10 Win Mech V Rev HMT PDF

Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804
University of Mumbai
Mechanical Engineering Sem-V (Rev) Winter 2010 (10-WIN-MECH-V-REV-HMT)
Heat and Mass Transfer
N.B.:(1)Question no. 1 is compulsory.
(2)Answer any four out of remaining six questions.
(3)Make suitable assumptions if any.
(4)Use of steam table is permitted.
Q.No.1. Solve any five. 20
a. Define thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and thermal conductance. What is the
approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids, liquid and gases.
Ans: Definations: (01+01+01+01 =04)
.Thermal conductivity-―the amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area

and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between faces causing
heat flow is unit temp. difference‖.
The natation is- k and Unit is W/ m k or W/m ˚C or W/m·K, or J/m·s·K, or Btu/h·ft· ◦F.
.Thermal resistance- It is the ratio of temperature difference to the heat flow rate for
conduction.
The quantity dx/k.A is called thermal resistance.
The notation is Rth and Unit is ˚C/W.
.Thermal conductance- The reciprocal of thermal resistance is called thermal

conductance.
The quantity is k A/dx and Unit is W/ ˚C
Approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases-
For solids- k varies from o.oo3 to 2500 W/m k.
For liquids- k varies from 0.2 to 0.5 W/m k.
For gases- k varies from o.oo6 to 0.05 W/m k.
Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 1 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

b. What are the various types of fins? Discuss some of the important applications of fins.
Ans: Various types of fins- (02+02=04)
1. uniform straight fin-
2. Tapered straight fin-

3. annular fin-
4. Pin fins (spines)-
5. Fin tube heat exchanger-

6) Splines:
Applications of fins-
a. Economisers for steam power plant

b. Convectors for steam and hot water applications
c. Radiators for automobiles
d. Air cooled engines
e. Transformers and electronic equipment
f. Small capacity compressors
g. Electric motor bodies
h. Cooling coils and condenser coils
c. Explain non-dimensional numbers used in convection heat transfer.
Ans: Non- dimensional numbers in convection heat transfer- (01+01+01+01=04)
There are following numbers used in convection heat transfer;
1. Nusselt number-It is ratio of heat flow rate by convection process under unit temp.
difference to heat flow rate by conduction process under same temp. difference through
stationary thickness of L meters.
Nu = convection heat transfer strength/conduction heat transfer strength
Nu = h x /k
It is denoted by Nu.Is is measure of convective heat transfer coefficient.
2. Prandtl number- It is ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity.
Pr= momentum diffusivity/thermal diffusivity
Pr = γ/α

It is denoted by Pr. It provides measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and
energy transport by diffusion.
3. Reynold’s number-It is defined as ratio of inertia force to the viscous force.
Re= inertia force/ viscous force
Re = U x /
It is denoted by Re. It is measure of relative predominance of inertia to viscous forces
occuring in the flow.
4. Stanton number- It is ratio of heat transfer coefficient to the flow of heat per unit temp.
rise due to velocity of fluid.
St = h/ρ.V.cp
It is denoted by St.It is measure of correlating forced convection data.

5. Grashoff number- It is defined as ratio of product of inertia and buoyancy force to the
square of viscous force.
Gr = g. T. L3.β/γ2
It is denoted by Gr. It has the role in free convection similar to that played by Reynolds
in forced convection.
d. Define and explain mass transfer processes.

Ans: Mass transfer processes- (01+01+02=04)
1. Mass transfer by DIFFUSION (molecular or eddy diffusion)-
Defination- The transport of water on microscopic level as result of diffusion from

region of high concentration to region of low concentration in system or mixtures of
liquids or gases is called molecular diffusion.When one of diffusing fluids is in
turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
Explanation- It occurs when substance diffuse through layer of stagnant fluid and
may be due to concentration, temp. or pressure gradients.
In gaseous mixtures, diffusion occurs due to random motion of molecules.
2. Mass transfer by CONVECTION-
Definition- It is transfer between a moving fluid and surface or between two

relatively immiscible moving fluids.

Explanation-It depends on the transport properties and on the dynamic (laminar or
trbulent) characteristics of fluids.
Eg. Evaporation of ether.
3. Mass transfer by CHANGE OF PHASE-
Definition- It is the mass transfer due to simultaneous action of convection and

diffusion.
Explanation- It occurs whenever a change from one phase to another takes place.
Eg. Hot gases escaping from chimney.
Mixing of water vapour with air
Boiling if water in open air.
e. Why does a cavity with a small hole behaves as black body? Thermal radiation strikes
a surface, which has a reflectivity of 0.55 & a transmissivity, of 0.032.The absorbed flux
as measured indirectly by heating effect works out to be 0.99 W/m2.Determine the rate
of incident flux.
Given data: (02+02=04)

Reflectivity, ρ = 0.55
Transmissivity,
Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2

From conservation of energy principle,
ρ+
0.55 +
Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2= G
G G +G =1

95 0.55 + 0.032 = 1
G = 227.2727 W/m2
-------------------answer}
2
Rate of incident flux G = 227.2727 W/m
Answer:
2
The rate of incident flux = G= 227.2727 W/ m
f. What is mean by fouling factor? How does it affect the performance of heat
exchanger?
Fouling factor and its effect on H.E.- (02+02=04)
Defination- The reciprocal of scale heat transfer coefficient (hs) is called fouling
factor.
It is denoted by Rf.
Rf = 1/ hs m2 ˚C /W.
The phenomenon of rust, scale, soot, dirt and deposits of ash formation is called
fouling.
Due to these deposits, thermal resistance is increased and eventually performance of

heat exchanger lowers.
Common failures in H.E.-
 choking of tubes
 excessive heat transfer
 excessive temperatures
 lack of control of heat exchangers
 failure to clean tubes regularly
 increased product temp. over safe design limit
 unequal heating along length of tubes.
 unexpected radiations from surfaces.

Q.No 2. a. Explain critical thickness of insulation & it’s importance. 04
Critical thickness of insulation and it’s importance- (01+03=04)
Defination- It is defined as the thickness upto which heat flow increases and after
which it decreases.
In case of cylinders and spheres, it is called as critical radius.
Importance-
In the physical sense, we arrive at two following conclusions as;
1. For cylindrical bodies with r1<rc, the heat transfer increases by adding insulation till
r2=rc as shown.If insulation thickness further increased, then rate of heat loss will
decrease from peak value to minimum but certain amount of insulation noted by r2’ at b
is added, hence heat loss rate still greater for cylinder.This happens when r1 is small
and rc is large, hence thermal conductivity k is high of insulation(poor insulation).
Eg. insulation of electric cables which should be a good insulator for current but poor
for heat.
2. For cylindrical bodies with r1>rc, the heat transfer decreases by adding insulation. This
happens when r1 is large and rc is small, hence a good insulating material with low k
value used.
Eg. Steam and refrigeration pipes.
For insulation to be properly effective, the outer radius must be greater than or equal to
critical radius.

Dependence of heat loss on insulation thickness
Q.No. 2. b. Write construction and working of heat pipe. 06
Ans: Heat pipe- (01+02+03=06)
Definition- A heat pipe is device that combines the high efficiencies of boiling and
condensation. It is specifically names because it literally pipes heat from a hot
region to a cold one.
Construction details-

The heat pipe is constructed as shown in above figure.
It is the pipe or a tube that can be bent or turned in any way that is convenient.
Working of heat pipe-
 The inside of the tube is lined with a layer of wicking material.

 The wick is wetted with an appropriate liquid.
 One end of the tube is exposed to a heat source that evaporates the liquid from the
wick.
 The vapour then ﬂows from the hot end of the tube to the cold end, where it is
condensed.
 Capillary action moves the condensed liquid axially along the wick, back to the
evaporator where it is again vaporized.
 Placing a heat pipe between a hot region and a cold one is thus similar to connecting
the regions with a material of extremely high thermal conductivity—potentially
orders of magnitude higher than any solid material.
 Such devices are used not only for achieving high heat transfer rates between a
source and a sink but for a variety of less obvious purposes.
 They are used, for example, to level out temperatures in systems, since they
function almost isothermally and oﬀer very little thermal resistance.
Q.No. 2. c. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height & 30 C

are placed in a furnace at 750 C with convection coefficient 80 W/m2.deg.
Calculate time required to heat the pieces to 600 C.What will be the shortfall in
temperature if the pieces are taken out from the furnace after 280 secs?Assume the
following property values: density 7850 kg/m3, specific heat 480 J/kg k,
conductivity 40 W/m-deg. 10
Given data:
(05+05=10)
D= 25 mm=0.025m, R= 12.5 mm= 0.0125m

L= 30 mm = 0.030 m
h = 80 W/m2 ˚C
ρ = 7850 kg/m3
Cp= 480 J/kg k
k = 40 W/m ˚C
ta= 30 ˚C

ti = 750 ˚C
t = 600 ˚C
Characteristic length (Lc)= V/As =
= 0.0125/2= 0.00625 m
Biot Number (Bi) = h Lc/k = 0.0125
As Bi < 0.1, lumped parameter analysis can be applied here.
The temp. variation given by;
= exp
= exp
Solving for -
----------------------answer i}
Shortfall in temperature ( :
= exp
= exp
Solving;
t= 1893.87˚C
now shortfall in temperature of surface( t0 – ti
1893.87-600 ˚C
1293.87˚C -----------------------answer ii}
Answers:
1. Time required to heat the piece =

2. Shortfall in temperature = 1293.87 ˚C

Q.No. 3. a. Derive an expression for heat flow through a composite cylinder(2 layers)taking into
account the film heat transfer coefficient on inside and outside surface of the
cylinder. 08
Ans: Expression for heat flow through a composite cylinder (two layers) with film
heat transfer coefficients-
(02+03+03=08)
Consider flow of heat through composite cylinder as shown;
Diagram:
Figure: Heat conduction through composite cylinder (2 layers) and thermal

circuit

Let,
Thf = Temp. of hot fluid flowing through inside cylinder, ˚C
Tcf = Temp. of cold fluid flowing through inside cylinder, ˚C
kA = Thermal conductivity of outside layer, W/m k
kB = Thermal conductivity of outside layer, W/m k
T1, T2, T3 = Temperatures at the points 1, 2, 3 ˚C
hhf , hcf = inside and outside heat transfer coefficients, W/m2 k
L = Length of composite cylinder, m
Heat transfer rate given by;
Q = hhf. 2 r1. L. (Thf - T1) = =
hcf. 2 r3. L. (T3-Tcf )
Rearranging above equations;
Thf - T1 = Q/ hhf. r1. L. ----- --------------- (1)
= * Q/ ------------------------
(2)
= * Q/ -----------------------
(3)
T3-Tcf = Q/ hcf. 2 r3. L --------------------- (4)
Adding (1), (2),(3),(4), we have;
Q/ L = Thf
- Tcf
Q=
This is the heat transfer rate for composite cylinder having two layers with heat
transfer coefficients.
Q=

Q.No. 3. b. The interior of a refrigerator has inside dimensions 60 cm x 45 cm base area

and 120 cm high. The composite wall is made of two 3 mm mild steel sheets (k=
145 kJ/m-hr-deg)with 6 cm of glass wool (k= 0.188 kJ/m-hr-deg) insulation
sandwitched between them. The average values of convective heat transfer
coefficient at the interior and exterior wall are 40.8 and 52.3 kJ/m2-hr-deg
respectively.
i. Draw the thermal circuit.
ii. Calculate the individual resistance of this composite wall & the resistance at the
surface ,and the overall conductance.
iii. For the air temp. inside the refrigerator at 6.5 C and outside of 25 C, determine
the rate at which heat must be removed from the refrigerator.Also, calculate the
temp. on the outer surface of the metal sheet. 12
Ans: Given data:

(03+05+04=12)
LA =LC= 3mm=0.003 m
LB = 60 mm = 0.06m
kA =kC =40.2778 W/m ˚C
kB = 0.0523 W/m ˚C
ho = 14.5278 W/m2˚C
hi = 11.3334 W/m2˚C
Total area through which heat is coming into refrigerator;
A = 0.6 x 0.45 x 2 + 0.45 x 1.2 x 4 = 2.7 m2

i) Thermal
circuit:
Figure: Heat conduction through composite wall with both fluids
ii)1.Individual thermal resistances (Rth)-
Rth-A = LA/kA A = 0.00002758 ˚C/W
Rth-B = LB/kB A = 0.4248 ˚C/W
Rth-C = LC/kC A = 0.00002758 ˚C/W
2. Surface resistances (inside and outside)-
Rth-inside = 1/(hi . A) =0.036 ˚C/W
Rth-outside = 1/(ho . A) = 0.0254 ˚C/W
Total/equivalent thermal resistance (R th-eq)-
Rth-eq = R th-outside + R th-A + R th-B + R th-C + R th-inside
Rth-eq = 0.4828 ˚C/W ------------------------ answer ii}
3.Total thermal conductance-

Thermal conductance = 1/R th-eq
= 1/0.4828
= 2.0710 W/˚C
Cth = 2.0710 W/˚C -----------------------answer ii}
iii)Heat removal rate(Q) and temp. of outer surface(t1)-
for temp. inside refrigerator, ti = 6.5 ˚C
for temp. outside refrigerator, to = 25 ˚C
Heat flow Q =
Q=
Q = 38.3181 W
Q = 38.3181 W --------------------answer iii}
Temp. at outer surface of metal sheet (t1)-
Q = h A (25-t1) = 38.3181 W
t 1 = 24.0232 ˚C
---------------------answer iii}
t 1 = 24.0232 ˚C

Q.No. 4. a. State and prove Kirchoff’s law of radiation. 06
Ans: Kirchhoff’s law of radiation- (02+02+02=06)
Statement- It states that at any temp. the ratio of total emissive power E to the
total absorptivity α is constant for all substances which are in thermal equilibrium
with their environment.
Expression-
Let us consider, a large radiating body of surface area A which encloses a small
body of surface area A1 as shown.
Let the energy fall on unit surface of body at rate is Eb.
A fraction α will be absorbed by the small body. Thus, this energy absorbed by
small body(1) is α1 A1 Eb, in which α1 is the absorptivity of the body.
When thermal equilibrium attained, then the body (1) must be equal to the energy
emitted, say E1 per unit surface.
A1. E1= α1 A1 Eb ----- ------------ (1)
Now we remove body (1) and replaces body (2) having absorptivity α2. The
radiant energy impinging on surface of body is again Eb.
A2 .E2= α2 A2 Eb ------------------ (2)
By considering generality of bodies, we obtain
Eb = E1/ α1 = E2/ α2 = E/α ------------------ (3)
Also as per definition of emissivity ε, we have,
ε = E/Eb or Eb= E/α -----------------(4)

By comparing (3) and (4), we obtain,
ε =α
(α is always smaller than 1.Therefore, emissive power E is always smaller
than emissive power of black body at equal temperature.)
Q.No. 4. b. An aluminum rod 2.5 cm in diam. And 10 cm long, protrudes from a wall which is
maintained at 250C.The rod exposed to environment at 15C.The convection heat
transfer coeff. Is 15 W/m2-k.Calculate heat lost by rod.Assume rod end is
insulated.Take k for aluminium= 200 W/m-k.Also find fin efficiency and temp. at the
end of fin. 08
Ans: Given data:
d = 25 mm = 0.025 m
l = 10 cm = 0.100 m
ta = 15 ˚C
to = 250 ˚C
k = 200 W/m k
h = 15 W/m2 ˚C
a) Heat loss by rod (Q)-

Q = k A m (to-ta) tanh (ml)-------------(1)
m = (h.P/k.A)0.5 = (4.h/k.d)0.5
m = 3.4641
From equation (1);
Q = 200 x ( ) x 3.4641 x (250-15)x tanh(3.464 x 0.100)

Q = 26.6285 W
Q = 26.6285 W
b) Fin efficiency( )-
= tanh (ml)/ml

= 0.96183
= 96.183 %
= 96.183 %
c) Temperature at the edge of rod (tl)-

=
At x = l,
tl = 264.24 ˚C
tl = 264.24 ˚C
Answers:
1. Heat loss by rod (Q)= 26.6285 W

2. Fin efficiency( )= 96.183 %
3. Temperature at the edge of rod (tl) = 264.24 ˚C
Q.No. 4. c. State and explain Fick’s law of diffusion mass transfer. 06
Fick’s law of diffusion mass transfer-
Statement- The molecular diffusion is governed by Fick’s law of diffusion which is

expressed as

NA = mA/A = -DAB dCA/ dx -----------------(1)
Where,mA = mass flow rate of species A by diffusion, kg/s
A = area through which mass is flowing, m2
mA/A= mass flux of species A i.e. amount of species A that is transferred per unit time
and per unit area perpendicular to the direction of transfer, kg/s-m2
DAB = diffusion coefficient or mass diffusivity for binary mixture of species A and B,
m2/s.
The – ve sign indicates that diffusion takes place in the direction opposite to that of
increasing concentration.
Explaination-
The diffusion rate for species B is given by;
NB = mB/A = -DBA DcB/ dx -----------------(2)
The diffusion coefficient (DBA or DAB) is dependent on the temperature, pressure and
nature of the system.
Figure: Mass transfer by diffusion in binary gas mixture

Figure: Concentration profile
Fick’s law of diffusion describes the mass transport due to concentration gradient.
Important aspects of law:
 Based on experimental evidence and can’t derived from first principles.

 Valid only for all matter irrespective of it’s state.
 The movement of diffusion substance in the direction of decreasing concentration.
 Diffusion coefficient D is dependent upon temp., pressure and nature of system
component.
Q.No. 5. a. With the help of dimensional analysis method prove that for forced convection:-
Nu= constant x (Re)m x (Pr)n. 08
Ans: Dimensional analysis method for forced convection-
Nu = constant x (Re) m x (Pr) n
Let us assume that heat transfer coeff. h in fully developed forced convection in tube
is function of following variables;
h = f (D,V, k, ρ, µ, cp)or --------------(1)
f1(h, D,V, ρ, k, µ, cp)-------------(2)

Sr. No. Variables Symbols Dimensions
01 Heat transfer coefficient h MT-3 -1
02 Fluid density ρ ML-3
03 Tube diameter D L
04 Fluid velocity V LT-1
05 Fluid viscosity µ ML-1 T-1
06 Specific heat cP L2T-2 -1
07 Thermal conductivity k MLT-3 -1
Total no. of variables = n=7
Fundamental dimensions in problem = m =4 (M, L, T,
No. of dimensionless = n-m = 3
Equation (2) can be written as;
f1 ( =0
Choosing h, D, V, ρ as group of repeating variables with unknown exponents.
Therefore,
= ha1. ρb1 . Dc1. Vd1. µ
= ha2. ρb2. Dc2. Vd2. cp
= ha3. ρb3. Dc3. Vd3. k
term:
ML-1 T-1 = (MT-3 -1 a1

) .(ML-3)b1 .(L)c1 .(LT-1)d1 .(ML-1 T-1)
Equating exponents of M, L, T, respectively, we get;
a1= 0, b1= -1, c1= -1, d1= -1
= ρ-1 . D-1. V-1. µ

= µ/D.V.ρ -----------------(3)
Similarly for
term:
= h-1. ρ. V. cp
= ρ. V. cp/h ---------------(4)
Since dimensions of h and k/D are same;
= ρ. V. cp. D/k----------------(4)
term:
= h-1. D-1.k
= k/h D ---------------(5)
According to theorem:
k/h D = Constant (µ/D.V.ρ)m’ (ρ. V. cp. D/k)n’
where m’ and n’ are constants.
If m’ > n’, then
k/h D = Constant (µ/D.V.ρ)n’ (ρ. V. cp. D/k)n’ (µ/D.V.ρ)m’-n’
= Constant (µ/D.V.ρ)m’-n’ (µ. cp/k)n’
Or
h.D/k = Constant (D.V.ρ/ µ)m (µ. cp/k)n
or
Nu = Constant (Re)m (Pr)n
Q.No. 5. b. Prove that the total emissive power of black surface is πtimes the intensity of
radiation. 06
Ans: Total emissive power of black surface (E) is times the intensity of radiation(I)-
Intensity of radiation (I) is defined as the rate of energy leaving surface in given
direction per unit solid angle per unit area of emitting surface normal to mean
direction in space.

Total emissive power (E) is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by body
per unit area and time.
A Solid angle is defined as the portion of space inside sphere enclosed by conical
surface with vertex of cone at the centre of sphere.
Figure: Spacial distribution of radiations emitted from surface
Figure: Illustration for evaluating area dA2
Figure shows a small body of area dA(emitter) emitting radiations in different

directions. The collector subtends a solid angle dw when viewed from point on
emitter.

Let us consider, radiations from elementary area dA1 at centre of sphere as
shown.Suppose this radiation absorbed by second elemental area dA2, a portion of
hemispherical surface.
The projected area of dA1 on plane perpendicular to line joining dA1 and dA2 = dA1
cos
Solid angle substended by dA2 = dA2/r2
The intensity of radiation I=dQ1-2/(dA1*cos dA2/r2) ----------------

--(1)
where dQ1-2 is rate of heat transfer from dA1 to dA2.
From figure, it’s evident that,
dA2 = r d (r sin ø)
dA2 = r2 sin ----------------

--- (2)
from (1) and (2);
dQ1-2 = I dA1 sin
Total radiation through hemisphere given by;
Q = I dA1 d
=2
Q= ------------------
- (3)
Also, Q = E dA1 -----------------
- (4)
From (3) and (4); we have
E dA1
E= ------------------------------------------------------ proof}

Q.No. 5. c. Air at 1 atm and 25C containing small quantities of iodine flows with velocity
5.25m/s inside a 3 cm diam. Tube.Determine mass transfer coefficients for iodine
transfer from air stream to the weak surface.Assume following physical properties of
air.D= 0.82 x 10 -5m2/s, ν= 15.5 x 10 -6 m2/s. 06
Given data:
d= 30 mm = 0.030 m
γ= 15.5 x 10 -6 m2/sec
D = 0.82 x 10 -5 m2/sec
U = 5.25 m/s
Mass transfer coefficient of Iodine (hm)-
Schmidt Number (Sc) = γ/D = (15.5 x 10-6)/ (0.82 x 10-5) = 1.89
Reynold’s Number (Re)= d U/ γ = 0.030 x 5.25/(15.5 x 10-6)= 10161.29
As Re > 2500, the flow is TURBULENT FLOW.
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.023 (Re) 0.83 (Sc)0.44
Sh= 64.4374
Also,
Sh = hm. d/D
hm = Sh. D/d = (64.4374 x 0.82 x 10-5)/0.030
hm= 0.0176 m/s
hm= 0.0176 m/s ----------------- answer}
Answer:
Mass transfer coefficient for iodine = hm= 0.0176 m/s

Q.No. 6. a. Derive the relationship between effectiveness and number of transfer units for
parallel flow heat exchanger. 10
Ans: Relationship between effectiveness ( ε) and number of transfer units(NTU) for

parallel flow heat exchanger
Diagram:
Figure: Temperature distribution and floe arrangement for parallel flow heat
exchanger
The effectiveness of heat exchanger given by;
ε = q / qmax
The qmax is the maximum possible heat transfer. It’s given by;
qmax = Cmin (th1 – tc2)
Therefore;
ε = Ch (th1-th2)/ Cmin (th1 – tc1)
or
ε = Cc (tc2-tc1)/ Cmin (th1 – tc1)
Rate of heat transfer then given by;

q = ε * Cmin (th1 – tc1)
dQ= U dA(th – tc) -----------------(1)
dQ= - Ch. dth= Cc. dtc ------------------(2)
From (2), we have;
dth = - dQ/Ch and dtc = dQ/Cc
Substituting value of dQ in equation (1) and rearranging, we get
d(th-tc)/(th-tc)= -U dA
Upon integration;
(th2-tc2)/(th1 – tc1) = exp [ - (U A/Ch) {1+Ch/Cc} -----------------(3)
ε = Ch(th1-th2)/ Cmin(th1 – tc1) = Cc(tc2-tc1)/Cmin(th1-tc1)
Hence,
th2 = th1 – ( ε Cmin(th1-tc1)/ Ch) -----------------(4)
and tc2 = tc1+( ε Cmin(th1-tc1)/ Cc) -----------------(5)
Eliminating th2 and tc2 from (3) with help of (4),(5);
ε = 1 - exp [ - (U A/Ch) {1+Ch/Cc}/{Cmin[(1/Ch)+(1/Cc)]} -----------------(6)
If C h < C c, then Cmin= Ch and Cmax= Cc, equation (6) becomes;
ε = 1 - exp [ - (U A/Cmin) {1+Cmin/Cmax}/{Cmin[(1/Cmin)+(1/Cmax)]}
The NTU is given by:
 NTU = U A / Cmin
The effectiveness can be shown as function of NTU as;
 (Cmin/Cmax)=R= capacity ratio
Thus, effectiveness of parallel flow in terms of NTU is given by;

Q.No. 6. b. Air at atm. Pressure and 20C flows with 6 m/s velocity through main trunck duct of
air conditioning system. The duct is rectangular in c/s and measures 40 cm x 80
cm.Determine heat loss per meter length of duct corresponding to unit temp.
difference. The relevant thermo-physical properties of air are: k= 0.026 W/m-deg, ν=
15 x 10 -6 m2/s, α=7.7 x 10 -2 m2/hr,. Use Nu= 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4 10
Ans: Given data:
ts = 20 ˚C
p = 1 atm.
U = 6 m/s
c/s of duct = 40 cm x 80 cm = 0.4 m x 0.8 m
k = 0.026 W/m k
γ = 15 x 10 -6 m2/s
α = 7.7 x 10 -2 m2/hr = 2.1389 x 10-5 m2/sec
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4
Re = inertia force / viscous force = U x / γ
Re = U L /γ= 40,0000
Pr = γ/ α = 0.7012
Nu = 0.023 (400000)0.8 (.7012) 0.4
Nu = 604.9372
But, Nu = h*L/k = 604.9372
h = 604.9372 x 0.026 / 1 = 15.7293 W/m2 ˚C
Heat loss per meter length of duct of unit temperature difference ( i.e. = 1 ˚C )-
Q=hA( )
Q = 15.7293 X 2(0.4+0.8) X 1 X 1
Q/L = 37. 7503 W/m
Q/L = 37. 7503 W/m ---------------- ---answer}

Answer:
Heat loss per meter length of duct of unit temperature difference = Q/L =
37. 7503 W/m
Q.No. 7. a. What is condensation and when does it occur? Distinguish between mechanism of
filmwise condensation and dropwise condensation. 04
Ans: Condensation and it’s occurance-

Condensation- The condensation sets in, whenever saturation vapour comes in
contact with surface whose temp. is lower than saturation temp. corresponding to
vapour pressure. It is the reverse of boiling process.
Occurance- This process occurs whenever saturation vapour comes in contact with
surface whose temp. is lower than saturation temp. corresponding to vapour pressure.
As the vapour condenses, the latent heat is liberated and there is flow of heat to the
surface. The liquid condensate may get sub cooled by contact with the cooled surface
and that may eventually cause more vapour to condensate on the exposed surface or
upon the previously formed condensate.
Difference between Film wise and Drop wise condensation-

Film wise condensation: If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby forms
a liquid film, then process is known as film condensation.
 The heat transferred from vapour to condensate formed on surface by convection and
further from film to cooled surface by conduction.
 This combined mode of heat transfer reduces the rate of heat transfer and hence it’s
heat transfer rates are lower.
Drop wise condensation: In this, vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of
various sizes and which fall down surface in random fashion.
 A large portion of surface exposed to vapour without an insulating film of condensate
liquid, hence higher rates of heat transfer (order of 750 kW/m2) are achieved.
 Coefficient of heat transfer is 5 to 10 times larger than with film condensation.
 Yet this type is extremely difficult to maintain or achieve.

Figure: Film wise and drop wise condensation
Q.No. 7. b. State advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis. 04
Ans: Advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis-
Advantages:
1) Expresses the functional relationship between variables in dimensionless terms.
2) Dimensionless parameters can be used to make certain deduction in the problems.
3) Design curves can be developed from experimental data or direct solution of problem.
4) It gives theoretical solution in simplified form.
5) It provides partial solution to problems dealing with too complex mathematics.
6) Results of one series of tests can be applied to large number of other similar problems.
7) Useful tool in the analysis and correlation of experimental data.
Limitations:
1) It does not give any clue regarding selection of variables.
2) No information given about internal mechanism of physical phenomenon.
3) It’s not possible to get the information about the effect of one quantity upon the other
physical quantities entered into the problem.
4) The complete information not provided by dimensional analysis.

Q.No. 7. c. Write short notes on any three of following: 12
i. Various modes of heat transfer
Various modes of heat transfer-
Heat can be transferred to or from a material in three fundamental ways; conduction,
convection, and/or radiation. Any and all of the three types of heat transfer can occur
for a system, so one must be careful not to neglect any heat transferred during the
process.
Conduction- In conduction, heat is transferred from one part of a body to another part
of that same body, or between bodies that are in contact with each other without any
appreciable displacement of the particles within the body.
Conduction will begin with Fourier’s Law, which allows for equations to be derived
for steady state uniaxial heat transfer.
Example: In some polymer process, such as injection moulding, blow moulding, cast
films, extrusion coating, and rotational moulding.
Convection- In convection, heat is transferred from one point to another through a

moving fluid, most likely a gas or liquid, as a result of the mixing of different portions
of the fluid.
There are two sub-segments of convection, natural and forced.
In natural convection, the motion of the fluid is the inherent result of the density
gradient that results from the temperature differential.
In forced convection, the motion of the fluid is the result of some mechanical work,
such as a blow or pump moving the fluid across the material.
Example: A real (viscous) fluid passing over a stationary geometry.
Radiation- In radiation, Heat is transferred through radiation from one body to

another by means of wave motions through space.
Example: Furnaces, combustion chambers, nuclear explosions and space

applications.

ii. Significance of dimensionless groups
Significance of dimensionless groups-
Dimensionless groups are nothing but dimensionless numbers used in convective heat
transfer.
Their significance is as follows;
a. Reynolds Number (Re): It’s ratio of inertia force to viscous force.

 It signifies relative predominance of inertia to viscous forces occurring in the flow.
 The higher value of Re, greater will be inertia effect.
 It’s important criteria for forced convection.
b. Prandtl Number (Pr): It’s ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity.

 Measure of effective ness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion.
 It’s connecting link between velocity and temperature field.
c. Nusselt Number (Nu): It’s ratio of convective to the conduction heat transfer.
 Convenient measure of convective heat transfer coefficient.
d. Stanton Number (St): It’s ratio of heat transfer coefficient to heat flow per unit
temp. rise due to velocity of fluids.
 It can be used only in correlating forced convection data.
iii. Lumped heat capacity analysis
Lumped heat capacity analysis-
The process in which thermal resistance assumed to be negligible in comparison with

it’s resistance is called Newtonian heating or cooling process.
The temp. in this process is considered to be uniform at given time. Such an analysis is
called Lumped parameter analysis because whole solid whose energy at any time is
function of temp. and total heat capacity treated as one lump.

Figure: General system for unsteady state heat conduction
Let us consider the body as shown in figure;
-h As (T-Ta) = ρ V c dt/d ------------------ (1)

Where, ρ = density of material, kg/m3
V= volume of body, m3
c= specific heat of body, J/kg k
h= Unit surface conductance, W/m2 ˚C
T= temp. of body at any time, ˚C
As= surface area of body, m2
Ta=ambient temp., ˚C
= time, seconds
Rearranging and integrating equation (1);
Temperature excess is given by = T – Ta

= - h As/ ρ V c ----------------- (2)
Or
In (T-Ta) = -( h As/ ρ V c ) + C1 ------------------ (3)
Putting boundary conditions as;
At 0, T=Ti (initial surface temp.)
C1 = In (Ti-Ta) --------------(from 3)
Hence substitute this value in equation (3)
In (T-Ta) = -( h As/ ρ V c ) + In (Ti-Ta)
Or
(T-Ta) / (Ti-Ta) = = exp [-(h As/ ρ V c ) ] ------------------(4)
Hence, temperature distribution given by;
(T-Ta) / (Ti-Ta) = = exp [-(h As/ ρ V c ) ]

Figure: Transient temperature response
iv. Shape factor and it’s properties
Shape factor and it’s properties-
Shape factor: It may be defined as the fraction of radiative energy that is diffused from
one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening
reflections.
It is denoted by F. It is also known as configuration factor or view factor or surface
factor.
Properties of shape factor:
1) The shape factor is purely function of geometric parameters only.

When two bodies exchanging radiant energy with each other, then relation given by;
A1 F1-2 = A2 F2-1

This is Reciprocity theorem and useful when one of the shape factors is unity.
2) The shape factor of convex surface with respect to the enclosure F1-2 is unity.
3) The shape factor of surface with respect to itself is F1-1.
4) For flat or convex surface, shape factor with respect to itself is zero.(i.e., F1-1 =0)
5) If two surfaces A1 and A2 are parallel and large, then
F1-2 = F2-1 =1
6) If one of two surfaces divided into sub areas Ai1, Ai2,……Ain, Then
Ai Fi-j = Ain Fin-j
7) From principle of conservation, shape factor relationship given by:
F1-1 + F1-2 + F1-3 + ------- + F1-4 = 1 =
Figure: Shape factor for aligned parallel plates

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Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, AMBAV (Devrukh) - 415804

Q.No.1. Solve any five. 20

Ans: Definations: (01+01+01+01 =04)

.Thermal conductivity-―the amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area

The quantity dx/k.A is called thermal resistance.

The notation is Rth and Unit is ˚C/W.

.Thermal conductance- The reciprocal of thermal resistance is called thermal

The quantity is k A/dx and Unit is W/ ˚C

Approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases-

For solids- k varies from o.oo3 to 2500 W/m k.

For liquids- k varies from 0.2 to 0.5 W/m k.

For gases- k varies from o.oo6 to 0.05 W/m k.

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 1 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Ans: Various types of fins- (02+02=04)

1. uniform straight fin-

2. Tapered straight fin-

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 2 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

4. Pin fins (spines)-

5. Fin tube heat exchanger-

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 3 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

a. Economisers for steam power plant

c. Explain non-dimensional numbers used in convection heat transfer.

Ans: Non- dimensional numbers in convection heat transfer- (01+01+01+01=04)

There are following numbers used in convection heat transfer;

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 4 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

It is denoted by St.It is measure of correlating forced convection data.

d. Define and explain mass transfer processes.

1. Mass transfer by DIFFUSION (molecular or eddy diffusion)-

Defination- The transport of water on microscopic level as result of diffusion from

In gaseous mixtures, diffusion occurs due to random motion of molecules.

2. Mass transfer by CONVECTION-

Definition- It is transfer between a moving fluid and surface or between two

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 5 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Eg. Evaporation of ether.

3. Mass transfer by CHANGE OF PHASE-

Definition- It is the mass transfer due to simultaneous action of convection and

Eg. Hot gases escaping from chimney.

Mixing of water vapour with air

Boiling if water in open air.

Given data: (02+02=04)

Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2

Absorbed flux = 95 W/m2= G

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 6 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Fouling factor and its effect on H.E.- (02+02=04)

Due to these deposits, thermal resistance is increased and eventually performance of

Common failures in H.E.-

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 7 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Critical thickness of insulation and it’s importance- (01+03=04)

In case of cylinders and spheres, it is called as critical radius.

In the physical sense, we arrive at two following conclusions as;

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 8 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Dependence of heat loss on insulation thickness

Q.No. 2. b. Write construction and working of heat pipe. 06

Ans: Heat pipe- (01+02+03=06)

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 9 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Working of heat pipe-

 The inside of the tube is lined with a layer of wicking material.

Q.No. 2. c. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height & 30 C

D= 25 mm=0.025m, R= 12.5 mm= 0.0125m

Q.P.Code: GT-6648 Page 10 of 37 Prepared by: Prof. V.K.Dongare

Characteristic length (Lc)= V/As =

now shortfall in temperature of surface( t0 – ti

1. Time required to heat the piece =