 2 a 2 ) 2
( 2 s )
2 2as
(s a 2 )22
d
Fc [ x e a x ] Fs [e a x ]
ds
2
e
ax ax
Fs [e ] sin sx dx
0
2 e a x
( a sin sx s cos sx )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2
a s 2
0
2 1
{0} 2 ( 0 s )
a s
2
2 s
s a22
d 2 s
Fc [ x e a x ]
ds s 2 a 2
2 ( s 2 a 2 )(1) s (2s )
(s 2 a 2 ) 2
a2 s2
2
(s 2 a 2 )2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
25
0 , x0
15. Verify Parseval’s theorem of Fourier transform for the function f ( x ) x
e , x 0
1
Sol. F ( s) F [ f ( x)]
2
f ( x) e i s x dx
1
0
0. e dx 0
x
isx
e . e isx
dx
2
1
e
(1i s ) x
dx
2 0
1 e (1i s ) x
2 (1 is) 0
1 1
0 (1 is)
2
1 1
(i.e.) F ( s )
2 1 is
| F ( s) | ds F ( s ) F ( s ) ds
2
1 1 1 1
2 1 is 2 1 is
ds
1 1
2
1 s 2
ds
2 ds
2 0 1 s 2
1 1 s
tan 1
1 1 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1
2
1
0
2
0
| f ( x) | 0. dx (e
x 2
2
dx ) dx
0
e 2 x dx
0
e2x
2 0
1
0
2
1
2
| F ( s) | ds 2
| f ( x) |
2
dx J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Hence Parseval’s theorem is verified. ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
dx x 2 dx
16. Use transform methods to evaluate i) 0 ( x 2 1)(x 2 4) ii) 0 ( x 2 9)(x 2 25)
Sol. (i) Let f ( x) e x and g ( x) e 2 x
2 1 2 2
Then Fc ( s ) and Gc ( s )
s 1 2
s 4
2
e3x
3 0
1
0
3
4 ds 1
(s
0
2
1)(s 4) 3
2
dx
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2 1)(x 2 4) 12
ENGI
NEERING I
S FUN
2 s 2 s
0
s 9
2
s 25
2
ds e 3 x e 5 x dx
0
2 s 2 ds
e 8 x dx
0 ( s 9)(s 25) 0
2 2
e8 x
8 0
1
0
8
2 s 2 ds 1
0 ( s 9)(s 25) 8
2 2
x 2 dx
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2 9)(x 2 25) 16
dx
17. Evaluate 0 ( x 2 a 2 )(x 2 b 2 ) using transforms.
Sol. Let f ( x) e a x and g ( x) e b x
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
a 2 2 b ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
Then Fc ( s ) and G ( s )
s a s b 2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICO LLEGEOFENGINEERING
2 2 c 2
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
27
We have Fc ( s) Gc ( s) ds f ( x) g ( x) dx
0 0
2 a 2 b
0
s a2
2
s b
2 2
ds e a x e b x dx
0
2ab ds
2 2 2 2
e ( a b ) x dx
0 ( s a )(s b ) 0
e ( a b ) x
( a b) 0
1
0
( a b)
2ab ds 1
0 ( s 2 a 2 )(s 2 b 2 ) a b
dx
(i.e.) (x
0
2 22 2
a )(x b ) 2ab(a b)
dx x 2 dx
18. Using Parseval’s identity, calculate i) 2 ii) 2
0
(x a2 )2 0
( x 4) 2
a 2
Sol. (i) Let f ( x) e a x then Fc ( s )
s a2 2
[ F (s)] ds [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
c
0 0
2
2 a
0 s 2 a 2
0 (e ) dx
a x 2
ds
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2a 2 ds
0 (s a ) 0
2 2 2
e 2 a x dx
e2a x
2a 0
1
0
2a
2a 2 ds 1
(s
0
2
a )
2 2
2a
dx
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 4a 3
s 2
(ii) Let f ( x) e 2 x then Fs ( s )
s a2 2
[ F (s)] ds [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2
s
0 0
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
2
2 s
0 s 2 4 ds 0 (e ) dx
2x 2
2 s 2 ds
0 ( s 4) 0
2 2
e 4 x dx
e4 x
4 0
1
0
4
2 s 2 ds 1
0 ( s 2 4) 2 4
x 2 dx
(i.e.) 0 ( x 2 4) 2 8
19. State and prove convolution theorem for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F[f(x)] = F(s) and F[g(x)] = G(s) then F[ f ( x) g ( x)] F (s).G(s)
1
F [ f ( x) g ( x)] [ f ( x) g ( x)] e
isx
Proof. dx
2
1
1 isx
2
2 f (t ) g ( x t ) dt e dx
1
1
f (t ) dt
isx
g ( x t ) e dx
2 2
1
1
i s x i st i st
f (t ) g ( x t ) e e e dx dt
2 2
1
1 i st
i s ( x t )
f (t ) g ( x t ) e d ( x t ) e dt
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 2
1
2
f (t ) G ( s ) e i s t dt
1
G (s) f (t ) e
i st
dt
2
G (s) F (s)
(i.e.) F[ f ( x) g ( x)] F (s).G(s)
20. State and prove Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.
Statement: If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) |
2 2
dx
Putting x = 0, we get
F (s) G(s) ds
f (t ) g (t ) dt (1)
F (s) F (s) ds
f (t ) f (t ) dt
| F (s) | ds | f ( x) |
2 2
(i.e.) dx
x , 0 x 1
21. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x) 2 x , 1 x 2
0 , x2
2
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) sin sx dx
2
1 2
0 (2 x) sin sx dx 2
x sin sx dx 0. sin sx dx
1
1 2
2 cos sx sin sx 2 cos sx sin sx
s
x (1) ( 2 x ) ( 1)
s 0 s 1
2 2
s
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2 cos s sin s
s
s2
2 2 sin s sin 2s
{0 0}
2 sin 2s cos s sin s
0 2
s s
2
s
2
s 2 s
2 2 sin s 2 sin s cos s
s2
2 sin s (1 cos s )
2
s2
sin x , 0xa
22. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f ( x)
0, xa
2
0
Sol. Fs [ f ( x)] f ( x) sin sx dx
2
a
0 a
sin x sin sx dx 0. sin sx dx
1 2
a 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
02
[cos(s 1) x cos(s 1) x] dx J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
ASSI
SC.
,
M.
STANTPROFESSORI
PHIL.
,M.
B.
NMATHEMATI
A.,PGDCA.
CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
30
1 sin( s 1) x sin( s 1) x
a
2 s 1 s 1 0
1 sin( s 1)a sin( s 1)a
{0 0}
2 s 1 s 1
1 sin( s 1)a sin( s 1)a
2 s 1 s 1
2
Fc [ f ( x)]
0
f ( x) cos sx dx
2
a
0 0. cos sx dx
sin x cos sx dx
a 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
a
2 1
0 2
[sin(s 1) x sin( s 1) x] dx
cos(s 1) x cos(s 1) x
a
1
2 s 1 s 1 0
1 cos(s 1)a cos(s 1)a 1 1
2 s 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
1 ( s 1)[ cos sa cos a sin sa sin a ] ( s 1)[cossa cos a sin sa sin a ]
2 ( s 1)(s 1)
( s 1) ( s 1)
( s 1)(s 1)
1 2 s sin sa sin a 2 cos sa cos a 2
2 s2 1 s 2 1
2 s sin sa sin a cos sa cos a 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
s2 1
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
1
Sol. Z{a } a n z n
n
n0
n n
z a
n0 a n0 z
2 3
a a a
1 .............
z z z
1 1
a za (1 x) 1 1 x x 2 x 3 .......... ..
1
z z
z
za
3. Find the value of Z{f(n)} where f(n) = nan.
Sol. Z{n a n } z
d
dz
Z (a n )
d z
z
dz z a
( z a)(1) z (1)
z
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
( z a) 2
a
z 2
( z a)
az
( z a) 2
4. Find Z{f(n)} where f(n) = n for n = 0, 1, 2, ………
Sol. Z{n} n z n
n0
n
1
n
n0 z
2 3
a a a
0 2 3 .............
z z z
a
2
a a
1 2 3 .............
z z z (1 x) 2 1 2 x 3x 2 4 x 3 .......... ..
2 2
a a a za
1
z z z z J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
a z2 az ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
z ( z a) 2
( z a) 2 KANYAKUMARI-629401
2
Sol. Z{3n } 3n z n
n0
n n
z 3
n0 3 n0 z
2 3
3 3 3
1 .............
z z z
1 1
3 z 3
1
z z
z
z 3
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
8. Find the Z – transform of (n + 1)(n + 2)
Sol. Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)} = Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z(n2) + 3Z(n) + Z(2)
z ( z 1) 3z 2z
( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2 z 1
z 2 z 3z ( z 1) 2 z ( z 1) 2
( z 1) 3
z 2 z 3z 2 3z 2 z 3 4 z 2 2 z
( z 1) 3
2z 3
( z 1) 3
n
9. Find the Z – transform of sin
2
z r sin
Sol. We have Z{r sin n } 2
n
z 2 zr cos r 2
n z
Z sin 2
2 z 1 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
3
at
10. If Z { f (t )} f ( z ), then Z {e f (t )} f ( z e )
aT
f ( ze a T )
11. Find Z[e –iat] using Z – transform.
z
Sol. We have Z {1}
z 1
Z e
i at
i at
Z e (1) i a T
z e 1
z ei a T
z
12. If Z { f (n)} f ( z ), then Z {a f (n)} f
n
a
n 0
n
z
f ( n)
n0 a
z
f
a
an
for n 0
13. Find the Z – transform of f (n) n!
0 otherwise
an n
Sol. Z{ f (n)} f (n) z n z
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n0 n 0 n!
n
1 z
n0
n! a
x x 2 x3
1 a
n
ex 1 ..........
1! 2! 3!
n0 n! z
2 3
1a 1 a 1 a
1 ...............
1! z 2 ! z 3! z
e a/ z
Proof. f ( z ) f (n) z n
n0
z2
18. If F ( z ) , find f (0)
1 1 3
z z z
2 4 4
Sol. f (0) lim f (z ) [ f (z ) = F(z)]
z
lim z2
=
z z 1 z 1 z 3
2 4 4
lim z2
=
z z 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
2 z 4 z 4 z
lim 1
=
z z 1 1 1 1 1 3
2 z 4 z 4 z
1
= 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
19. Express Z{f(n + 1)} in terms of f (z )
z f ( m ) z m f ( 0)
m 0
(i.e.) Z { f (n 1)} z [ f ( z ) f (0)]
20. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A from yn = A.3n
Sol. y n A.3n
yn1 A.3n1 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
3 A.3n 3 yn ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
(i.e.) yn1 3 yn 0 KANYAKUMARI-629401
5
21. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from U n a.2 n1
Sol. U n a.2 n1
U n1 a.2 n2
2a.2 n1 2U n
(i.e.) U n1 2U n 0
yn1 a b.3n1
a 3b.3n (2)
yn2 a b.3n2
a 9b.3n (3)
Eliminating a and b from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
yn1 1 3 0
yn 2 1 9
yn (6) yn1 (8) yn2 (2) 0
(i.e.) yn2 4 yn1 3 yn 0
23. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants A and B from
y n A(2) n B.3n
Sol. Given y n A(2) n B.3n ------------- (1)
yn1 A(2) n1 B.3n1
2 A(2) n 3B.3n (2)
yn2 A(2) n2 B.3n2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
4 A(2) n 9B.3n (3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we have
yn 1 1
y n1 2 3 0
y n2 4 9
yn (30) yn1 (5) yn2 (5) 0
(i.e.) yn2 yn1 6 yn 0
1 z
25. Evaluate Z 2
z 7 z 10
z
Let f ( z )
Sol. ( z 2)( z 5)
f ( z) 1 A B
z ( z 2)( z 5) z 2 z 5
1 A( z 5) B( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 1 A(3) 0
1
A
3
Put z 5, we get 1 0 B(3)
1
B
3
f ( z) 1/ 3 1/ 3
z z 2 z 5
1 z 1 z
f ( z)
3 z 2 3 z 5
1
Z 1 f ( z ) Z 1
z 1 1 z
Z
3 z 2 3 z 5
1 1
(2) n (5) n
3 3
26. Does the Z – transform of n! exist? Justify your answer.
Z{n!} n! z n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Sol.
n0
1! 2! 3!
1 2 3 ..............
z z z
Thus the Z – transform of n! does not exist.
27. What advantage is gained when Z – transform is used to solve difference equation?
Sol. The role played by the Z – transform in the solution of difference equations corresponds to
that played by the Laplace transform in the solution of differential equations.
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
7
PART – B
1. Find the Z – transform of the sequences fn = (n + 1)(n + 2) and gn = n(n – 1)
Sol. Z{f(n)} = Z{(n + 1)(n + 2)}
= Z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= Z{n2} + 3Z{n} + Z(2)
z ( z 1) 3z 2z
( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2 z 1
z 2 z 3 z ( z 1) 2 z ( z 1) 2
( z 1) 3
z 2 z 3z 2 3z 2 z 3 4 z 2 2 z
( z 1) 3
2z 3
( z 1) 3
Z{g(n)} = Z{n(n – 1)}
= Z{n2 – n}
= Z{n2} – Z{n}
z ( z 1) z
( z 1) 3 ( z 1) 2
z 2 z z ( z 1)
( z 1) 3
2z
( z 1) 3
n n
2. Find the Z – transform (i ) {a } (ii) {n a }
n0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n n
z a
n0 a n0 z
2 3
a a a
1 .............
z z z
1 1
a za
1
z z
z
za
(ii) Z{n a } z
n d
dz
Z (a n )
d z
z
dz z a
( z a)(1) z (1)
z
( z a) 2
a
z 2
( z a)
az
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
( z a) 2 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
8
1 n n n n
3. Find the Z – transform , cos , sin , {a cos n } and
n
a cos
n 2 2 2
1 1 n
Sol. (i) Z z
n n 1 n
1 1 1
2 3 ..............
z 2z 3z
1
log 1
z
z 1
log
z
z
log
z 1
(ii) We know that
z
Z {a n }
za
put a r e i , we get
z
Z {(r e i ) n }
z r ei
z
Z {r n e i n }
z r ei
z
Z {r n (cosn i sin n )}
z r (cos i sin )
z
Z {r n cos n i r n sin n }
( z r cos ) i r sin
z[( z r cos ) i r sin ]
[(z r cos ) i r sin ][(z r cos ) i r sin ]
z ( z r cos ) i z r sin
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
( z r cos ) 2 r 2 sin 2
z ( z r cos ) i z r sin
z 2 2 zr cos r 2
Equating R.P and I .P, we get
z ( z r cos ) z r sin
Z {r n cos n } 2 and Z {r n sin n } 2
z 2 zr cos r 2
z 2 zr cos r 2
n n z2
Z a cos 2
2 z a2
n z2 n z
Z cos 2 and Z sin 2
2 z 1 2 z 1
z
Now, Z{a cos n } Z{a (1) } Z{(a) }
n n n n
za
z 2 cos 2 z cos
z 2 2
( z 2 z cos 1)
Z{n a n sin n } z
d
dz
Z (a n sin n )
d z a sin
z 2 2
dz z 2 z a cos a
( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 )( a sin ) z a sin (2 z 2 a cos )
z
( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2
z 2 a sin 2 z a 2 sin cos a 3 sin 2 z 2 a sin 2 z a 2 sin cos
z
( z 2 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2
z a sin a sin
2 3
z 2 2 2
( z 2 z a cos a )
( z 2 a 2 ) z a sin
2
( z 2 z a cos a 2 ) 2
2 n n
5. Find the Z – transform (i ) sin (ii) cos
4 2 4
2 n 1 2n
Sol. (i) Z sin Z 1 cos
4 2 4
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 1
2
1 z
n
Z (1) Z cos
z2
2
2
2 z 1 z 1
n n n
(ii) Z cos Z cos cos sin sin
2 4 2 4 2 4
n 1 n 1
Z cos . sin .
2 2 2 2
1 n n
Z cos 2 Z sin 2
2
1 z 2
z
2 2
2 z 1 z 1
1 z ( z 1)
2 z 1
2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
10
1 5 1 1 5
n n
6. Find Z{f(n)} if f (n)
5 2 2
5 1 1 5
n n
1
Z { f (n)} Z
5 2 2
Sol.
1 5 n
1 5 1
n
Z Z
5 2 2
1 z z
5 z {( 5 1) / 2} z {(1 5 ) / 2}
1 2z 2z
5 2 z ( 5 1) 2 z (1 5 )
2 z[2 z (1 5 )] z[2 z ( 5 1)]
5 [2 z ( 5 1)][2 z (1 5 )]
2 2z 2 z z 5 2z 2 z 5 z
2
5 4 z 2 z (1 5 ) 2 z ( 5 1) (1 5 )(1 5 )
2 2z 5
5 4 z 2 2 z 2 z 5 2 z 5 2 z (1 5)
2 2z 5
2
5 4z 4z 4
z
2
z z 1
2n 3 1
7. Find the Z – transform of (i) (ii)
(n 1)( n 2) n (n 1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
2n 3 A B
Sol. (i)
(n 1)( n 2) n 1 n 2
2n 3 A(n 2) B(n 1)
Put n 1, we get 1 A(1) 0
A 1
Put n 2, we get 1 0 B(1)
B 1
2n 3 1 1
(n 1)(n 2) n 1 n 2
2n 3 1 1
Z Z Z n 2 (1)
( n 1)(n 2) n 1
1 1 n
Z z
n 1 n0 n 1
1 1 1
1 2 3 ..............
2 z 3z 4z
1 1 1 1
z 2 3 4 ..............J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC., 2
xM. PHIL
3
x.
,M.B.A. ,PGDCA.
z 2z 3z 4z ASSI ST
log(1 x )
ANTPROFESSORIx
NMATHEMA ..........
TI CS,
2 3
ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
1
z log1 KANYAKUMARI-629401
z
11
z 1
z log
z
z
z log
z 1
1 1
Z z n
n 2 n0 n 2
1 1 1
2 ..............
2 3z 4 z
1 1 1
z 2 2 3 4 ..............
2z 3z 4z
1 1
z 2 log 1
z z
z 1
z 2 log z
z
z
z 2 log z
z 1
Equation (1) becomes
2n 3 z 2 z
Z z log z log z
( n 1)(n 2) z 1 z 1
z
z (1 z ) log z
z 1
1 A B
(ii)
n(n 1) n n 1
1 A(n 1) B(n)
Put n 0, we get 1 A(1) 0
A 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Put n 1, we get
1 1
B 1
1
1 0 B(1)
n(n 1) n n 1
1 1 1
Z Z Z (1)
n ( n 1) n n 1
1 1
Z z n
n n 1 n
1 1 1
2 3 ..............
z 2z 3z
1
log 1
z
z 1
log
z
z
log
z 1
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
12
1 1 n
Z z
n 1 n 2 n 1
1 1 1
2 3 4 ..............
z 2z 3z
1 1 1 1
2 3 ..............
z z 2z 3z
1 1
log 1
z z
1 z 1
log
z z
1 z
log
z z 1
Equation (1) becomes
1 z 1 z
Z log log
n(n 1) z 1 z z 1
1 z
1 log
z z 1
1 z z z 1 z 1
log (or ) log
z z 1 z z
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
n0
f ( m) z ( m 1) Put n + 1 = m
n=m–1
m 1 0
z f ( m) z m
m 1
z f ( m ) z m f ( 0)
m 0
(i.e.) Z { f (n 1)} z [ f ( z ) f (0)]
Note:
Similarly, Z { f (n 2)} f ( m ) z ( m 2 ) z 2 f ( m) z m
m 2 0 m2
z f (m) z m f (0) f (1) z 1
2
m 0
1
z [ f ( z ) f (0) f (1) z ]
2
z 2 f ( z ) z 2 f (0) zf (1)
Z { f (n 3)} z 3 f ( z ) z 3 f (0) z 2 f (1) zf (2) and so on.
In general, J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC. ,M. PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSIST A NT PR OFES S O R IN MA THEMATICS,
Z { f (n k )} z k [ f ( z ) f (0) f (1) z 1 f (2) z 2 AN..........
NAIVAI NfKA
..LA I1C)OzLL(E
(kNN k 1)
GE]OFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
13
lim lim
[( z 1) f ( z )] f (0) = [ f (1) f (0)
z 1 n
f (2) f (1)
f (3) f (2)
.................
f (n 1) f (n)]
lim
= [ f (n 1) f (0)]
n
lim
= [ f (n)] f (0)
n
lim lim
(i.e.) [( z 1) f ( z )] = [ f (n)]
z 1 n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Proof. We have
f ( z) f (n) z n , g ( z ) g (n) z n
n0 n 0
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
14
10 z
11. Find the inverse Z – transform of
z 3z 2
2
10 z
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 1)( z 2)
f ( z) 10 A B
z ( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
10 A( z 2) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 10 A(1) 0
A 10
Put z 2, we get 10 0 B(1)
B 10
f ( z ) 10 10
z z 1 z 2
10 z 10 z
f ( z)
z 1 z 2
Z 1
f ( z ) 10Z 1
z
z
10Z 1
z 1 z 2
10 (1) n 10 (2) n
10 10.2 n
1 z
12. Find Z
( z 1)(z 2)
z A B
Sol.
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
z A( z 2) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 1 A(1) 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
A 1
Put z 2, we get 2 0 B(1)
B2
z 1 2
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
z 1 1
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
(1) n 1 2(2) n 1
2n
1 2
2
1 2 n
1 z3
13. Find Z using partial fraction method.
( z 1) ( z 2)
2
z3
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 1) 2 ( z 2)
f ( z) z2 A B C J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
z ( z 1) 2 ( z 2) z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKU MARI-6
294
01
z 2 A( z 1)( z 2) B( z 2) C ( z 1)2
15
3 n 4.2 n
1 z2
14. Find Z by the method of partial fractions.
( z 2)(z 4)
2
z2
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 2)( z 2 4)
f ( z) z A Bz C
2
z ( z 2)( z 4) z 2 z 4
2
z A( z 2 4) ( B z C )( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 2 A(4 4) 0
2 8A
1
A
4
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
Coeff . of z , 2
0 A B
1
0 B
4
1 (Bz + C)(z + 2)
B Bz2 + 2Bz +Cz + 2C
4
Coeff . of z, 1 2 B C
2
1 C
4
1 1
C 1
2 2
f ( z) 1/ 4 1/ 4 z 1/ 2
z z2 z2 4
1 z 1 z2 1 z
f ( z)
4 z 2 4 z 4 2 z2 4
2
1 1 1 z 1 1 z 2 1 1 2 z
Z { f ( z )} Z Z 2 Z 2
4 z 2 4 z 4 4 z 4
1 1 n 1 n n
(2) n 2 n cos 2 sinJ.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
4 4 2 4 2 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI
LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
KANYAKUMARI-629401
16
z 3 3z
15. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 1) 2 ( z 2 1)
z 3 3z
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 1) 2 ( z 2 1)
f ( z) z2 3 A B CzD
2
z ( z 1) ( z 1) z 1 ( z 1)
2 2 2
z 1
z 2 3 A( z 1)( z 2 1) B( z 2 1) (C z D)( z 1) 2
Put z 1, we get 4 0 B(2) 0
B2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 1)
Coeff . of z , 3
0 A C (1) A(z3 – z2 + z – 1)
Coeff . of z 2 ,1 A B 2C D
1 A 2 2C D (Cz + D)(z – 1)2
(Cz + D)(z2 – 2z + 1)
A 2C D 1 (2) Cz3 – 2Cz2 + Dz2 + Cz – 2Dz + D
Coeff . of z, 0 A C 2D
0 0 2 D [ using (1)]
D0
(2) A + 2C = 1 ---------- (3)
(3) – (1) C = 1
(1) A = –1
f ( z) 1 2 z0
2
z z 1 ( z 1) 2
z 1
z 2z z2
f ( z)
z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 1
1 z 1 z 1 z
2
1
Z { f ( z )} Z 2 Z ( z 1) 2 Z 2
z 1 z 1
n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 2n cos
2
z 3 20 z
16. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
1
z 3 20 z n 1
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of . z at its poles.
( z 2) ( z 4)
3
z n 2 20 z n
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of at its poles.
( z 2) ( z 4)
3
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z 2) 3 ( z 4) 0
z 2, 4
z = 2 is the pole of order 3
and z = 4 is the simple pole.
1 lim d 2 3 z
n2
20 z n
Re s ( z 2) ( z 2)
2! z 2 d z 2 ( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
1 lim d 2 z n 2 20 z n J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
2 z 2 d z2 z4 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
17
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
(16 20)
8
4n
2
f (n) Re s( z 2) Re s( z 4)
2n 4n
(2n 1)
2
2 2
ALITER
z 3 20 z
16. Find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
z 3 20 z
Sol. Let f ( z )
( z 2) 3 ( z 4)
f ( z) z 2 20 A B C D
z ( z 2) 3 ( z 4) z 2 ( z 2) 2 ( z 2) 3 z 4
z 2 20 A( z 2) 2 ( z 4) B( z 2)( z 4) C ( z 4) D( z 2) 3
Put z 2, we get 16 0 0 C (2) 0
C 8
Put z 4, we get 4 0 0 0 D(J ) 3 THUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
2.MU
4 1 ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
D ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
8 2 KANYAKUMARI -
629401
18
Coeff . of z 3 ,0 A D
1 A(z – 2)2(z – 4)
0 A A(z2 – 4z + 4)(z – 4)
2
1 A(z3 – 8z2 + 20z – 16)
A
2 D(z – 2)3
Coeff . of z , 1 8 A B 6 D
2
D(z3 – 6z2 + 12z – 8)
8 6
1 B
2 2
1 1 B B 2
f ( z ) 1/ 2 2 8 1/ 2
z z 2 ( z 2) 2
( z 2) 3
z4
1 z 2z 8z 1 z
f ( z)
2 z 2 ( z 2) 2
( z 2) 2 z 4
3
1 z 2 z ( z 2) 8 z 1 z
2 z2 ( z 2) 3 2 z4
1 z 2z 2 4z 1 z
2 z 2 ( z 2) 3 2 z 4
1 1 z 1 2 z 4 z 1 1 z
2
1
Z { f ( z )} Z Z 3
Z
2 z 2 ( z 2) 2 z 4 a z2 a2 z
Z 1 3
ann2
2n 4n ( z a )
2 n
n 2
2 2
z ( z 2 z 2)
1
17. Find Z 2 using residue method.
( z 1)(z 1)
1
z ( z 2 z 2) n 1
Sol. Let Z { f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of .z at its poles.
( z 1 )( z 1) 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z n ( z 2 z 2)
(i.e.) f (n) = sum of the residues of 2 at its poles.
( z 1)(z 1)
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are
( z 1)( z 1) 2 0
z 1, 1
z = –1 is the simple pole
and z = 1 is the pole of order 2.
lim z n ( z 2 z 2)
Re s( z 1) ( z 1)
z 1 ( z 1)(z 1) 2
lim z n ( z 2 z 2)
z 1 ( z 1) 2
(1) n (1 1 2)
4
(1) n
1 lim d 2 z ( z z 2)
n 2
Re s ( z 1) ( z 1)
1! z 1 d z ( z 1)(z 1) 2
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
lim d z n ( z 2 z 2)
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
z 1 d z ( z 1) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
19
z 1 ( z 1) 2
(2){1 (2).n} (2)(1)
(2) 2
2 4n 2
4
n
f (n) Re s( z 1) Re s( z 1)
(1) n n
z ( z 1)
18. Find the inverse Z – transform of by residue method.
( z 1) 3
z ( z 1) n 1
Sol. Let Z 1{ f ( z )} f (n) = sum of the residues of .z at its poles.
( z 1) 3
z ( z 1)
n
2 z 1d z
1 lim d n
{z (1) ( z 1) n z n 1}
2 z 1 d z
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 lim
2 z 1
1
[n z n 1 n( z 1).( n 1) z n 2 n z n 1 (1)]
[n 2n (n 1) n ]
2
1
[ n 2n 2 2n n]
2
n2
f (n) Re s( z 1)
n2
19. Solve y(n 2) 4 y(n 1) 4 y(n) n given that y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1 by using Z - transform.
Sol. Given y(n 2) 4 y(n 1) 4 y(n) n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n 2)] 4 Z [ y (n 1)] 4 Z [ y (n)] Z (n)
z
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 4 {z y ( z ) z y (0)} 4 y ( z )
( z 1) 2
z
{z 2 y ( z ) 0 z (1)} 4{z y ( z ) 0} 4 y ( z )
( z 1) 2
zJ.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
( z 4 z 4) y ( z )
2
ASzSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATICS,
( z 1A)N2
NAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
20
z z ( z 1) 2
( z 2) y ( z )
2
( z 1) 2
z z ( z 1) 2
y( z)
( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2
y( z) 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 2z 2
z ( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2 ( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2
z2 2z 2 A B C D
( z 1) 2 ( z 2) 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2 z 2 ( z 2) 2
z 2 2 z 2 A( z 1)(z 2) 2 B ( z 2) 2 C ( z 2)(z 1) 2 D ( z 1) 2
Put z 1, we get 1 2 2 0 B(9) 0 0
1
B
9
Put z 2, we get 4 4 2 0 0 0 D(9)
10
D
9
Coeff . of z 3 , 0 A C (1) A(z – 1)(z+2)2
A(z – 1)(z2 + 4z + 4)
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 3A B 0 D A(z3 + 4z2 – z2 + 4z – 4z – 4)
1 10 A(z3 + 3z2 – 4)
1 3A
9 9
11 2 C(z + 2)(z – 1)2
1 3A A C(z + 2)(z2 – 2z + 1)
9 27
C(z3 – 2z2 + 2z2 + z – 4z + 2)
2
(1) 0 C C(z3 – 3z + 2)
27
2
C
27
y ( z ) 2 / 27 1/ 9 2 / 27 10 / 9
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z z 1 ( z 1) 2
z 2 ( z 2) 2
2 z 1 z 2 z 10 z
y( z)
27 z 1 9 ( z 1) 2 27 z 2 9 ( z 2) 2
2 z 1 1 z 2 1 z 5 1 2 z
Z 1{ y ( z )} Z 1 Z 2
Z Z 2
27 z 1 9 ( z 1) 27 z 2 9 ( z 2)
2 1 2 5
y(n) (1) (n) (2) n n.(2) n
27 9 27 9
2 n 2 5
(i.e.) y(n) (2) n n.(2) n
27 9 27 9
Given un 2 6 un 1 9un 2
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [un 2 ] 6 Z [un 1 ] 9 Z [un ] Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z ) z 2u (0) z u (1)} 6 {z u ( z ) z u (0)} 9 u ( z )
z2
J.MUz THUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.
,PGDCA.
{z 2u ( z ) 0 0} 6 {z u ( z ) 0} 9 u ( z ) ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
zANN2AIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
21
z
( z 2 6 z 9)u ( z )
z2
z
( z 3) 2 u ( z )
z2
z
u ( z)
( z 2)(z 3) 2
u ( z) 1
z ( z 2)(z 3) 2
1 A B C
( z 2)( z 3) 2
z 2 z 3 ( z 3) 2
1 A ( z 3) 2 B ( z 2)( z 3) C ( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 1 A(5) 2 0 0
1
A
25
Put z 3, we get 1 0 0 C (5)
1
C
5
Coeff . of z 2 , 0 A B
1
0 B
25
1
B
25
u ( z ) 1 / 25 1 / 25 1/ 5
z z 2 z 3 ( z 3) 2
1 z 1 z 1 z
u ( z)
25 z 2 25 z 3 5 ( z 3) 2
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 z 1 1 z 1 1 3z
u n Z 1{u ( z )} Z 1 Z Z 2
25 z 2 25 z 3 15 ( z 3)
1 1 1
(i.e.) u n .2 n (3) n .n (3) n
25 25 15
21. Solve un 2 2 un 1 un 2 with u0 2, u1 1 using Z - transform.
n
Given un 2 2 un 1 un 2
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [un 2 ] 2 Z [un 1 ] Z [u n ] Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z ) z 2u (0) z u (1)} 2 {z u ( z ) z u (0)} u ( z )
z2
z
{z 2u ( z ) 2 z 2 z} 2{z u ( z ) 2 z} u ( z )
z2
z
( z 2 2 z 1)u ( z ) 2 z 2 3z
z2
z z (2 z 3)(z 2)
( z 1) 2 u ( z )
z2
z [1 2 z 2 J.MU
7zTH6U]ERULAPPAN,M.SC.,M.PHIL.,M.B.A.,PGDCA.
u ( z) A2SSISTANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
( z 2)(z A N1N
)A IVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI
-629401
22
u ( z) 2z 2 7z 7
z ( z 2)( z 1) 2
2z 2 7z 7 A B C
2
( z 2)( z 1) z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
2 z 2 7 z 7 A ( z 1) 2 B ( z 2)( z 1) C ( z 2)
Put z 2, we get 8 14 7 A(1) 2 0 0
A 1
Put z 1, we get 2 7 7 0 0 C (1)
C 2
Coeff . of z 2 , 2 A B
2 1 B
B 1
u ( z) 1 1 2
z z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
z z 2z
u ( z)
z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
z 1 z 1 z
u n Z 1{u ( z )} Z 1 Z 2 Z ( z 1) 2
z 2 z 1
(i.e.) u n 2 1 2n
n
Given yn 2 4 yn 1 3 yn 3
n
Sol.
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n 2 ] 4 Z [ y n 1 ] 3 Z [ y n ] Z (3n )
z
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 4{z y ( z ) z y (0)} 3 y ( z )
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN {z 2 y ( z ) 0 z} 4{z y ( z ) 0} 3 y ( z )
z
z 3
z 3
z
( z 2 4 z 3) y ( z ) z
z 3
z z ( z 3)
( z 1)( z 3) y ( z )
z 3
z [1 z 3]
y( z)
( z 1)( z 3)( z 3)
z 2 2z
y( z)
( z 1)( z 3)( z 3)
z 2 2z A B C
( z 1)( z 3)( z 3) z 1 z 3 z 3
z 2 2 z A ( z 3)( z 3) B ( z 1)( z 3) C ( z 1)( z 3)
Put z 3, we get 9 6 0 0 C (4)(6)
3 1
C
24 8 J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
Put z 1, we get 1 2 A(2)(4) 0 0 ASSISTANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
3
A KA N YAK UMA RI-
6294
01
8
23
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 A B C
3 1
1 B
8 8
3 1
B 1
8 8
8 3 1 10 5
B
8 8 4
3 / 8 5 / 4 1/ 8
y( z)
z 1 z 3 z 3
3 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
y n Z 1{ y ( z )} Z 1 Z Z
8 z 1 4 z 3 8 z 3
3 5 1
y n (1) n 1 (3) n 1 (3) n 1
8 4 8
3 (1) n
5 (3) n
1 (3) n
yn
8 (1) 4 (3) 8 3
3 5 3n
(i.e.) y n (1) (3)
n n
8 12 24
23.Using Z-transform solve y(n) 3 y(n 1) 4 y(n 2) 0 , n 2 given that y(0) 3, y(1) 2
Sol. Changing n into n + 2 in the given equation, it becomes
y(n 2) 3 y(n 1) 4 y(n) 0 , n 0
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n 2)] 3 Z [ y (n 1)] 4 Z [ y (n)] Z (0)
{z 2 y ( z ) z 2 y (0) z y (1)} 3{z y ( z ) z y (0)} 4 y ( z ) 0
{z 2 y ( z ) 3 z 2 2 z} 3{z y ( z ) 3 z} 4 y ( z ) 0
( z 2 3 z 4) y ( z ) 3 z 2 7 z
( z 4)( z 1) y ( z ) z (3 z 7)
3z 7
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
y( z)
z ( z 1)( z 4)
3z 7 A B
( z 1)( z 4) z 1 z 4
3z 7 A( z 4) B( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 3 7 A(5) 0
10
A 2
5
Put z 4, we get 12 7 0 B(5)
5 5B
B 1
y( z) 2 1
z z 1 z 4
2z z
y( z)
z 1 z 4
z z
y n Z 1{ y ( z )} 2 Z 1 Z 1
z 1 z 4
(i.e.) y n 2 (4) n J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
24
2 A( z 2 1) ( Bz C )( z 1)
Put z 1, we get 2 A(2) 0
A 1
Coeff . of z 2 , 0 A B
0 1 B
B 1
Coeff . of z, 0 B C
0 1 C (Bz + C)(z – 1)
Bz2 – Bz +Cz – C
C 1
y ( z) 1 z 1
2
z 1 z 1
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z
z z2 z
y ( z) 2 2
z 1 z 1 z 1
1 z 1 z 1 z
2
1
yn Z { y ( z )} Z Z Z
z 1 z 1
z 1
2 2
n n
(i.e.) y n 1 cos sin
2 2
Problems for practice
1. Solve y(n 2) 5 y(n 1) 6 y(n) 36 given that y(0) = y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
2. Using Z-transform method solve y k 2 2 y k 1 y k k given that y0 y1 0
3. Solve y(k 2) 4 y(k 1) 4 y(k ) 0 given that y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0 by using Z - transform.
4. Solve y(n 3) 3 y(n 1) 2 y(n) 0 given that y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8.
Answer
1. y (n) 18 36 (2) 18 (3)
n n
1 k 1 1
2. yk (1) k (1)
k k
4 4 4 4
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
3. y (k ) 2 k .2
k k
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORI NMATHEMATI CS,
8 4 ANNAIVAI LANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
4. y ( n ) ( 2) n
K ANYAKUMA RI-
6294
01
3 3
25
1
25. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 1)( z 2)
1 1 1 1
Z 1 Z 1 Z
Sol. ( z 1)(z 2) z 1 z 2
1 2 n 1
2n 1 n
1 (2 1)
2 2
1 n r nr
2 .(1)
2 r 0
1
[1 2 2 2 2 3 .......... 2 n ]
2
1 2 n 1 1
2 2 1
2 n 1 1
2
z2
26. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z a) 2
z2
1 z z
Z 2
Z 1 .
Sol. ( z a) z a z a
z 1 z
Z 1 Z
z a z a
(a) n (a) n
n
(a) r (a) n r
r 0
n
(a) n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
r 0
(n 1)(a ) n
z2
27. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z a )( z b)
z2 z z
Sol. Z
1
Z 1 .
( z a)(z b) z a z b
z 1 z
Z 1 Z
z a z b
(a) n (b) n
n
(a) r (b) n r
r 0
n
(b) n
(a) (b)
r 0
r r
a
n r
(b)
n
r 0 b J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
26
r
n
a
( b )
n
r 0 b
a a 2 a
n
(b) 1 .........
n
b b b
a n 1
1
( b ) n b
a
1
b
n n (b a n 1 ) / b n 1
n 1
(1) b
(b a ) / b
b a
n 1 n 1
(1) n
ba
12 z 2
28. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
(3 z 1)( 4 z 1)
2 2
1 12 z 2 Z
1 12 z
Z 1 z
Sol. Z
(3z 1)(4 z 1) 3 z 1 4 z 1 z 1 z 1
3
4
3
4
z 1 z
Z 1 Z
z 1 / 3 z 1 / 4
(1 / 3) n (1 / 4) n
(1 / 4) n (1 / 3) n
n
(1 / 4) r (1 / 3) n r
r 0
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN 1 n 1
n r
(3) r
3 r 0 4
1 n 3
n r
3 r 0 4
1 3 3 2
n
3
n
1 .........
3 4 4 4
3 n 1
n 1
1 4
3 1 3
4
1 4 3 3
n n
1
3 7 4 4
1 4 3 3
n n
3 7 7 4
J.MUTHUERULAPPAN,M.
SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,
PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
27
z2
29. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 4)( z 3)
z2 1 z z
Sol. Z 1
( z 4)(z 3) Z .
z 4 z 3
z 1 z
Z 1 Z
z 4 z 3
(4) n (3) n
n
(4) r (3) n r
r 0
n
3 n
(4) (3)
r 0
r r
r
4n
3 n
r 0 3
4 4 2 4
n
3 1 .........
n
3 3 3
n 4 / 3
n 1
1
3
4 / 3 1
(4 n 1 3n 1 ) / 3n 1
3 n
1/ 3
n 1 n 1
4 3
3
z
30. Using convonlution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
z 4
z 3
1
z 2
1 1 z
Sol. Z Z Z (1)
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
z 4 z 4 z 4
z 2
1 1 z 1 z
Z Z Z
z 4 z 4 z 4
4n 4n
n n
(4) (4) r nr
(4) n
r 0 r 0
(n 1)(4) n
Equation (1) becomes
z 3
1
Z (n 1) 4 4
n n
z 4
n
(r 1)(4) r (4) n r
r 0
n
(r 1)( 4) n
r 0
4 [1 2 3 ......... (n 1)]
n
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
(n 1)( n 2)
4n ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
2 ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401
28
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
yn2 9 9(n 2)
yn [27(n 2) 27(n 1)] yn1[9(n 2) 9n] yn2 [3(n 1) 3n] 0
yn (54 27) yn1 (18) yn2 (3) 0
27 yn 18 yn1 3 yn 2 0
(i.e.) yn2 6 yn1 9 yn 0
1 z 2 3z
33. Find Z 3 using partial fraction method.
z 3z 4
2
z 2 3z z 2 3z
Sol. Let f ( z ) 3
z 3 z 2 4 ( z 1)( z 2) 2 –1 1 –3 0 4
0 –1 4 –4
f ( z) z 3 A B C –4
1 4 0
z ( z 1)( z 2) 2
z 1 z 2 ( z 2) 2
(z + 1) is a factor.
z 3 A( z 2) B( z 2)( z 1) C ( z 1)
2
The other factors are
z2 – 4z + 4
Put z 1, we get 4 A(3) 2 0 0 (z – 2)2
4
A
9 J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M.PHI
L.,
M.B.
A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATICS,
Put z 2, we get 1 0 0 C (3) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
1 KANYAKUMARI
-629401
C
3
29
Coeff . of z 2 , 0 A B
4 4
0 B B
9 9
f ( z) 4 / 9 4 / 9 1/ 3
z z 1 z 2 ( z 2) 2
4 z 4 z 1 z
f ( z)
9 z 1 9 z 2 3 ( z 2) 2
4 z 4 1 z 1 1 2 z
Z 1{ f ( z )} Z 1 Z Z 2
9 z 1 9 z 2 6 ( z 2)
4 4 1
(1) n (2) n (n.2 n )
9 9 6
z3
34. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 2) 2 ( z 3)
z3 1 z2 z
Sol. Z
1
Z .
( z 2) ( z 3) ( z 2) z 3
2 2
1 z2 z
Z 2
Z 1
( z 2) z 3
(n 1)(2) n (3) n Let S 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ........... (n 1) x n
n xS x 2 x 2 3 x 3 ........... n x n (n 1) x n 1
(r 1)(2) (3)r nr
r 0
S xS 1 x x 2 x 3 ........... x n (n 1) x n 1
n 1 x n 1
3 n
(r 1)(2) (3)
r 0
r r (1 x) S
1 x
(n 1) x n 1
1 x n 1 (n 1) x n 1
S
r
n
2
3 (r 1)
n
(1 x) 2 1 x
r 0 3
2 2
2
2
3
2
n
3 1 2 3 4 ......... (n 1)
n
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
3 3 3 3
2 n 1 2
n 1
1 (n 1)
3 n 3
3
2 2
2
1 1
3 3
2 2 n
2 2
n
1 (n 1)
3n 3 3
3 3
1 1
9 3
2 n 2 2 2
n
3 3 3 3
2
n
2
n
3 9 6 2 (n 1)
n
3 3
2 n
3 9 (6 2n 2)
n
3
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
2 n
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
3n 9 (2n 8) ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
3 KANYAKUMARI-629401
9.3 2 (2n 8)
n n
30
z2
35. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z – transform of
( z 1) 2 ( z 2)
z2 1 z z
Sol. Z
1
Z ( z 1) 2 z 2
.
( z 1) ( z 2)
2
z z
Z 1 2
Z 1
( z 1) z 2
n (1) n (2) n n 2 n
n
r (2) n r
r 0
n
2 n
r 0
r (2) r
r
n
1
2 n
r 0
r
2
1 1
2
1
3
1
n
2 0 1 2 3 ......... n
n
n 1
1 1
2
1
n 1
2 1 2 3 ......... n
2 2 2 2
1 n 1
n
1 n Let S 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ........... n x n 1
2n 2
2
xS x 2 x 2 3 x 3 ........... (n 1) x n 1 n x n
2 1 2
1
1 1 S xS 1 x x 2 x 3 ........... x n 1 n x n
2 2 1 xn
(1 x) S n xn
1 n
1
n
1 x
ENGI
NEERI
NG I
S FUN
1 n 1 xn n xn
2n 2 2 S
(1 x) 2 1 x
2 1 1
4 2
2n 1 n 1 n
41 2n
2 2 2
2n 1
n
1
n
4 4 2 n
2 2 2
2.2 n 2 n
J.
MUTHUERULAPPAN,M. SC.
,
M. PHIL.
,M.
B.A.,PGDCA.
ASSI
STANTPROFESSORINMATHEMATI CS,
ANNAIVAILANKANNICOLLEGEOFENGI NEERING
KANYAKUMARI-629401