Beruflich Dokumente
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Antibiotics
„anti bios
bios””
An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the
growth of a microorganism.
Secunder metabolite
Primer metabolism
Producer : bacteria,
bacteria, fungi
Penicillin,, 1928.
Penicillin
Antibiotics
Many ancient cultures, including the ancient
Egyptians and ancient Greeks,
Greeks, used specially
selected mold and plant materials and extracts to
treat infections
Discovery of penicillin
Miracle of the XX. century
Fleming: Staphylococcus sp
sp..
Alexander Fleming noticed an effect in a Petri dish,
dish,
where a number of disease-
disease-causing bacteria were killed
by a fungus of the genus Penicillium
Penicillium..
Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an
antibacterial compound he named penicillin
Penicillium notatum
Against Gram
Gram+ + bacteria
PCN and the I. WV
Pentagon>>Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Pentagon>>N
Sepsis, blood poisoning
poisoning,, body inflammation
Penicillium notatum chrysogenum (Fleming)
crysogenum; from a cantaloop
Penicillium crysogenum;
1945. Nobel
Nobel--price
price:: Howard W. Florey
Florey,, Ernst B. Chain
and Alexander Fleming
1946: 32 tons of PCN/PCN/year
year
AB ”groups
”groups””
1. AB from amino acids (penicillin)
2. AB from carbohydrates (aminoglikozide
antibiotics))
antibiotics
3. AB from fatty acid precursors
precursors((tetracycline AB)
AB ”groups
”groups””
Beta--lactam
Beta lactam:: penam ring
Natural penicillins
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) a narrow spectrum
penicillin antibiotic that is given intravenously or
intramuscularly as a treatment for syphilis
syphilis,,
meningitis,, endocarditis
meningitis endocarditis,, pneumonia and
septicaemia in children
Penicillin G
Natural penicillins
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
It is a penicillin that is orally active. It is less active
than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is more acid- acid-stable than
benzylpenicillin,, which allows it to be given orally
benzylpenicillin
Penicillin V
Beta--lactam AB: cephalosporin
Beta
1948. Giuseppe Brotzu (Sardinia)
Isolation: Acremonium chrysogenum
Gram positive microbes
More stable
1964: cefalotin
cefalotin,, Eli Lilly
Beta--lactam AB: cephalosporin
Beta
Natural beta-
beta-lactam
lactam::
Cephalosporin C
Seminatural beta
beta--lactam
lactam::
Cephalosporin „generations”
generations”