PROJECT TITLE

SHRI R.R.LALAN COLLEGE

BHUJ-KACHCHH

“No one can terrorize a whole nation, unless we are all his
accomplices.”~ Edward R. Murrow

TERRORISM
 • Project include different points which are given below
 Definition of terrorism
 Origin of terrorism
 Reasons behind becoming terrorist
 Different attacks in all over India
 Different terrorist groups
 Intension
 Solution

 Definition of terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of
coercion. At present, the International community has been unable
to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law
definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only
to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are
perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack),
and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants
(civilians).

Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.

The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not
select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists
tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with
other members of their organization than by political platforms or
strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined.

The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged, and

this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise
definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of “terrorism”.
The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often
used by state authorities to delegitimize political or other
opponents, and potentially legitimize the state's own use of armed
force against opponents (such use of force may itself be described
as "terror" by opponents of the state.). A less politically and
emotionally charged, and more easily definable, term is violent
non-state actor (though the semantic scope of this term includes
not only "terrorists," while excluding some individuals or groups
who have previously been described as "terrorists").

Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political

organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced
by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic
groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling
governments.One form is the use of violence against
noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group,
cause, or individual.

 ORIGIN OF TERM

"Terror" comes from a Latin terrere meaning "to frighten". The

terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in
response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC.
The Jacobins cited this precedent when imposing a Reign of Terror
during the French Revolution. After the Jacobins lost power, the
word "terrorist" became a term of abuse. Although the Reign of
Terror was imposed by a government, in modern times "terrorism"
usually refers to the killing of innocent people by a private group
in such a way as to create a media spectacle. This meaning can be
traced back to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself as a
"terrorist". Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group "People's
Retribution" (Народная расправа) in 1869.

In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report

described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious
bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or an
international organization to do or abstain from doing any act". .

DEFINITION

The definition of terrorism has proved controversial. Various legal

systems and government agencies use different definitions of
terrorism in their national legislation. Moreover, the International
community has been slow to formulate a universally agreed,
legally binding definition of this crime. These difficulties arise
from the fact that the term "terrorism" is politically and
emotionally charged. In this regard, Angus Martyn, briefing the
Australian Parliament, stated that "The international community
has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive
definition of terrorism. During the 1970s and 1980s, the United
Nations attempts to define the term foundered mainly due to
differences of opinion between various members about the use of
violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and
self-determination." These divergences have made it impossible
for the United Nations to conclude a Comprehensive Convention
on International Terrorism that incorporates a single, all-
encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition
terrorism.Nonetheless, the international community has adopted a
series of sectoral conventions that define and criminalize various
types of terrorist activities. Moreover, since 1994, the United
Nations General Assembly has repeteadly condemned terrorist acts
using the following political description of terrorism: "Criminal
acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the
general public, a group of persons or particular persons for
political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever
the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial,
ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify
them."

Bruce Hoffman, a well-known scholar, has noted that:

It is not only individual agencies within the same governmental

apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism.
Experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally
incapable of reaching a consensus. In the first edition of his
magisterial survey, “Political terrorism: A Research Guide,” Alex
Schmid devoted more than a hundred pages to examining more
than a hundred different definition of terrorism in a effort to
discover a broadly acceptable, reasonably comprehensive
explication of the word. Four years and a second edition later,
Schimd was no closer to the goal of his quest, conceding in the
first sentence of the revised volume that the “search for an
adequate definition is still on” Walter Laqueur despaired of
defining terrorism in both editions of his monumental work on the
subject, maintaining that it is neither possible to do so nor
worthwhile to make the attempt.”

Nonetheless, Hoffman himself believes it is possible to identify

some key characteristics of terrorism. He proposes that:
By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and
terrorism from other forms of crime, we come to appreciate that
terrorism is :

• ineluctably political in aims and motives

• violent -- or, equally important, threatens violence
• designed to have far-reaching psychological
repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target
• conducted by an organization with an identifiable
chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure
(whose members wear no uniform or identifying
insignia) and
• perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state
entity.

A definition proposed by Carsten Bockstette at the George C.

Marshall Center for European Security Studies, underlines the
psycological and tactical aspects of terrorism:

Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical

conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear
(sometimes indiscriminate) through the violent victimization and
destruction of noncombatant targets (sometimes iconic symbols).
Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine
organization. The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in
order to achieve maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying
force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience(s) in
order to reach short- and midterm political goals and/or desired
long-term end states."

Walter Laqueur, of the Center for Strategic and International

Studies, noted that "the only general characteristic of terrorism
generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the
threat of violence". This criterion alone does not produce,
however, a useful definition, since it includes many violent acts not
usually considered terrorism: war, riot, organized crime, or even a
simple assault.Property destruction that does not endanger life is
not usually considered a violent crime, but some have described
property destruction by the Earth Liberation Front and Animal
Liberation Front as violence and terrorism; see eco-terrorism.

Terrorist attacks are usually carried out in such a way as to

maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact.Each
act of terrorism is a “performance” devised to have an impact on
many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols, to
show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country
or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a
government, while increasing the prestige of the given terrorist
organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act.

Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose. Terrorism is a

political tactic, like letter-writing or protesting, which is used by
activists when they believe that no other means will effect the kind
of change they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure to
achieve change is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of
civilians. This is often where the inter-relationship between
terrorism and religion occurs. When a political struggle is
integrated into the framework of a religious or "cosmic"struggle,
such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such
as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal (nationalism)
becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly
committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent
civilians.

Very often, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they
are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals
or corrupt beings" that tie into a specific view of the world that the
terrorists possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals
of instilling fear, getting their message out to an audience or
otherwise satisfying the demands of their often radical religious
and political agendas.
Some official, governmental definitions of terrorism use the
criterion of the illegitimacy or unlawfulness of the act to
distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus
"lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small
groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify
as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were
government sanctioned. For example, firebombing a city, which is
designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be
considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This
criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted,
because: it denies the existence of state terrorism; the same act
may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its
sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy"
and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of
one government or another; and it diverges from the historically
accepted meaning and origin of the term.

Among the various definitions there are several that do not

recognize the possibility of legitimate use of violence by civilians
against an invader in an occupied country. Other definitions would
label as terrorist groups only the resistance movements that oppose
an invader with violent acts that undiscriminately kill or harm
civilians and non-combatants, thus making a distinction between
lawful and unlawful use of violence. According to Ali Khan, the
distinction lies ultimatedly in a political judgment.

Types
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in
the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on
Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that
the committee wrote was entitled Disorders and Terrorism,
produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the
direction of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The
Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.
 • Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering
with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the
community.
• Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed
primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial
segment of it, for political purposes.
• Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at
political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to
create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive
purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather
than the achievement of a political objective.”
• Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the
commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and
method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its
essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-
terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the
case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the
modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and
produces similar consequences and reaction. For example,
the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist,
whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist
but whose purposes are quite different.
• Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is
characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political
terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for
ideological or political motives but which are not part of a
concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
• Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule
is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to
terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as
Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts
carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives,
often as part of their foreign policy.

Several sources have further defined the typology of terrorism:

 • Political terrorism
o Sub-state terrorism
 Social revolutionary terrorism
 Nationalist-separatist terrorism
 Religious extremist terrorism
 Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
 New religions terrorism
 Right-wing terrorism
 Single-issue terrorism
o State-sponsored terrorism
o Regime or state terrorism
• Criminal terrorism
• Pathological terrorism

Democracy and domestic terrorism

The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is

very complex. Terrorism is most common in nations with
intermediate political freedom, and is least common in the most
democratic nations. However, one study suggests that suicide
terrorism may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence
regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every
modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy–a state with a
considerable degree of political freedom. The study suggests that
concessions awarded to terrorists during the 1980s and 1990s for
suicide attacks increased their frequency.

Some examples of "terrorism" in non-democracies include ETA in

Spain under Francisco Franco, the Shining Path in Peru under
Alberto Fujimori, the Kurdistan Workers Party when Turkey was
ruled by military leaders and the ANC in South Africa.
Democracies, such as the United Kingdom, United States, Israel,
Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, have also experienced
domestic terrorism.

While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a

sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of
terrorism within such a state may cause a dilemma: whether to
maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as
ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict
its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of
supporting civil liberties.This dilemma, some social theorists
would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the
acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state.

Religious terrorism
Religious terrorism is terrorism performed by groups or
individuals, the motivation of which is typically rooted in the faith
based tenets. Terrorist acts throughout the centuries have been
performed on religious grounds with the hope to either spread or
enforce a system of belief, viewpoint or opinion. Religious
terrorism does not in itself necessarily define a specific religious
standpoint or view, but instead usually defines an individual or a
group view or interpretation of that belief system's teachings

Perpetrators
The perpetrators of acts of terrorism can be individuals, groups, or
states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-
clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the
framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of
terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive cells, highly
motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly
operations in recent times, such as the September 11 attacks, the
London underground bombing, and the 2002 Bali bombing were
planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close
friends, family members and other strong social networks. These
groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient
telecommunications to succeed where others had failed.

Over the years, many people have attempted to come up with a

terrorist profile to attempt to explain these individuals' actions
through their psychology and social circumstances. Others, like
Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the
propaganda tactics used by terrorists. Some security organizations
designate these groups as violent non-state actors.

To avoid detection, a terrorist will look, dress, and behave

normally until executing the assigned mission. Some claim that
attempts to profile terrorists based on personality, physical, or
sociological traits are not useful.The physical and behavioral
description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal
person. However, the majority of terrorist attacks are carried out by
military age men, aged 16–40.

1) Terrorist groups

There is speculation that anthrax mailed inside letters to U.S.

politicians was the work of a lone wolf terrorist.
2) State sponsors

A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist

organization. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states
consist of state-sponsored terrorism vary widely. When states
provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they
rarely acknowledge them as such.

3) State terrorism

“ Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely ”

accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done
 by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly
always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is
fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the
hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does
occur is regarded with shock, horror, and the felicitation of
the victims.
— Derrick Jensen

As with "terrorism" the concept of "state terrorism" is

controversial. The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-
Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious
of 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them
referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal
concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged
against international conventions dealing with war crimes,
international human rights and international humanitarian law.
Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan has said that
it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The use
of force by states is already thoroughly regulated under
international law" However, he also made clear that, "regardless of
the differences between governments on the question of definition
of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any
deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is
unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."

State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by

governmental agents or forces. This involves the use of state
resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as using its
military to directly perform acts of terrorism. Professor of Political
Science Michael Stohl cites the examples that include Germany’s
bombing of London and the U.S. atomic destruction of Hiroshima
during World War II. He argues that “the use of terror tactics is
common in international relations and the state has been and
remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the
international system than insurgents." They also cite the First strike
option as an example of the "terror of coercive diplomacy" as a
form of this, which holds the world hostage with the implied threat
of using nuclear weapons in "crisis management." They argue that
the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of
changes that took place following World War II. In this analysis,
state terrorism exhibited as a form of foreign policy was shaped by
the presence and use of weapons of mass destruction, and that the
legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly
accepted form of this state behavior.

Was Adolf Hitler a terrorist? He murdered millions of people;

some theorists suggest genocide or democide is a type of terrorism.

State terrorism has also been used to describe peacetime actions by

governmental agents such as the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
Charles Stewart Parnell described William Ewart Gladstone's Irish
Coercion Act as terrorism in his "no-Rent manifesto" in 1881,
during the Irish Land War. The concept is also used to describe
political repressions by governments against their own civilian
population with the purpose to incite fear. For example, taking and
executing civilian hostages or extrajudicial elimination campaigns
are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during
the Red Terror or Great Terror. Such actions are often also
described as democide or genocide which has been argued to be
equivalent to state terrorism. Empirical studies on this have found
that democracies have little democide.

Funding
State sponsors have constituted a major form of funding; for
example, PLO, DFLP and some other terrorist groups were funded
by the Soviet Union.

"Revolutionary tax" is another major form of funding, and

essentially a euphemism for "protection money".Revolutionary
taxes are typically extorted from businesses, and they also "play a
secondary role as one other means of intimidating the target
population".

Other major sources of funding include kidnapping for ransoms,

smuggling, fraud and robbery

Tactics

The Wall Street bombing at noon on September 16, 1920 killed

thirty-eight people and injured several hundred. The perpetrators
were never caught.

Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common

when direct conventional warfare won't be effective because forces
vary greatly in power.

The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale,

unresolved political conflict. The type of conflict varies widely;
historical examples include:

• Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state

• Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
• Imposition of a particular form of government
 • Economic deprivation of a population
• Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
• Religious fanaticism

Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity,

usually using explosives or poison. There is concern about terrorist
attacks employing weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist
organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and
may train participants, plant undercover agents, and raise money
from supporters or through organized crime. Communication may
occur through modern telecommunications, or through old-
fashioned methods such as couriers.

Responses
Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-
alignments of the political spectrum and reassessments of
fundamental values. The term counter-terrorism has a narrower
connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors.

Specific types of responses include:

• Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police
powers
• Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers
• Preemptive or reactive military action
• Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
• Preemptive humanitarian activities
• More permissive interrogation and detention policies

Mass media
Media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out
terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the
media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of
the media. Others consider terrorism itself to be a symptom of a
highly controlled mass media, which does not otherwise give voice
to alternative viewpoints, a view expressed by Paul Watson who
has stated that controlled media is responsible for terrorism,
because "you cannot get your information across any other way".
Paul Watson's organization Sea Shepherd has itself been branded
"eco-terrorist", although it claims to have not caused any
casualties.

The internet has created a new channel for groups to spread their
messages. This has created a cycle of measures and counter
measures by groups in support of and in opposition to terrorist
movements. The United Nations has created its own online
counter-terrorism resource.

The mass media will, on occasion, censor organizations involved

in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage
further terrorism. However, this may encourage organizations to
perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass
media. Conversely James F. Pastor explains the significant
relationship between terrorism and the media, and the underlying
benefit each receives from the other.

“There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate

the media gestalt. A point at which the violence may well escalate,
but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the
media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is
innately media-related.”

—Novelist William Gibson

History
Number of terrorist incidents 2009 (January–June)

The term "terrorism" was originally used to describe the actions of

the Jacobin Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the French
Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe,
inflexible," said Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795,
Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of
those hell-hounds called Terrorists...loose on the people" of
France.

In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three bombs in

an attempt to assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III. Eight
bystanders were killed and 142 injured. The incident played a
crucial role as an inspiration for the development of the early
Russian terrorist groups. Russian Sergey Nechayev, who founded
People's Retribution in 1869, described himself as a "terrorist", an
early example of the term being employed in its modern meaning.
Nechayev's story is told in fictionalized form by Fyodor
Dostoevsky in the novel The Possessed. German anarchist writer
Johann Most dispensed "advice for terrorists" in the 1880s.

See also
• Aircraft hijacking
• Airport security
• Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives (ATF)
• Christian Terrorism
• Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
• Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE)
• Insurgency
• International Criminal
Police Organization
(Interpol)
• Islamic Terrorism
• Jewish Terrorism
 • Communist terrorism
• Counter-terrorism
• Crimes against humanity
• Cyber-terrorism
• Department of Homeland
Security (DHS)
• Domestic terrorism in the
United States
• Eco-terrorism
• Extremism
• Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)
• Federal Air Marshal
Service (FAMS)
• Global Initiative to Combat
Nuclear Terrorism
• Hijacking
State terrorism:
• Pakistani state terrorism
• State terrorism by Iran
• State terrorism and Russia
• State terrorism and the United States
• List of designated terrorist
organizations
• List of terrorist incidents
• Special forces
• Suicide attack
• S.W.A.T
• U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP)
• United States Secret
Service
• War on Terrorism
• Narcoterrorism
• Patriot Act
• PDD-62
• Propaganda by deed
• Strategy of tension
• Terrorism Information
Awareness Program
• Unconventional warfare
• VNSA
 REASONS BEHIND MAN BECOMING
TERRORISTS
1. One of the questions often asked in discussions
about terrorism and terrorist groups is why anyone
would join up for their causes. Why would anyone
voluntarily become a terrorist? The reasons vary, but
in many cases heavy doses of indoctrination are
good tools in the hands of capable fanatics.

Tom Lassiter writes for Bradenton about the

experiences of Ali, a 14-year-old boy who joined
Ansar al Islam, a radical Islamic in Iraq, between the
summer of 2001 and the winter of 2002:

The Ansar members accused Ali of being a spy, of

being an infidel. They shouted at him. They beat
him. They threatened to kill him. For two hours, the
threats and screams continued. Then an older man
walked in the room and in a calm, kind voice began
to speak about Islam. ... "He told me about
paradise, about virgins, about Islam," Ali said.
The imam told him that, as a Muslim, Ali was part of
a brotherhood that stretched back hundreds of
years. He had an important role to play in the world,
one that would bring prestige and glory. There were
70 virgins waiting for him in a promised land, a
paradise just for him.
The conversation lasted for hours. At the end, Ali
was taken to a little room and given some food and
a blanket. The next morning, an Ansar official came
by and said that while Ali wasn't a prisoner, they
wanted to keep him for a few days to make sure he
wasn't a spy. Ali was invited to attend religion
classes.

After 15 days of nothing but his cell and religious

classes, they had him - instead of dreaming of
studying in France, his dreams turned towards
fulfilling his "duty" as a Muslim. The concept of
"duty" was, naturally, determined by the leaders of
Ansar al Islam. A young man without much direction
and purpose was offered both. It's no surprise that
the lept at the opportunity.

Ali left the group in 2002, but he doesn't regret his

membership and would consider joining again. Is
there anyone in Iraq who can offer him something
better for his life and his future? If not, then we
should expect a lot more Alis to rise up. There are
plenty of people like the Ansar imam who are willing
to take advantage of such young men.

2. Islam Fundamentalist are very strong as compared to Islam

Liberals.Fundamentalist are given political and economical help
from Rich Islamic countries by their politicians, Religious and
Business Bureaucrats.By using their power they Brain wash
liberals by showing Violence of Americans, Israel and West on
Afghan, Iraq and other middle east countries.for this reason they
misuse their Religion.This Brainwashed Human then becomes
Puppet of Fundamentalist and thus become terrorist.

Thus terrorist is produced in Islamic Factories whose owners claim

themselves to be Islamic Fundamentalist but in reality they are just
medieval Animals.
3. They are all victims of the society in some or other way. So the
same advantage is taken by religious and other leaders.
Basically, they are shown wrong reasons for their bad, poor and
miserable conditions. In order to improve their upcoming
generation's future and to take revenge for their conditions, they
choose such path.
Moreover, Before becoming Terrorist, their condition has become
so miserable that they seems no other choice left except suicide or
become terrorist.

4. Reason for Terrorism? I believe that the (Terrorist), is truly

defending what they believe is in jeopardy. No I do not think it is
right, and I believe it needs to be stopped. I believe that we need to
realize a few things. One, all throughout history civilizations have
gone to war, or defended there way of life in many ways. Yes in
many cases the ways, such as cowardly acts like terrorism are
wrong and need to be made right, or stopped. The point is that it
has always existed. Two, the world today is becoming increasingly
smaller. What I mean by that is like the news, the Internet, phones,
planes, and all the other ways that a culture in one place can effect
another. Whether we like it or not we can offend someone on the
other side of the world and not even Know it. It can often go the
other way and offend us. Now we don't just strap on a bomb and
walk into a grocery store and commit suicide to avenge what we
believe they threatened, but we still get offended. The world and
its people are in another growing spurt. I don't believe we can stop
it. I do believe that at times we need to use force, but I believe that
if we spend more time in the future to understand each other, not to
think that the opposite culture is what we need to be like, but just
to see that thats why they don't like that, or are afraid that we are
trying to force them to conform to are ways. We need to fight
Terrorism, and try to understand each other so that in the future
maybe the world wont produce people who do those acts.
5. It is often incorrectly believed that the purpose of terrorism is to
cause fear and the eradication of people who do not share the same
religious beliefs as the terrorists. While this belief has some truth,
it greatly underestimates the true reasons for terrorism.

Terrorists believe that they have no alternative options for their

political, economic, and/or religious grievances and oppression. As
a result, terrorists kill and maim random civilians at random places
and at random times to give publicity to their causes. In return,
terrorist believe this publicity would cause more violence and
uprisings. Eventually, terrorists believe this will ultimately force
changes in favor to their political, economic, and/or religious
demands.

The flaw with the logic of terrorism is that violence begets more
violence. The oppressing group that is being terrorized will
become even more oppressive and violent to the oppressed group
and maybe even to other people; and in return, the terrorists will
escalate their efforts too. Alternatively, if a violent terrorist group
seizes power thus becoming the oppressors themselves, the newly
oppressed group of people will then seek revenge. Either way,
terrorism leads to more violence and killings without an end in
sight.
 CHAPTER-4 : Now let’s see the list of terror incident in
india
1948, 30 January: Mahatma Gandhi assassinated by Nathu Ram Godse.

1966, 20 April: A Tinsukia-Jalpaiguri passenger train blast in Lumding

railroad station, Assam, India, kills 55 and injures 127. Which responsible
for Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland tribesmen group.

1966, 23 April: A bomb explode in Diphu railroad station, Mikir, Assam,

India, which blame on NSCN tribesmen group. Kills 30 and injures 65.

3 August,1984, Kancheepuram district: A time bomb blast in counter

of Air Lanka, Chennai International Airport, Tirusulam,
Kancheepuram district, India, killed at least 29. Blame placed on LTTE

31 October 1984,New Delhi: Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi

assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. The killing was in retaliation for the
Indian army's entry into the Golden Temple at Amritsar to flush out Sikh
extremists who were using the temple as a base for their operations.1 killed.

June 22: Air India Flight 182 is blown up by a bomb put onboard the
flight from Canada to India by unknown terrorists. All 329 people on board,
most of them Canadian citizens, are killed. At the time, the deadliest terrorist
attack ever, and still the deadliest act of terrorism in Canadian history. A
second Air India flight from Canada was targeted on the same day, but the
bomb exploded at Narita Airport, in the luggage outside the aircraft, killing
two baggage handlers, bringing the total death toll of the act to 331

March 16: A bomb blast in Chennai-Tirchchirappalli of Rockfort

Express, following plunged into a bridge, Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu, India,
which kills 25 and injures 150. Tamil Nadu Liberation Army member of
Pichai Pillai arrested by suspiction of bomb blast on March 21, 1987.

February 11: A bomb explode on a regular route bus in Bongaigaon,

Assam, India, which responsible for Bodo tribe extremists, kills 20 and
injures at least 20.

May 21: Former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi assassinated in a

bomb blast believed to be the work of Sri Lankan Tamil terrorists belonging
to the LTTE.This is also the first time that the suicide vest is used by any
terrorist group.

October 18: Two time bomb blast, when people watching a Hindu pagent
of Ramila, Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh, India, which blame on Sikh separatist
militant. Killing at least 41 and injuring 140 people.

India, March 12: Mumbai car bombings leave 257 dead with 1,400
others injured.

India, March 17: A bomb blast in Calcutta killed at least 50 people. Two
apartment blocks came crashing down when the blast rocked central
Calcutta's Bowbazar locality shortly after midnight.

India, March 19: A bomb exploded in Calcutta's Sealdah rail terminus,

killing one person and wounding a dozen others.

Jammu: 26 january1995, three bombs exploding at a rally to celebrate the

Indian national holiday killed seven and injured 52. The apparent target of
the attack, the governor of Kashmir, K.V. Krishna Rao, escaped unharmed,7
killed,52 injured.

Jammu:20 July, 1995, A bomb on a motor scooter exploded at a

marketplace in Jammu, killing at least 17 and injuring 100 more. Harkat-ul-
Ansar claimed responsibility for the bombing.

Jammu: 26 July, 1995 A bomb hidden in a motor scooter exploded near a

Hindu temple and killed a Hindu pilgrim and injured another 42.

Chandigarh:31 August,1995, Dilawar Singh Babbar, a member of

Babbar Khalsa, killed Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh and 15 others in a
suicide bombing. At least 30 more were injured in the attack.
 Srinagar:5 September,1995,Two car bombs, exploding near two banks
handling payrolls for Indian army and police units, killed 13 and injured 25.

Srinagar:7 September, 1995,A parcel bomb delivered to the BBC office

in Srinagar killed one journalist and injured two more.

India, January 3: A bomb explode in Sadar Bazaar erea in New Delhi,

India. Kills six and injures 31, which blame on Jammu and Kashmir
Liberation Front guerilla group

India, December 30, 1996: A Delhi bound of Brahmaputra Express

carrying 1,200 people onboard, following a blast in Kokrajhar, Assam, India.
Blame placed on tribal Bodo guerillas group, which kills at least 250 people
and injures many more.

India, July 8: A five cars of commuter train, carrying 500 people onboard
left Bhatinda railroad station, following blast in Punjab, India. Which blame
for Sikh separest group, with kills 36 people and injures 70.

India, November 19: A car bomb blast nearby D. Rama Naidu Film
Studio, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, which responsibility for Paritala
Ravi guerrilla group, and kills 23, include six local television journalist with
injures 31 people, include local film star, Mohan Babu.

India, January: Wandhama Massacre - 24 Kashmiri Pandits are

massacred by Kashmiri militants in the city of Wandhama in Indian-
controlled Kashmir

India, February 14: 1998 Coimbatore bombings - Bombings by suspected

Islamic Jihadi groups on an election rally in the city of Coimbatore kill
about 60 people.

India, December 24: Indian Airlines Flight 814 from Kathmandu, Nepal,
to Delhi is hijacked. One passenger is killed and some hostages are released.
After negotiations between the Taliban and the Indian government, the last
of the remaining hostages on board Flight 814 are released in exchange for
release of four terrorists.

Old Delhi.6 January, 2000 At least twenty-two persons were injured

when a bomb exploded in the coach of a train at the Old Delhi station.
Authorities detained two people they believe may be connected to the
incident.

Kashmir.25, January,2000, Rocket attack kills 4, wounds 6; Harakat ul-

Mujahedin responsible.

Sambha.11 February, 2000, five people were killed and seven others
injured when a bomb explosion blew up portions of a railway track near
Sambha. The attack took place only minutes before the Jammu Tawi-
Sealdah Express Train was due to arrive at the Sambha station.

Kashmir.12 February, 2000, A bomb exploded near GGM Science

College and vegetable market killing four people and wounding twenty-six.
The bomb detonated in darkness, shattering several adjoining buildings and
shops and damaging vehicles parked nearby. Authorities are unsure if the
device was planted on the site or if it was thrown from a vehicle.

Sadra Bazaar16, March, 2000, At least five persons were injured in a

bomb blast in Sadra Bazaar.

Churchgate rail station 21, March, 2000, Four commuters were injured
when an explosive device detonated inside of a train during peak rush hour.
The blast occurred shortly before the train arrived at the Churchgate rail
station on the Western Railway.

Kashmir 20, April, 2000, Suicide bomb attack in Kashmir kills bomber
injures 7. Grenade at market kills 2 injures 28. Lashkar-e-Taiba suspected.

Kashmir29, April, 2000, a bomb went off at a check point killing one and
injuring eight. The perpetrators set off the device at the checkpoint in
Srinagar.
 Kashmir15, May, 2000, Hizbul Mujahedin bomb attack kills power
minister, 4 others, in Kashmir.

Kashmir23, May, 2000, in what is believed to be an assassination attempt

on the Kashmir Chief Minister's life, a bomb went off at a golf course where
the minister had been playing all day with several other VVIP's. The blast
took place in the middle of the night and thus, no one was injured. The
Hizbul Mujahadin claimed responsibility.

Red Fort19, June, Two boms killed 2 people and injured 11 at the Red
Fort.

Punjab province29, June, 2000, In Punjab, three persons were killed when
a bomb went off in a tea shop during a cultural function.

24, July, 2000, At least six people were killed and ten others injured when
a powerful bomb ripped through a private bus.

Kashmir10, August, 2000, Hizbul Mujahedin admits car bomb attack

killing 15, injuring 30 in Srinagar.

Kashmir12, August, 2000. Land mines explode under buses in Kashmir

killing 6 soldiers, wounding 42, in attack claimed by Hizbul Mujahedin.

Idgah Colony 16, August, 2000, three schoolchildren and a teacher were
injured when an explosive device detonated at a school in Idgah Colony.

Bangi26, October, 2000, A person was killed and thirty injured when a
bomb ripped through a passenger train that was traveling from Bangi to
Rampur.

Kashmir29, October, 2000, Four police officers were killed when

extremists began firing indiscriminately on a crowd during the distribution
of a prize at a soccer match. Authorities believe that Saba Ahmad, the Bihar
Education Minister, who was in attendance at the match, was the target of
the attack.

Assam 1, December, 2000, three attacks killed 16 people and injured 17

in Assam.
 India, October 1: A car bomb explodes near the Jammu and Kashmir
state assembly in Srinagar, killing 35 people and injuring 40 more.

India, January 22: Gunmen on motorcycles opened fire on guards at the

American Center in Kolkata, killing five people.

India, May 13: Twelve people are killed in the Jaunpur train crash,
caused when Islamic extremists cut the rails.

India, September 10: A train derailment kills 130 people in the Rafiganj
rail disaster. Naxalite terrorism is suspected.

India, September 25: Two terrorists belonging to the Jaish-e-Mohammed

group raid the Akshardham temple complex in Ahmedabad, killing 30
people and injuring many more.

India, December 21: Kurnool train crash, Islamic extremists derail a train
and kill 20 people.

India: 25, August, 2003, At least 48 people were killed and 150 injured
in two blasts in south Mumbai - one near the Gateway of India at the other at
the Zaveri Bazaar.

Kashmir.8, April, 2004, Militants detonated a bomb that killed nine and
injured about fifty others, including two elected officials. The incident
occurred at a People's Democratic Party election rally at Uri. Party Chief
Mehbooba Mufti was addressing the audience when the explosion took
place. The Save Kashmir Movement later claimed responsibility for the
blast.
 Jharkhand.12, April, 2004, Naxalites (Maoists guerillas) triggered a
landmine that killed at least twenty-six policemen in Jharkhand. Naxalites of
the outlawed People's War Group (PWG) are suspected of being involved in
the attack. The PWG typically target rich landowners and police, who they
accuse of colluding to exploit farmers and rural laborers.

Kashmir.20, April, 2004, a policeman was killed in Jammu and thirteen

wounded in an attack during parliamentary voting. Muslim militants and
leftist guerillas warned voters to stay from the polls and threatened violence
on Election Day.

Kashmir.25, April, 2004, Suspected Muslim militants threw a grenade at

a convoy carrying a state lawmaker as she was leaving a rally in the
Anantnaga district. Though People's Democratic Party (PDP) member
Mehbooba Mufti was uninjured, though four people were killed and forty-
five were wounded in the attack. Radicals have warned people to stay away
from the elections and voting.

Kashmir.28, April, 2004, In Bungam, ten people were injured, including

two police officers and eight civilians, when an unidentified person threw a
hand grenade at a local representative's convoy. This attack comes only a
week before parliamentary elections are set to begin in Kashmir. Suspected
Muslim militants threw a hand grenade at a crowd during a candidate's
political address, killing three civilians and wounding forty-nine others. The
candidate from the National Conference Party was unhurt. This attack comes
only a week before nation-wide parliamentary elections are due to take
place.

Kashmir.9, May, 2004,One person was killed and twenty-one injured,

when terrorists lobbed a grenade outside of the premises of the district
hospital in Doda. The grenade was most likely aimed at a government
convoy passing the hospital at the time. The victim killed was a government
official and four of the injured included police officers. Police supsect the
Hizbul Mujahideen is behind the attack because the group is most active in
the area.

Kashmir.21, May, 2004, a bicycle bomb that was detonated at the

Chadoura bridge killed three people and injured twenty-four. The bomb had
been planted by suspected militants on a bicycle parked 20 feet from a
border security pillbox. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but
authorities are blaming Hizbul-Mujahedin.

Assam.8, June, 2004, Twenty-three were injured when suspected United

Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) militants threw a grenade into a crowded
cinema hall during a town screening of a Hindi movie. The police say that
the attacks may be connected to a ULFA call for the banning of Hindi
movies last year. The group opposes the state film industry and is believed
to have been responsible for explosions at other cinemas in Assam.

Kashmir.12, June, 2004, A Pahalgam hotel was the target of a grenade

attack, which killed four people, including two tourists. The grenade
triggered the explosion of a gas canister in the hotel's restaurant, which made
the explosion more deadly. Al-Nasireen has claimed responsibility for the
attack. In their claim of responsibility the group states that they hope to
discourage "obscenity and nudity being imported into the land of Islam's
martyrs.”

Assam.19, June, 2004, a time bomb planted by the United Liberation

Front of Assam (ULFA) exploded, injuring fourteen people, most of whom
were day wage-earners. No further information is provided.

Bijbehara.23, June, 2004, Nineteen people were injured when a grenade

was hurled at a security picket at Bijbehara. The grenade missed its target
and caused the large number of injuries.

Assam.24,June, 2004, Five passengers on a minibus were killed when

United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) militants triggered a time bomb.
Fifteen others were injured in the blast.

Kashmir.25,June, 2004, Militants shot and killed a dozen people when

they opened fire at residential houses. Most of the victims were family
members of the local village defense committee. Rebels have targeted
security forces and their families in the past. Twelve people were also
injured in the attack.

Kashmir.2, July, 2004, six police personnel were killed and five injured
when militants detonated an improvised explosive device as a convoy was
passing by. The convoy was escorting a Member of Parliament.
 Kashmir.4, July, 2004, Two people were killed and thirty-nine injured
when a bomb went off near a tourist reception center. The device was placed
in a hand cart. No further information is available.

Assam.16, July, 2004, United Liberation Forces of Assam (ULFA)

militants lobbed a hand grenade at a police patrol in front of a civilian
hospital, injuring seven people. Three of the injured were police officers.

Kashmir.20, July, 2004, Deputy Chief Minister Mangat Ram Sharma

escaped a second attempt on his life when militants threw a bomb at his
public meeting in Anantnag. Five people were killed and around fifty other
injured in the attack.

Kashmir.26, July, 2004, one person was killed and thirty-five injured
when militants hurled a hand grenade inside of a hospital in Baramula. The
injured were those who were hospitalized. The perpetrators probably
attacked the hospital because a number of Border Security Forces had been
admitted for earlier injuries.

14, August, 2004, about twenty people were injured when a bomb
exploded in a cinema on the eve of Independence Day, which is opposed by
regional separatists. A grenade was thrown from the upper balcony resulting
in serious injuries.

Kashmir 26, August, 2004, two children were killed and their parents
were injured in a grenade attack on their house in Gandoh. Militants were
apparently aiming at the Central Reserve Police Force, when the rocket
missed the target and landed on the family's house.

Assam26, August, 2004, Two blasts on bus transportation links killed

five people and injured 43 in insurgent racked Assam province.

Assam 2, October, 2004, In Assam militants exploded a bomb that killed

thirteen people and injured twenty-three. The National Democratic Front of
Bodoland (NDFB) is believed to be responsible for the attack. The intended
target of the attack is unclear.

Assam 2, October, 2004, a second bomb blast occurred at the busy Hong
Kong market, almost simultaneously with the railway blast in Assam. The
bomb killed ten people and injured at least forty others. The two blasts are
thought to have been coordinated.
 Assam 2, October, 2004, Twelve people were killed and at least sixty
others injured in a bomb blasts targeting a rail line in Assam. The first
occurred at the Dimapur railway station, and resulted in the deaths of all
twelve people. The platform was packed with people waiting to board a train
to Assam's Karbi district.

Kashmir 3, October, 2004, The National Democratic Front of Bodoland

(NDFB) bombed a market in Dhubri District, killing three and wounding
twenty-five people. No further information is provided.

Kasmir 24, October, 2004, Unknown perpetrators detonated a bomb,

attempting to kill Omar Abdullah, the leader of pro-India National
Conference Party. The attack was carried out as Abdullah was attending a
prayer ceremony for the former National Conference minister Safdar Ali
Baig (killed by militants). The rebels' bomb missed their target, but injured
four others in the crowd. There were no fatalities.

Kashmir17, November, 2004, one person was killed and four other
injured when a funeral procession for two youths, Ranjit Kumar and Roshan
Lal, was attacked by militants in Tund Nallah. The attackers threw a bomb at
the procession and also sprayed the crowd with gunfire. The two dead
youths being honored by the funeral had been gunned down by ultras earlier.
The Prime Minister was also scheduled to visit the region the next day.

Assam 14,December, 2004,Two explosions occurred near the Assam

Assembly building. The attacks were carried out by the United Liberation
Front of Assam (ULFA). Two persons were killed and eight injured.
Authorities believe that the group carried out these attacks to mark the
completion of a year of the Bhutan operations that have "evicted the ULFA
from the Himalayan kingdom."

Assam 15,December, 2004,Four explosions in insurgent Assam province

injured twelve civilians and police officers.

Assam 17,December, 2004The United Liberation Front of Assam

(ULFA) carried out a grenade attack on a hotel in the Paltan Bazaar in
Guwahati. There were eleven seriously injured and one person was killed.
This is following several days of heightened violence and attacks by ULFA.

India, July 5: 2005 Terrorist attack on Ayodhya – Six terrorists belonging

to Lashkar-e-Toiba storm the Ayodhya Ram Janmbhomi complex. Before
the terrorists could reach the main disputed site, they were shot down by
Indian security forces. One devotee and two policemen were injured.

India, July 28: Jaunpur train bombing: 13 are killed when militants
detonate a bomb on a commuter train.

India, October 29: Multiple bomb blasts hit markets in Delhi, India,
leaving at least 61 dead and more than 200 injured.

India, December 28: Two or more unidentified gunmen open fire at the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, killing a retired professor of
mathematics and wounding four others.

India: 7, March, 2006, Bombings in the Hindu holy city of Varanasi kill
28 and injure more than 100.

India:11, July, 2006, A series of explosions rock commuter trains in

Mumbai, India, killing 209 and wounding another 714 civilians.

India: 16, August, 2006, a bomb exploded in a temple near Imphal in

Manipur, killing five and injuring nearly 50 other.

India: 8, September, 2006, At least two bomb blasts target a Muslim

cemetery in the western town of Malegaon. The blasts kill 37 people and
leave 125 others wounded.

India: 20, November, 2006, a suspected terrorist bomb explodes on a

train in India.5 dead, 25 plus injured.
 India, Dispur, Assam 17, January, 2007, a bomb planted in a vegetable
carton by suspected members of the United Liberation Front of Assam
(ULFA) exploded in a market in Dispur on January 17. Two people,
including a child, were killed and 12 people were injured in the attack.

India: Samjhauta Express, 19, February, 2007, a train headed toward

Lahore an hour after it leaves New Delhi; two bombs explode. 68 dead, 49
injured.

18, May, 2007, Attack on Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad. 16 dead, 100

injured.

Hyderabad bombings.25, August, 2007, Twin bombings kill at least 44

and injure 54 in Hyderabad. Two bombs are diffused and 19 others are
found unexploded. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, chief minister of Andhra
Pradesh state, blames Islamic militants with ties to Pakistan or Bangladesh,
saying that the extremists want to foment tension between India's Hindus
and Muslims. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan deny the accusations.

14, October, 2007,A bomb explodes in the Shingar Cinema in Ludhiana,

killing at least six people and wounding 20, police say.

Uttar Pradesh serial blasts.23, November, 2007, Near-simultaneous blasts

triggered by militants in court premises in Varanasi, Faizabad, and the state
capital kill 15 people and injure more than 80.

Panvel.20, February, 2008, a small explosion occurred in a movie theater

screening Jodhaa Akbar, a controversial film found by ethnic Rajputs to be
"offensive".

Jaipur.13, May, 2008A simultaneous bomb blast at eight different sites,

including a crowded shopping site and a Hanuman temple, a self-styled
Indian Mujahideen, (a collaboration of LeT & SIMI) has claimed
responsibility.213 injured, 63 dead.

Navi Mumbai.31, May, 2008, Police defused a small explosive at a movie

theater screening Jodhaa Akbar, a controversial film found by ethnic Rajputs
to be "offensive".

Thane.4, June, 2008, A bomb exploded in the parking lot of an

auditorium hosting a play that parodied the Mahabharat. Two men, ages 50
and 34, admitted guilt to the attack and others on February 20 and May 31.
Although the men claimed membership in Hindutva groups, they stated that
they acted alone without support.7 injured.

Bangalore.25,July, 2008, A series of nine blasts kills 2 and injures 20

people.

Ahmedabad. 26,July, 2008, A series of seventeen blasts killing 49 and

injuring 160 people.

Godda, Jharkhand. 27,July, 2008, At least six people were injured when
a bomb exploded at a bus stand in Jharkhand's Godda district.

Delhi.13, September, 2008, a series of 5 bombs exploded in Delhi, killing

30 and injuring 90.

South Delhi. 27, September, 2008, Two weeks from the day of serial
blasts killing 30, another bomb was detonated in a market in the Mehrauli
district killing three and injuring 23.

Ahmadabad. 29, September, 2008, a low-intensity bomb exploded at a

market packed with Muslims breaking their Ramadan fast, killing one and
wounding 15.
 Gujarat and Maharashtra. 29, September, 2008, three bombs explode in
western parts of India killing 8 and injuring 30.

Agartala.1 October, 2008, Three bombs exploded in the insurgency-

racked North-East India. Police said they suspected Muslim militant groups
based in Bangladesh for the blasts in the Radhanagar and Gulbazar areas of
Tripura's capital.4 Dead, injured 100.

Guwahati. 8 October, 2008, A bomb exploded near a crowd gathered for

Durga Puja festivities. A police spokesman said the low-intensity blast took
place near the Japorigog area at around 20:30. 5 injured.
 Chattisgarh. 20 October, 2008, Naxalites allegedly killed Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel in the Bijapur District following the
announcement of two-phase Assembly elections in Chhattisgarh. The attack
also left 12 personnel of CRPF and the Border Roads Organisation, who was
carrying out road construction work in the area, injured. The attack took
place at about 13:30 between Modukpal and Kongupalli in the district.
According to reports, one of the attackers was also killed in the exchange of
fire that followed.13 dead.

Imphal. 21 October, 2008, A bomb was suspected to have been planted

on a moped near the Manipur police commando complex at Minuthong in
Imphal at 19:30. Police said none of the Manipur police commando
personnel staying at the barrack complex were among the casualties.
Unconfirmed reports, however, said a surrendered militant may be among
the dead.17 dead, 30 injured.

Belpahari, 22 October, 2008, West Bengal. Three members of a mobile

medical team were killed in a blast triggered by Maoists. The Maoists,
however, issued an apology for the killing of the health staff and stated that
they were not the intended target. Two people have been arrested in
connection with the blast though locals claimed that the duo were innocent
of the charges.3 dead, 3 injured.
 Gadchiroli. 28 October, 2008, four policemen, including a sub-
inspector, were killed in an encounter with Naxalites in the Korepile forest
in Aheri Taluka of Gadchiroli district. Five other policemen also received
bullet injuries. The police party came under attack during routine patrolling.

Assam. 30 October, 2008, A series of 13 blasts occurred in and around

Guwahati.84 dead, 470 injured.

Srinagar. 31 October, 2008, four security personnel were injured when

militants hurled a grenade at a police station in the Baramulla district of
Jammu and Kashmir. The blast, at about 11:20, landed inside the compound
of the Baramulla police station, injuring two CRPF personnel and two
policemen in the explosion. No militant outfit had claimed responsibility for
the attack so far. This was the first attack on security forces in the Kashmir
valley since the announcement of election schedule legislative assembly
elections by Election Commission on October 19.
 Bastar, Chattisgarh. 31 October, 2008, At least 17 policemen sustained
minor injuries when Maoist guerrillas detonated a powerful land mine in
front of their vehicle in the southern Bastar region of Chattisgarh. The
incident took place on a highway in Narayanpur district, some 250 km south
of the capital Raipur.

Salboni, 2, November, 2008, West Midnapur district, West Bengal. A

landmine blast targeted West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb
Bhattacharya. Six policemen travelling in the last car of a convoy escorting
Indian steel minister, Ram Vilas Paswan, and the CM were wounded. Eight
villagers were arrested for possible links with Maoist insurgents who
triggered the blast. Seven police officials, including an Additional
Superintendent of Police of the Purbo Medinipur district were issued show
cause notices and asked to explain their role in the supervision of security
along the stretch of road at Kalaichandi in Paschim Medinipur district after
the CM's convoy passed through.Bhattacharya specifically implicated the
Sasadhar Mahato-led Lalgarh squad of the Maoists.

Kanker and Bastar, Chattisgarh.14, November, 2008, Three policemen

were injured in a landmine blast triggered by rebels at Injeram in Konta
constituency, close to the Andhra Pradesh border; while several low-
intensity explosions ripped through Chhattisgarh's Bastar region as the first
phase of assembly elections began in 39 constituencies. There was a low
electoral turnout following the murder of Trinath Thakur, the Dantewada
block unit chief of the Congress, the previous night. Dantewada District
Superintendent of Police Rahul Sharma said: "Rebels slit his throat and he
died on the spot due to excessive bleeding." Soon after voting started,
gunbattles erupted between policemen and Maoist guerrillas in about 15
places in the Sukma, Kistaram, Konta, Bhairamgarh, Antagarh, Pakhanjoor,
Bijarpur, Dantewada and Antagarh constituencies. Despite the presence of
65,000 policemen, including paramilitary forces, Maoist guerrillas managed
to block roads leading to polling booths in over 50 places.[283]

In another attack in Bijapur in the same Bastar district a non-commissioned

officer of the Indian Air Force was killed, while a Squadron Leader was
injured when suspected naxalites fired at their helicopter, airlifting electronic
voting machines and polling staff, as soon as it took off from Bijapur in
South Bastar. Sergeant Mustafa Ali received a bullet in the head and died
on-the-spot while the pilot, Squadron Leader T.K. Chaudhury, also received
bullet injuries from light machine gun firing. A volley of bullets also hit the
wings, while some hit the passengers inside. The crew then flew to
Jagdalpur, district headquarters of Bastar where the casualties count then
came to light.

Earlier in the day, a Central Reserve Police Force personnel was killed after
being hit by a sniper bullet at Antagarh in Kanker district. Elsewhere in
Chattisgarh there were 25 encounters between security service officials and
naxalites, all of which were repulsed. Six polling booths were attacked but
the security forces beat back the attackers. As many as 21 EVMs were also
looted.

Mumbai. Armed terrorists opened fire at eight different26-29 November,

2008 sites in a coordinated attack. They wielded automatic weapons and
attacked locations including a train station, hotels, restaurants, a police
station, and a hospital. Some terrorists took hostages and high military grade
explosives (RDX) were found near by; at least eight explosions were
reported.173 dead, 327 injured.
 Diphu, Assam.2 December, 2008, A bomb exploded on board a passenger
train as it pulled into the Diphu station. According to police, the device was
set to a timer and left in a bag on an overhead rack. Suspicion fell on the
Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF), who is said to be one of
three insurgent groups active in the area and the only not to agree to a cease-
fire.3 Dead 29 injured.

Assam. 2 December, 2008, Police blame the Karbi Longri N.C. Hills
Liberation Front (KLNLF) for taking two migrant workers from their homes
in the village of Dolamara and shooting them.

Guwahati, India.1 January, 2009, A serial blast kills 5 civilians and

injures 67 in the city of Guwahati. Police believe the United Liberation
Front of Asom is responsible for the attacks.

Thoubal, India. 27, February, 2009, Unknown militants threw bombs into
a congressional office resulting in one bomb exploding resulting in
significant damage but no injuries or deaths.

New Jalpaiguri India.18, March, 2009, an explosive detonates, killing 1

person and injuring at least 12 others. The provincial administration believes
the blast is not related to upcoming district elections, but by unidentified
terrorists.

Tezpur, Assam, India. 25, March, 2009, Militants in insurgent racked

Assam province tossed a grenade into a busy marketplace in Tezpur, Assam
injuring twelve people, two seriously.

Assam 6, April, 2009, two bomb blasts kill 7 and injure 60 a day before
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was expected to visit. Police accuse
United Liberation Front of coordinating the attacks.

Orissa 15, May, 2009 a bomb placed for Indian security forces exploded
when day laborers working a field disturbed the explosive device resulting in
the explosion. Eight civilians were injured.

Assam, India 22 November, 2009, Suspected ULFA militants triggered

two blasts on bicycle close to a police station in Nalbari, Assam , killing at
least seven persons and injuring 25 others.
 Guwahati, 10 December, 2009 India A bomb in a crowded Assam
marketplace kills four. The attack was blamed on National Democratic Front
of Bodoland.17 injured.

Srinagar, India 7 January, 2010, Security forces stormed a hotel in Lal

Chowk, killing two Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists who seized the building after
killing two civilians and a policeman. One Central Reserve Police Force
member died in the operation.6 dead, 8 injured.

Pune, India13 February, 2010, a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in

Pune, India, a famous and touristic eatery.16 dead, 60 injured.

CHAPTER-5: DIFFERENT TERRORIST GROUPS

SRI LANKA

NAME: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Other known front

organizations: World Tamil Association (WTA), World Tamil
Movement (WTM), the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils
(FACT), the Ellalan Force, and the Sangilian Force.

DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE: 1976.

GOALS: Establish an independent Tamil state.

MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE: None.

STRENGTH: 8,000 to 10,000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka, with a core of
trained fighters of approximately 3,000 to 6,000. Has significant overseas
support structure for fundraising, weapons procurement, and propaganda
activities.

OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS: Sri Lanka.

AFFILIATIONS: Lobbies foreign governments and the UN. Uses its

international contacts to procure weapons, communications, and any other
equipment and supplies it needs. Exploits large Tamil communities in North
America, Europe, and Asia to obtain funds and supplies for its fighters in Sri
Lanka.

COMMENTS: A Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) listed as

"active" during 2000.

PAKISTAN
NAME: Harakat ul-Ansar (HUA)

DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE: October 1993.

GOALS: Oppose Indian troops in Kashmir.

MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE: U.S. nationals were kidnapped

in New Delhi in 1994 in effort to secure the release of imprisoned HUA
leader Maulana Masood Azhar.

STRENGTH: Several thousand armed supporters

OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS: Based in Pakistan, but operates mainly in

Kashmir.

AFFILIATIONS: Collects funds from supporters in Saudi Arabia and other

Gulf and Islamic states, and from Pakistanis and Kashmiris. Has been linked
to the Kashmiri militant group Al-Faran. See "Army of Muhammad (JEM)."
NAME: Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)

DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE: Early 1990s.

GOALS: Unite Kashmir with Pakistan.

MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE: None, although new leader

Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil, who took control of HUM in February 2000, has
been linked to Bin Ladin and signed his fatwah in February 1998 calling for
attacks on U.S. and Western interests.

STRENGTH: Several thousand armed supporters.

OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS: Based in Muzaffarabad, Rawalpindi, and

several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct
insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. The HUM trains its
militants in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

AFFILIATIONS: Collects donations from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf and
Islamic states, and from Pakistanis and Kashmiris. The sources and amount
of HUM's military funding are unknown. Leadership has been linked to
Osama Bin Ladin.

COMMENTS: Formerly known as the Harakat al-Ansar, the HUM is an

Islamic militant group based in Pakistan that operates primarily in Kashmir.
Supporters are mostly Pakistanis and Kashmiris, and also include Afghans
and Arab veterans of the Afghan war. Uses light and heavy machineguns,
assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its
membership in defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM). Continues to
operate terrorist training camps in eastern Afghanistan. A Designated
Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) listed as "active" during 2000.

NAME: Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed)

DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE: February, 2000.

GOALS: Unite Kashmir with Pakistan.

MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE: None. JEM's leader, Maulana
Masood Azhar, is a former leader of Harakat ul-Ansar (HUA), and was
imprisoned until 1999 when he was released in a hostage exchange. U.S.
nationals were kidnapped in New Delhi in 1994 in an earlier HUA effort to
secure his release.

STRENGTH: Several hundred armed supporters.

OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS: Based in Peshawar and Muzaffarabad, but

members conduct terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir. The JEM
maintains training camps in Afghanistan.

AFFILIATIONS: Most of the JEM's cadre and material resources have been
drawn from the militant groups Harakat ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI) and the
Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM). The JEM has close ties to Afghan Arabs and
the Taliban. Osama Bin Laden is suspected of giving funding to the JEM.

COMMENTS: The JEM is an Islamist group based in Pakistan that has

rapidly expanded in size and capability. Supporters are mostly Pakistanis
and Kashmiris, and also include Afghans and Arab veterans of the Afghan
war. Uses light and heavy machineguns, assault rifles, mortars, improvised
explosive devices, and rocket grenades. NOT a Designated Foreign Terrorist
Organization (FTO), but listed as "active" during 2000.

NAME: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) (Army of the Righteous)

DATE STARTED/FIRST ACTIVE: 1989.

GOALS: Unite Kashmir with Pakistan.

MAIN ANTI-U.S. ACTIVITIES TO DATE: None.

STRENGTH: Several hundred members.

OPERATIONAL LOCATIONS: Based in Muridke (near Lahore) and

Muzaffarabad. The LT trains its militants in mobile training camps across
Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan.
AFFILIATIONS: Collects donations from the Pakistani community in the
Persian Gulf and United Kingdom, Islamic NGOs, and Pakistani and
Kashmiri businessmen. The amount of LT funding is unknown. The LT
maintains ties to religious/military groups around the world, ranging from
the Philippines to the Middle East and Chechnya through the MDI fraternal
network.

COMMENTS: The LT is the armed wing of the Pakistan-based religious

organization, Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad (MDI) — a Sunni anti-U.S.
missionary organization. One of the three largest and best-trained groups
fighting in Kashmir against India, it is not connected to a political party. The
group has conducted a number of operations against Indian troops and
civilian targets in Kashmir since 1993. Almost all LT cadres are foreigners
— mostly Pakistanis from seminaries across the country and Afghan
veterans of the Afghan wars. Uses assault rifles, light and heavy
machineguns, mortars, explosives, and rocket propelled grenades. NOT a
Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) but listed as "active"
during 2000.

List of designated terrorist organizations

Australi Canada EU UK US India Russia

Organization a

Abu Nidal
Organization
Abu Sayyaf Group
African National [1]

Congress [2]

Al-Aqsa e.V.
Al-Aqsa Martyrs
Brigade
Al-Badr
Al Ghurabaa
al-Haramain
Foundation
Al Ittihad Al Islamia
al-Qa'ida
al-Qa'ida in Iraq
al-Qaeda Organization
in the Islamic
Maghreb
Al-Umar-Mujahideen
All Tripura Tiger
Force
Ansar al-Islam
Ansar us-Sunna
Armed Islamic Group
Asbat al-Ansar
Aum Shinrikyo
Babbar Khalsa
Babbar Khalsa
International
Baluchistan Liberation
Army
Communist Party of
India (Maoist)
Communist Party of
the Philippines/
New People's Army
Continuity Irish
Republican Army
Cumann na mBan
Deendar Anjuman
Dukhtaran-E-Millat
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Euskadi ta Askatasuna
Fatah al-Islam
Fianna na hEireann
Gama'a al-Islamiyya
GRAPO
Great Eastern Islamic
Raiders' Front
[3] [4]
Hamas
Harakat-ul-Jihad-ul-
Islami
Harakat-ul-Jihad-ul-
Islami (Bangladesh)
Harakat ul-Mujahidin
Harakat-Ul-
Mujahideen/Alami
Hezb-e Islami
Gulbuddin
[5] [6]
Hezbollah
Hizb ut-Tahrir
Hizbul Mujahideen
Holy Land Foundation
for Relief and
Development
Hynniewtrep National
Liberation Council
Informal Anarchist
Federation[7]
International Sikh
Youth Federation
Islamic Army of Aden
Islamic Jihad —
Jamaat of the
Mujahideen
Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan
Irish National
Liberation Army
Irish People's
Liberation
Organisation
Irish Republican Army
Islamic Jihad
Movement in Palestine
Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Jamaat ul-Furquan
Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen
Bangladesh
Jamiat ul-Ansar
Jamiat-e Islami
Jammu and Kashmir
Islamic Front
Jemaah Islamiya
Jund Ash Sham
Kach and Kahane Chai
Kanglei Yaol Kanba
Lup
Kangleipak
Communist Party
Khalistan Commando
Force
Khuddam ul-Islam
Kurdistan Freedom
Falcons
Kurdistan Workers'
Party
Lashkar-e-Toiba
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
Liberation Tigers of [8] [9]
Tamil Eelam
Libyan Islamic
Fighting Group
Loyalist Volunteer
Force
Manipur People's
Liberation Front
Moroccan Islamic
Combatant Group
[10]
Mujahedin-e Khalq
Muslim Brotherhood
National Democratic
Front of Bodoland
National Liberation
Army
National Liberation
Front of Tripura
Nuclei Armati per il
Comunismo
Nuclei di Iniziativa
Proletaria
Nuclei Territoriali
Antimperialisti
Nucleo di Iniziativa
Proletaria
Rivoluzionaria
Orange Volunteers
Palestine Liberation
Front
Palestinian Islamic
Jihad
People's Congress of [11]
Ichkeria and Dagestan
People's Liberation
Army of Manipur
People's Revolutionary
Party of Kangleipak
Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine
Popular Front for the
Liberation of
Palestine-
General Command
[12
Real IRA ]

Red Brigades for the

construction
of the Combative
Communist Party
Red Hand Commando
Red Hand Defenders
Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia
Revolutionary Nuclei
Revolutionary
Organization 17
November
Revolutionary People's
Front
Revolutionary People's
Liberation Party/Front
Revolutionary
Struggle
Saor Éire
Saviour Sect
Shining Path[13]
Sipah-e-Sahaba
Pakistan
Social Reform Society
Society of the Revival
of Islamic Heritage
Stichting Al Aqsa
Students Islamic
Movement of India
Supreme Military
Majlis ul-Shura of the [11]
United Mujahideen
Forces of Caucasus
Takfir wal-Hijra
Taliban
Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-
Shariat-e-Mohammadi
Tamil Nadu Liberation
Army
Tamil National
Retrieval Troops
Ulster Defence
Association
Ulster Freedom
Fighters
Ulster Volunteer Force
United Liberation
Front of Asom
 United National
Liberation Front
United Self-Defense
Forces of Colombia
Vanguards of
Conquest
World Tamil
Movement

• LIST OF DIFFERENT TERRORIST GROUPS(INDIA)STATE

WISE

India - Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups

Assam
United Liberation Front of Asom Muslim United Liberation Tigers
(ULFA) of Assam (MULTA)

National Democratic Front of United Liberation Front of Barak

Bodoland (NDFB) Valley

United People's Democratic Muslim United Liberation Front

Solidarity (UPDS) of Assam (MULFA)

Kamtapur Liberation Organisation Muslim Security Council of

(KLO) Assam (MSCA)

Bodo Liberation Tiger Force United Liberation Militia of

(BLTF) Assam (ULMA)

Dima Halim Daogah (DHD) Islamic Liberation Army of

Assam (ILAA)
Karbi National Volunteers (KNV)
Rabha National Security Force
(RNSF)
Koch-Rajbongshi Liberation
rganisation (KRLO)
Hmar People's Convention-
Democracy (HPC-D)
Karbi People's Front(KPF)
Tiwa National Revolutionary Force
(TNRF)
Bircha Commando Force (BCF)
Bengali Tiger Force (BTF)
Adivasi Security Force (ASF)
All Assam Adivasi Suraksha Samiti
(AAASS)
Gorkha Tiger Force (GTF)
Barak Valley Youth Liberation
Front (BVYLF)
Jammu & Kashmir
Muslim Volunteer Force (MVF)
Muslim Liberation Army (MLA)
Muslim Security Force (MSF)
Islamic Sevak Sangh (ISS)
Islamic United Reformation
Protest of India (IURPI)
United Muslim Liberation Front
of Assam (UMLFA)
Revolutionary Muslim
Commandos (RMC)
Muslim Tiger Force (MTF)
People’s United Liberation Front
(PULF)
Adam Sena (AS)
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Jehad
Terrorist Outfits
Lashkar-e-Omar (LeO)
Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)
Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA,
presently known as Harkat-ul
Mujahideen)
Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)
Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)
Harkat-ul Mujahideen (HuM,
previously known as Harkat-ul-
Ansar)
Al Badr
Jamait-ul-Mujahideen (JuM)
Lashkar-e-Jabbar (LeJ)
Harkat-ul-Jehad-i-Islami
Al Barq
Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen
Al Jehad
Jammu & Kashir National
Liberation Army
People’s League
Muslim Janbaz Force
Kashmir Jehad Force
Al Jehad Force (combines
Other Extremist and Secessionist
Groups
Mutahida Jehad Council (MJC)
-- A Pakistan based coordination
body of terrorist outfits active in
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir Liberation
Front (JKLF) -- The dominant
faction of this outfit declared a
ceasefire in 1994 which still
holds and the outfit restricts
itself to a political struggle.
All Parties Hurriyat Conference
(APHC) -- an alliance
engineered by Pakistan's Inter
Services Intelligence (ISI) of 26
diverse political and socio-
religious outfits amalgamated to
provide a political face for the
terrorists in the State.
Dukhtaran-e-Millat (DeM) -- an
outfit run by women which uses
community pressure to further
the social norms dictated by
Islamic fundamental groups.
Manipur
United National Liberation ront Kuki National Front (KNF)
(UNLF)
Kuki National Army (KNA)
People’s Liberation Army
(PLA) Kuki Revolutionary Army
(KRA)
People’s Revolutionary Party of
Kangleipak (PREPAK) Kuki National Organisation
The above mentioned three (KNO)
groups now operate from a
unified platform, the Manipur Kuki Independent Army (KIA)
People’s Liberation Front
(MPLF) Kuki Defence Force (KDF)

Kangleipak Communist Party Kuki International Force (KIF)

(KCP)
Kuki National Volunteers
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KNV)
(KYKL)
Kuki Liberation Front (KLF)
Manipur Liberation Tiger Army
Kuki Security Force (KSF)
(MLTA)
Kuki Liberation Army (KLA)
Airpark Kanba Lup (IKL)
Kuki Revolutionary Front
People’s Republican Army
(KRF)
(PRA)
United Kuki Liberation Front
Kangleipak Kanba Kanglup
(UKLF)
(KKK)
Hmar People’s Convention
Kangleipak Liberation
(HPC)
Organisation (KLO)
Hmar People's Convention-
Revolutionary Joint Committee
Democracy (HPC-D)
(RJC)
Hmar Revolutionary Front
National Socialist Council of
Nagaland -- Isak-Muivah
 (NSCN-IM) (HRF)

People’s United Liberation Zomi Revolutionary Army

Front (PULF) (ZRA)

North East Minority Front Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers

(NEMF) (ZRV)

Islamic National Front (INF) Indigenous People's

Revolutionary Alliance(IRPA)
Islamic Revolutionary Front
(IRF) Kom Rem People's Convention
(KRPC)
United Islamic Liberation Army
(UILA) Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front
(CKRF)
nited Islamic Revolutionary
Army (UIRA)
Meghalaya
Hynniewtrep National People’s Liberation Front of
Liberation Council (HNLC) Meghalaya (PLF-M)

Achik National Volunteer Hajong United Liberation Army

Council (ANVC) (HULA)
Nagaland
National Socialist Council of .Naga National Council (Adino) –
Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) – NNC (Adino)
NSCN(IM)

National Socialist Council of

Nagaland (Khaplang) – NSCN
(K)
Punjab
Babbar Khalsa International
(BKI)
 Khalistan Zindabad Force
(KZF)

International Sikh Youth

Federation (ISYF)

Khalistan Commando Force

(KCF)

All-India Sikh Students

Federation (AISSF)

Bhindrawala Tigers Force of

Khalistan (BTFK)

Khalistan Liberation Army

(KLA)

Khalistan Liberation Front

(KLF)

Khalistan Armed Force (KAF)

Dashmesh Regiment

Khalistan Liberation
Organisation (KLO)

Khalistan National Army

(KNA)
Tripura
National Liberation Front of Socialist Democratic Front of
Tripura (NLFT) Tripura (SDFT)

All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) All Tripura National Force

(ATNF)
Tripura Liberation Organisation
Front (TLOF) Tripura Tribal Sengkrak Force
(TTSF)
 United Bengali Liberation Front
(UBLF)
Tripura Tribal Volunteer Force
(TTVF)
Tripura Armed Tribal
Commando Force (TATCF)
Tiger Commando Force (TCF)
Tripura Mukti Police (TMP)
Tripura Rajya Raksha Bahini
(TRRB)
Tripura State Volunteers (TSV)

Tripura Tribal Democratic Force Tripura National Democratic

(TTDF) Tribal Force (TNDTF)

Tripura Tribal Youth Force National Militia of Tripura

(TTYF) (NMT)

Tripura Liberation Force (TLF) All Tripura Bengali Regiment

Tripura Defence Force (TDF)
All Tripura Volunteer Force
(ATVF)
Tribal Commando Force (TCF)
Tripura Tribal Youth Force
(TTYF)
(ATBR)
Bangla Mukti Sena (BMS)
All Tripura Liberation
Organisation (ATLO)
Tripura National Army (TNA)
Tripura State Volunteers (TSV)

All Tripura Bharat Suraksha Borok National Council of

Force (ATBSF) Tripura (BNCT)

Tripura Tribal Action

Committee Force (TTACF)
Mizoram
Bru National Liberation Front

Hmar People's Convention-

Democracy (HPC-D)
Arunachal Pradesh
 Arunachal Dragon Force (
Left-wing Extremist groups
Communist Party of India-
Maoist (CPI-Maoist)

People's War Group

Maoist Communist Centre

People's Guerrilla Army

Communist Party of India

(Marxist Leninist) Janashakti

Tritiya Prastuti Committee

(TPC)

CHAPTER-6: INTENSION

Who or what type of person might create such an attack?

ALERT! March 3, 2003. Karl Loren, exclusively reminds his friends that
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who was announced as being
arrested, and now in custody of the US -- has by now
been placed in the hands of a secret team of psychiatrists
who are expert in mind-control and programming. His
body was immediately injected with certain drugs which
would keep him unconscious through much of the
questioning and re-programming.

That story is exclusive to you from Karl Loren. MORE HERE.

HERE is the article about the use, or not, of torture on this guy.
With reports accusing Osama bin Laden of being the source of the WTC and
Pentagon attacks, attention must now turn to his chief aide, Ayman al-
Zawahiri, a former psychiatrist convicted of terrorism in Egypt and
sentenced to death in absentia. for more on al-Zawahiri.

According to Islamic lawyer, Muntasir Zayat, Zawahiri is to bin Laden

“what the brain is to the body.” Zawahiri “was able to reshape bin Laden’s
thinking and mentality and turn him from merely a supporter of the Afghan
Jihad to a believer in and export of the Jihad’s ideology,” the lawyer said.
Here is an official FBI "Wanted Notice" about him:

Ayman Al Zawahiri is a physician [psychiatrist] and the founder of the

Egyptian Islamic Jihad. This organization
opposes the secular Egyptian Government and
seeks its overthrow through violent means. Al
Zawahiri is believed to now serve as an advisor
and doctor to Usama Bin Laden and is
currently thought to be in Afghanistan. He has
been indicted for his alleged role in the August
7, 1998, bombings of the U.S. Embassies in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. for the full FBI Bulletin.

Another very detailed account of Dr. Zawahiri is HERE.

One of those flanking bin Laden [in the picture] was Ayman al-Zawahiri, a
former psychiatrist considered to be his chief aide, and Rifai Ahmad Taha, a
leader of the armed Egyptian group, Jamaa Islamiya.

Another member of Bin Laden's team, a psychologist,

was Ali A. Mohammad. This man is in a US jail right
now and has apparently provided a great deal of secret
testimony to the US -- we have a great deal of hidden
knowledge about this man, and the entire terrorist
network. Mr. Ali was a member of the US Special
Forces, and received all the secret training WE had to
offer, as well as then being responsible for training and
brainwashing the bin Laden troops to become suicide
assassins. [I wrote the above in September, 2001, when hardly anyone even
knew this guy. Then, November 24, 2001, the Wall Street Journal carried a
front page special report about him -- -- but even as great as the WSJ article
is, they still missed the most important issue. This man, Mohammad, and
Zawahiri, above, are oriented toward psychology and brain washing. It is
THIS technology which creates suicide assassins, and it is THIS enemy
which the media is just not reporting. YOU, reading this, should know who
the real enemy is -- psychiatry and psychology are the schools that teach the
mechanics of turning normal people into suicide assassins. You would think
this is important? It has not been covered in any media I've seen in these last
months!]

If you think that WE didn't know what was going on? Think again. We
knew, but you did not!

How does this all work? You are now finding news here that is NOT on
television -- this is breaking news about how a man can be convinced that he
should die, a suicide, even after he spends years in the US, training to be a
pilot. All those years he has an intention to kill himself. This is a mind set
that our terrorist experts have never thought was possible. to learn more
about Ali, and here and here.

How is it that I, Karl Loren, can find all this stuff on the web -- public
information -- but you do not see it on YOUR TV?

The psychiatrist is the expert on this. He uses a combination of drugs, pain

and hypnosis.

The Manchurian Candidate was very, very true!

The CIA has full knowledge of these techniques -- and psychiatrists have
been the teachers within the CIA. We, America, have used these techniques
ourselves, but in a far less open way. After all, you don't expect
"Americans" to be suicide bombers! But, the CIA has certainly had plenty
of opportunity to capture young foreigners -- strong -- and put them through
pain, drugs and hypnosis -- implanting them with a full history to recount,
and a very strong intention to cause great damage, assassinate someone, and
be eager to die in the effort. For the inside story about the CIA Mind
Control experiments and practices.
Psychiatry has been used to brainwash political prisoners all over the world,
for decades. To read how it is going on in China now.

But, perhaps we have had Americans who were drugged and implanted?
How about Timothy McVeigh? Who might have done that? Well, it could
have been that same psychiatrist who is the second in command to Bin
Laden!

Do you begin to see how the media are missing the real story here. This
news has been "around" for many years -- but you are not hearing it on
current television. Instead the television is helping the enemy by
bombarding you with the emotional images of death and destruction --
spreading the results of the actual attack in ways the terrorists knew that they
would. TV news has been bin Laden's biggest ally.

I show you that this psychiatrist is on the FBI Most Wanted List -- that he
has already been indicted and that there is up to a $5,000,000 reward for his
capture. This is not my fantasy.

The actual movie, The Manchurian Candidate, came out in 1962, and
featured Frank Sinatra. The movie should chill you to watch it today. I
believe it was real then, and that the psychiatric technology has reached a
very much higher level of sophistication.

There is a rich history and tradition for drug-induced insanity leading to the
willingness to die for an implanted reason.

CHAPTER-7 : SOLUTION

1. BY LOW

History of anti-terrorism laws in India.

Terrorism has immensely affected India. The reasons for terrorism in India
may vary vastly from religious to geographical to caste to history. The
Indian Supreme Court took a note of it in Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab
[1994] 3 SCC 569, where it observed that the country has been in the firm
grip of spiraling terrorist violence and is caught between deadly pangs of
disruptive activities. Apart from many skirmishes in various parts of the
country, there were countless serious and horrendous events engulfing many
cities with blood-bath, firing, looting, mad killing even without sparing
women and children and
reducing those areas into a graveyard, which brutal atrocities have rocked
and shocked the whole nation Deplorably, determined youths lured by hard-
core criminals and underground extremists and attracted by the ideology of
terrorism are indulging in committing serious crimes against the humanity.

Anti-terrorism laws in India have always been a subject of much

controversy. One of the arguments is that these laws stand in the way of
fundamental rights of citizens guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. The
anti-terrorist laws have been enacted before by the legislature and upheld by
the judiciary though not without reluctance. The intention was to enact these
statutes and bring them in force till the situation improves. The intention was
not to make these drastic measures a permanent feature of law of the land.
But because of continuing terrorist activities, the statutes have been
reintroduced with requisite modifications.

At present, the legislations in force to check terrorism in India are the

National Security Act, 1980 and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,
1967. There have been other anti-terrorism laws in force in this country a
different points in time. Earlier, the following laws had been in force to
counter and curb terrorism. The first law made in independent India to deal
with terrorism and terrorist activities that came into force on 30 Dec 1967
was

- The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967

The UAPA was designed to deal with associations and activities that
questioned the territorial integrity of India. When the Bill was debated in
Parliament, leaders, and cutting across party affiliation, insisted that its
ambit be so limited that the right to association remained unaffected and that
the executive did not expose political parties to intrusion. So, the ambit of
the Act was strictly limited to meeting the challenge to the territorial
integrity of India. The Act was a self-contained code of provisions for
declaring secessionist associations as unlawful, adjudication by a tribunal,
control of funds and places of work of unlawful associations, penalties for
their members etc. The Act has all along been worked holistically as such
and is completely within the purview of the central list in the 7th Schedule
of the Constitution.
- Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987
(TADA)
The second major act came into force on 3 September 1987 was The
Terrorist & Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 1987 this act had much
more stringent provisions then the UAPA and it was specifically designed to
deal with terrorist activities in India. When TADA was enacted it came to be
challenged before the Apex Court of the country as being unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court of India upheld its constitutional validity on the
assumption that those entrusted with such draconic statutory powers would
act in good faith and for the public good in the case of Kartar Singh vs State
of Punjab (1994) 3 SCC 569.
However, there were many instances of misuse of power for collateral
purposes. The rigorous provisions contained in the statute came to be abused
in the hands of law enforcement officials. TADA lapsed in 1995. Other
major Anti-terrorist law in India is The Maharashtra Control of Organised
Crime Act, 1999 which was enforced on 24th April 1999. This law was
specifically made to deal with rising organized crime in Maharashtra and
specially in Mumbai due to the underworld. For instance, the definition of a
terrorist act is far more stretchable in MCOCA than under POTA. For,
POTA did not take note of organized crime as such while MCOCA not only
mentions that but, what is more, includes `promotion of insurgency' as a
terrorist act. Again, the onus to prove a person guilty under POTA lies on
the prosecution while under the Maharashtra law a
person is presumed guilty unless he is able to prove his innocence. MCOCA
does not stipulate prosecution of police officers found guilty of its misuse.
But POTA did.

The need of POTA.

It is normally said that terrorism is a low intensity war. But the loss, which
our country has suffered in the last two decades due to the rise of terrorist
activities, has been on a very large scale. This country has fought four high
intensity wars and in those wars we have lost more then 6000 people. We
have already lost more then 70000 civilians. In addition, we have lost more
then 9000 security personnel. Almost six lakh people in this country have
become homeless as a result of terrorism. Outside the expenditure on our
armed forces, merely for maintaining the entire set up to fight insurgency, to
fight cross-border terrorism, the economic cost itself has been Rs 45000
crore. The budgetary increase itself in the last 15 years, because of terrorism
or anti-insurgency activities, has been 26 times. We have no record of the
explosives that have been used in various parts of the country. We have a
record of crime. But the explosives that have been confiscated by our
security agencies weigh 48000 kilos. If our security forces had not been
vigilant enough to confiscate these explosives, they would probably have
been enough to take care of every inch of Indian soil.

What are the regions that are affected: It is not only Kashmir; Punjab
too has suffered. Also Mumbai, Delhi and other regions of the country like
the North East. Development has suffered, the economy has suffered. You
have now a brand of Maoist terrorism; People's War Group and other
groups. A large part of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh,
Chattisgarh and Jharkhand right up to the Nepal border is affected. We had
insurgency and terrorism in Tamil Nadu. We lost two of our former
prime ministers to this kind of terrorism.

In terms of our sovereignty, unity and integrity and our feeling of

nationalism, terrorism strikes at each one of them. This is the enormity of
the problem that we are addressing. But it is also said that our criminal law
systems have broken down; it seems to be a sad fact to accept. Are we aware
of the conviction rate under the so-called ordinary laws- At times we try and
conceal the figures and say that in India the conviction rate is 40%. But that
40% is actually a camouflage because every time there is a challan and
somebody pays Rs 100 as fine, it is recorded as a conviction. Every time
somebody feels guilty and pays a
fine under company law, we take it as a conviction and then claim that the
conviction rate is 40%. In heinous crimes like murder, the conviction rate
under the so-called normal processes has come down to 6.5%. There are
several reasons for this. One is that when we deal with hardened criminals,
some of our old notions of criminal law have to change. It is a sad reality
that crime in India has become a low risk business. It is a high profit
business with a 93% probability that you can commit a hard crime and get
away with it.

So it becomes very necessary in a country like India that if a law regarding

terrorism is enacted it should be made so stringent that the culprit be bought
to book and does not go scot-free just because of the loopholes and lacunaes
in the ordinary law because when our neighboring nation Pakistan which is
the cause of perpetrating terrorism in India and can have such stringent laws
why can not we have such laws.
Analysis of some important sections of Pota-
In the case of People's Union for Civil Liberties Vs. Union of India (UOI)
(2004) 9 SCC 580 the constitutional validity of the Prevention of Terrorism
Act, 2002 was discussed. The court said that the Parliament possesses power
under Article 248 and entry 97 of list I of the Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution of India to legislate the Act. Need for the Act is a matter of
policy and the court cannot go into the same. Once legislation is passed, the
Govt. has an obligation to exercise all available options to prevent terrorism
within the bounds of the constitution. Mere possibility of abuse cannot be a
ground for denying the vesting of powers or for declaring a statute
unconstitutionally. Court upheld the constitutional validity of the various
provisions of the Act.

1.Section 3(a) Defining terrorist act- Whoever with the intent of

threatening the unity, integrity, security and sovereignty of India or strike
terror in the minds of people or any section of the people does any act or
thing by using dynamite or explosive substances or inflammable substance
or firearms or other lethal weapon or poisonous or noxious gases or other
chemical or any substance of a hazardous nature in such a manner as to
cause death or injuries to any person or loss or damage to property or
disruption of any supplies or services essential for life.

Case Law- Devender Pal Singh Vs. State of N.C.T. of Delhi 2002 (1) SC
(Cr.) 209 In a case where 9 person had died and several other injured on
account of perpetrated acts The court said that such terrorist who have no
respect for human life and people are killed due to there mindless killing. So
any compassion to such person would frustrate the purpose of enactment of
Tada and would amount to misplaced and unwarranted sympathy. Thus they
should be given death sentence.

Argument against- trade union activity would be affected because whoever

disrupts essential supplies would be covered under POTA.Argument in
favor- at least our trade union leaders are nationalist leaders. Nobody has
ever suggested that when our trade union leaders go on strike, they threaten
the unity, integrity, security and sovereignty of India.

2. Section 4 Possession of certain unauthorized arms- Where any

person is in unauthorized possession of any- bombs, dynamite or hazardous
explosive substance or other lethal weapons capable of mass destruction or
biological or chemical substances of warfare in any area, whether notified or
not.

Case Law- Sanjay Duttt Vs. State through C.B.I 1994 SCC 410 The
expression possession though that of section 5 of Tada has been stated to
mean a conscious possession introducing thereby involvement of a mental
element i.e. conscious possession & not mere custody without awareness of
nature of such possession and as regards unauthorized means and regards
without any authority of law.

Argument against - That an offence coming under the Arms Act has been
brought under POTA, irrespective of whether a person carrying such arms
has any nexus with a terrorist.

Argument in favour - Firstly the section clearly says that any person who
has unauthorized possession of arms that is does not possess a proper license
for the arms. This section is only making the law stringent by stating that
anybody who possesses arms should also possess proper license from the
proper authority.

Secondly it also states weapons should be capable of mass destruction or

biological or chemical substances of warfare so why would any person
without any reason possess such kind of weapons and that to unauthorized

3. Section 7 Powers of investigating officers - If any officer (not

below the rank of SP) investigating an offence committed under this act, has
reason to believe that any property in relation to which an investigation is
being conducted represents proceeds of terrorism he shall with prior
approval in writing from Director General of Police of which the property is
situated can make an order to seize or attach such property.

Argument against - The petition articulates the fear that permitting a

police officer to act on the basis of his belief will be "draconian and
unguided.

Argument in favour - Case Law - T.T. Anthony vs. State of Kerala 2001
Cri LJ 3329 this plenary power of police to investigate a cognizable offence
is not unlimited. It is subject to certain limitations such as if no cognizable
offence is disclosed & still more if no offence of any kind is disclosed the
police would have no authority to undertake an investigation.
4. Section 21 Offence relating to support given to a terrorist
organisation-
(1) A person commits an offence if
(a) He invites support for a terrorist organization , and
(b) The support is not , or is not restricted to, the provisions of money or
other property

(2) A person commits an offence if he arranges, manages or assists

in managing or arranging a meeting which he knows is-
(a) to support a terrorist organization, or
(b) to further the activities of a terrorist organization , or
(c) to be addressed by a person who belongs or professes to belong to a
terrorist organization.

(3) A person commits an offence if he addresses a meeting for the

purpose of arranging support for a terrorist organization or to
further its activities.

Case Law - Vaiko's Case One of the petitions in this regard admitted by the
Supreme Court has been filed by Vaiko, the general secretary of the
(MDMK), a constituent of the ruling National Democratic Alliance at the
Centre. Vaiko had defended POTA in Parliament during the debate on it.
Therefore his petition challenging the validity of Section 21 of the Act
assumes particular significance. Under this Section, a person commits an
offence if he invites support for a terrorist organisation, and even if the
support is not confined to the provision of money or other property. He is
guilty if he arranges or addresses a meeting which he knows is meant to
support a terrorist organization or to further its activities. Vaiko was arrested
under this Section on the basis of certain remarks saying that "I was a
supporter of LTTE once. I was a supporter of LTTE
yesterday; I am a supporter of LTTE today and I will be a
supporter of LTTE tomorrow." Then, he asked his audience whether the
LTTE had engaged in terrorism for the sake of violence or had taken up
arms to suppress a culture. Mr. Vaiko, was in detention for 17 months, did
not choose to seek bail on a matter of principle.

When we looked at various chapters internationally, it was found that as far

as membership of a terrorist group is concerned, the British law has an
exclusive chapter on banning terrorist organizations. After banning a
terrorist organization, membership of a terrorist organisation, ipso facto,
becomes a punishable act.

5. Section 22- Fund raising for a terrorist organization to be an

offence-
(1) Whoever commits an offence if he-
(a) invites, receives or provides money or other property
(b) intends that it should be used, or has reasonable cause to suspect that it
may be used, for the purposes of terrorism.
The second component that was not there in TADA is, if you try and earn
money through a crime, that is, through terrorism, there are two offences
which flow out of that. Whoever funds terrorism is also held guilty. By
funding terrorism you are abetting terrorism. You are giving resources to
terrorism. The old terrorist laws the world over never had a chapter on
funding of terrorists. But now you must create a fear and scare in the minds
of those who fund terrorists.

What you earn out of crime is not your private property; it is against public
interest and must belong to the state. The UN passed a draft Money
Laundering Bill which all of us have been debating. The whole concept of
money laundering is that profits out of crime must be confiscated because
they cannot belong to an individual. Is it the argument today that since India
is now to have a provision where profits from terrorism will be confiscated,
it is a draconian provision.

6. Section 27 Powers to direct for samples, etc.- when a police officer

investigating a case requests a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate to obtain hand
writing, footprints, photographs, blood, saliva, semen, hair, voice of any
accused person reasonably suspected to be involved in the commission of
this act it will be lawful for the judge to give such orders as the case may be.
If any accused person refuses to give such samples the court shall draw
adverse inference against the accused. Case Law - S. Srinivasa Vs. M/s
Deccan Petroleum Ltd. 2001 Cri LJ 659 The court said where the order of
refusal to issue summons for production of document was prejudicial to
accused then such order is not sustainable. The most important part of the
section says that the power to take samples is not given to the police
authorities but when a police officer
investigating a case requests a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate to obtain
samples of any accused person reasonably suspected to be involved in the
commission of this act and then if only the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
gives the order to obtain such samples its only then he can force the accused
to give such samples. If any accused person refuses to give such samples the
court shall only then draw adverse inference against the accused.

7.Section 32 Certain confessions made to police officers taken into

consideration - A confession made by a person before a police officer not
lower in rank than a S.P. and recorded by him out of which sound or images
could be reproduced shall be admissible in trial of such person for the
offence under this act. Case Law - Devender Pal Singh Vs. State of N.C.T.
of Delhi 2002 (1) SC (Cr.) 209 The court said that it is entirely to the court
trying the offence to decide the question of admissibility or reliability of a
confession in its judicial wisdom strictly adhering to law it must while so
deciding the question should satisfy itself that there was no trap. No track
and no importance seeking evidence during the custodial interrogations and
all the conditions recquired are fulfilled. If the court is satisfied then the
confessional statement will be a part of the statement.

Confessions could be made admissible evidence. In respect of

confessions, we have given the facility of video recording. After that, within
48 hours, the person should be produced before a magistrate. The magistrate
will ask whether it was voluntary or not. If the accused says that it was not
voluntary, that he had been assaulted and coerced, the magistrate will have a
medical examination done. So, a safeguard has been put in.

State (N.C.T. of Delhi) Vs. Navjot Sandhu @ Afsan Guru (2005) 11 SCC
600 this was an appeal against convictions in view of attacks made on
parliament. The matter was relating to admissibility and evidentiary value of
evidence that retracted confessions cannot be acted upon by Court unless it
is voluntary and can be corroborated by other evidence. Confession of
accused can be used against co-accused only if there is sufficient evidence
pointing to his guilt confession made under POTA cannot be used against
co-accused as POTA operates independently of Indian Evidence Act and
Indian Penal Code. Section 10 of Evidence Act has no applicability as
confessionary statement has not been relied on for rendering conviction.

Admissibility of intercepted phone calls, intercepted phone calls are

admissible piece of evidence under ordinary laws even though provisions of
POTA cannot be invoked as it presupposes investigation to be set in motion
on date of its interception. Impact of procedural safeguards under POTA on
confession. Confession made involuntary is inadmissible evidence. If
procedural safeguards have not been complied it will affect admissibility and
evidentiary value of evidence being proved all charges beyond reasonable
doubt convictions were upheld.

8. Section 45 Admissibility of evidence collected through the

interception of communication (1) Notwithstanding anything in the code
or in any other law for the time being in force the evidence collected through
the interception of wire, electeronic or oral communication shall be
admissible as evidence against the accused in the court during the trial of a
case.

It is said that TADA was misused. Probably it was misused. I would like to
point out that one of the great weaknesses in TADA a structural defect was
its dependence on witnesses; eyewitnesses and humble citizens appearing
against terrorist groups. Anybody from Punjab, Mumbai or Kashmir will
testify that the average citizen is scared of coming and honestly deposing
before these institutions. This is a threat that the witnesses face against
terrorist acts. So how can a normal person be able to give a statement before
the court

So there is a need bring in a provision that when terrorist gangs

communicate with each other, intercepts of their communication should be
allowed and these intercepts should become admissible evidence in court.
So, when you arrest terrorists, you do not need a humble citizen to come and
give evidence against them. You produce the recording of that
intercept. At that moment, it becomes admissible evidence. Under normal
law it is not admissible evidence. We examined the suggestion and accepted
it. One of the strengths of this law is actually on the question of intercepts
becoming admissible evidence. It is one reason why in Maharashtra, the
conviction rate has reached 75% plus under MOCA.

9. Bail provision This language of a bail provision, the CrPC

normal bail provisions, will not apply: ?That no person will be released
on bail unless the public prosecutor has an opportunity or where he opposes
the application, there is a reasonable opportunity of believing that the person
is innocent and shall not commit an offence. This was the language under
TADA.

The language was diluted under POTA.10. Action against police officer
.There is a provision that in case any police officer misuses this law for his
own personal purposes or for collateral reasons, he will be prosecuted under
POTA itself. Several safeguards have been incorporated in the Act to
minimize the possibility of its misuse. Some of the main safeguards are as
follows:
(i) Investigation of an offence under the Act is to be done by an officer not
below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
(ii) No court can take cognizance of an offence under the Act unless sanction
of the State.
(iii) The Act provides safeguards against abuse of the provision relating to
admissibility of confession made before a police officer.
(iv) Intimation of arrest of the accused will have to be provided to a family
member immediately after arrest and this fact is to be recorded by the police
officer.
(v) Provision for prosecution of police officers for malafide actions under
the Act and compensation to affected persons in such cases.

The State Government/UT Administrations were advised to ensure that the

provisions of this law are used only against the terrorists and not against the
innocent. They were also advised to sensitize the police officers and others
concerned with the implementation of POTA on the need to ensure its fair
and transparent operation and to also install a mechanism to oversee the
implementation of the Act.

MCOCA does not stipulate prosecution of police officers found guilty of its
misuse. But POTA did. Under POTA a police officer found guilty of
malafide action could be jailed for up to two years but MCOCA offers no
such protection. Finally the law extended to the state of J&K unlike other
laws.

Consequences of repeal of POTA-

Finally on September 17, 2004 the Union Cabinet in keeping with the UPA
government's Common Minimum Programme, approved ordinances to
repeal the controversial Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 and amend the
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. By the promulgation of
1.Ordinance No.1 of 2004, it repealed POTA, a law specially designed to
deal with the menace of terrorism with its repeal, the state apparatus
combating terrorism has been debilitated.

2. By Ordinance No 2 promulgated on the same day, virtually all the penal

provisions of Pota concerning terrorist organisations and activities were
transferred to the pre-existing milder sounding Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA). By Ordinance No 2, the definition of
unlawful association has been expanded to also include any association
which has for its object any activity which is punishable under Section 153A
of the Indian Penal Code, or which encourages or aids persons to undertake
any such activity, or of which the members undertake any such activity.
Section 153A is about promoting enmity between different groups on
grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc.

3. There would be no arrests made after the ordinance is promulgated.

4. Among the special provisions dropped are those restricting release on bail
and allowing longer periods of police remand for the accused. Now
suspected terrorists may roam free under the bail a rule, jail an exception
dictum. The police will not get sufficient time to interrogate the accused to
investigate the cases which, by their very nature, are complex. In Pota, as in
Tada earlier, confessions made before a police officer of the rank of
superintendent were admitted as evidence.

5. All terrorist organizations banned under POTA would continue to remain

banned, under the Unlawful Activities Act, after the repeal of the Act.

6. Some of the clauses contained in POTA, which will be completely

dropped in the amended Unlawful Activities Act, are: the onus on the
accused to prove his innocence, compulsory denial of bail to accused and
admission as evidence in the court of law the confession made by the
accused before the police officer.

7. In another major departure from Pota, the government has removed all
traces of strict liability. Meaning, the burden of proof has shifted from the
accused to the police. There is no presumption of guilt under UAPA. Like
under any other ordinary criminal law, the police will have to establish that
the accused person had a criminal intention for committing the offence in
question.

8. But beware; these concessions from the internal security establishment

have not come without a price. As reported recently in the Indian Express,
UAPA is more draconian than Pota when it comes to the admissibility in
evidence of telephone and e-mail intercepts. The police can now produce
intercepts in the court without abiding by any of the elaborate safeguards
provided by the repealed law. Thus, if the police cannot anymore extract a
confession in custody, they have been given
more scope than before to plant evidence in the form of interceptions.

9. Another glaring shortcoming in the new law pertains to the dichotomy in

the provision for banning terrorist organisations and unlawful organisations.
UAPA was originally meant only for banning unlawful organisations. Now
it has a separate chapter for banning terrorist organisations as well. Thus, the
procedures prescribed by the same law for the two kinds of bans are
different. But the problem is that the procedure for banning a group on the
charge of terrorism is easier than to ban it on the milder charge of unlawful
activities. The government cannot, for instance, ban any group for unlawful
activities without
having its decision ratified within six months by a judicial tribunal headed
by a sitting high court judge. There is no such requirement if the ban is on
the charge of terrorism. This anomaly has arisen because of the strategy
adopted by the UPA government to hide special provisions in an ordinary
law.

So what remains on the statute books- The UAPA was designed to deal
with associations and activities that questioned the territorial integrity of
India. When the Bill was debated in Parliament, leaders, cutting across party
affiliation, insisted that its ambit be so limited that the right to association
remained unaffected and that political parties were not exposed to intrusion
by the executive. So, the ambit of the Act was strictly limited to meeting the
challenge to the territorial integrity of India.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004

it would however be simplistic to suggest, as some critics did, that the new
law has retained all the operational teeth of Pota or it has made only
cosmetic changes. The difference between Pota and UAPA is substantial
even as a lot of provisions are in common.

1. AWARENESS
Long-term Solution to Terrorism: Awareness
Today most of the individuals and countries are victims of terrorism. We are
all suffering as
we are not following core values. The long-term solution to terrorism is only
awareness. The
light of awareness can give us peace and happiness. We are all trying to find
out the solution
Outside our country and blaming each others. India is blaming Pakistan and
Pakistan
blaming india. Where are we heading?
We don’t carry anything to our next birth except our awareness that is
spiritual values (SQ),
neither we can carry assets like house, car, properties, country, nationality
nor our children,
parents, wife, relatives and friends. Even we don’t carry our beliefs and
faith. If you are born
In a Hindu family you will develop beliefs and faith in Hinduism and if you
are born in an
Islam family or other you will develop beliefs and faith in rites and rituals of
that community.
There is every possibility that your next birth can be in different community
than what you
have been born in this life. If you are accumulating wealth for your children
and if you have
Not imparted right values, there is every possibility that your children will
use the wealth for
wrong deeds. In short we don’t carry anything when we die except our
deeds.
Countries like USA are talking about peace and trading in arms &
ammunition for financial
gain. When you are selling arms and ammunition, you are selling violence
and one day the
Same people to whom you are selling ammunition will take the path of
violence against
you, if anything goes against their own interest. I was in deep pain to see the
news that India
Is planning to sell missiles. One day the same missiles will kill Indians.
Pakistan has been
supporting the path of violence and now the same people are destroying their
own nation.
Terrorism in Indian sub-continent started due to some people who wanted to
rule us in the
name of religions. India was one big family, but some leaders agreed to
divided India; like two
brothers were separated from mother India in the name of East Pakistan
(Bangladesh) and
West Pakistan (Pakistan). So many innocent lives were lost. They took
emotional decision
To rule us and today all of us are paying the price, because we supported
them. Even their
children paid the price and grand children are paying the price still now.
The British are also responsible for today’s terrorism. The separation plan
was done by
British to reduce our strength and some political leaders supported that to
gain power and
Ministership. British always followed divide and rule policy; in vengeance
they left India
after partitioning it between the Muslims and ‘the Rest’ (mostly Hindus).
Today also most of
our politicians are following the same formula. They are dividing us in the
name of religion,
caste, creed, community, language and regions.
9 Secrets, the Ultimate Success Strategies 280 |
www.lifemanagementacademy.com
The Partisan of India ranks, beyond a doubt, as one of the 10 greatest
tragedies in human
history. It affected hundreds of millions of human lives. Gandhi stood
steadfastly against
the partition of India but ultimately had to agree, in the hope that internal
peace would be
achieved after the Muslim demand for separation had been satisfied.
Once again Mrs. Indira Gandhi made the mistake in interfering in personal
life of two
brothers, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, and divided them as Bangladesh
& Pakistan.
Later on she fell down to another group’s bullet, whom she stopped from
separating. Again
her son, Rajiv Gandhi (did the same mistake) supported another brother,
LTTE who were
following the path of violence. When he stopped supporting those brothers,
they killed
Him. All these are the result of emotional decisions. These are the outcome
of the decisions
of the leaders who lacks long- term vision to gain short-term result of
retaining their
political power. Now also some of the political leaders are dividing Indians
in the name of
caste, creed, religions, language and regions to gain their political dream.
They are ruining
Indian Economy in the name of strike and other forms of violence. I feel
they are our worst
Terrorist. If you really love your country, show in your work by contributing
to the growth
Of the country than closing down business to pull down the nation.
Above I have mentioned some of the root causes of terrorism, but the worst
part is that
We are looking outside for solution. If we are looking outside for solution,
that solution
can never be long-term and permanent. We have got used to give more
importance to the
External world.
Let’s take some examples; America is looking solution to meet their fuel
(petroleum)
requirement from the gulf countries. Instead of looking outside for solution
to this
challenge, they can find the solution inside the country by encouraging the
use of hydrogen,
electricity, solar and bio fuel as alternative fuel. There can be more hydrogen
refilling stations
And charging stations. America wanted to make money by selling arms and
ammunitions.
And today same arms and ammunitions are being used against them. India is
planning to
sell missile. It will be a blander in India’s part. Same missile will be bought
by our enemy
through third party and will be used against Indians only.
India is also looking outside for solution to terrorism and giving so much
importance to

control and influence by outside countries. We can never get a perm

anent solution by
looking outside for the solution. As mentioned before whenever anything
goes against
our interest we feel unhappy as we are attached to our views and beliefs. We
can’t bear any
criticism and are not willing to accept that others may have different views.
We devote most
of our energy to change others or control others. There is nothing wrong in
doing that and
we get some results also. If someone does something wrong or speaks bad
about us, we
Long-term Solution to Terrorism | 281
A Personal & Organizational Effectiveness Training Manual
use all our effort to prove that he/she is wrong. We will fight; we will go to
court and what
not. Even we try to destroy others when it goes beyond our tolerance limit.
But how many
people can you change or control or destroy. You may have to spend more
energy to change
or control others. But if you look towards you, you will be spending time
and energy to
control one person only. That’s you. Which is better?
Lack of awareness is the creation of terrorist. Most of the brothers and
sisters who are
involved in terrorist activities are misguided youths. They are selling their
life for 1.5 lakhs
due to poverty. What I am going to tell now, it will be very difficult to
accept as most of us
are in reactive mode. Most of us are taking an emotional decision. Emotional
decision can
never give a long term solution; in emotional decision you try to support
someone whom
you are emotionally attached and deprive the other.
If you want to take a better decision, you must be observant than reactive.
Everyone is right
According his/her perception. You do whatever you feel right according to
your awareness.
Even a mad person in the street is also right according his perception;
otherwise he will not
Act like that.
If you want to take a better decision, you must have better awareness. Those
who are shouting
On the street in Mumbai, how much self awareness are they having?
Those who are acting as a terrorist, how much awareness do they have?
Those who are creating and sending terrorist, how much awareness do they
have?
Have you ever asked yourself, why all these are happening in the world?
What is the root?
Cause of all these activities? We all are responsible directly or indirectly for
what is happening
around us.
Fighting is not the solution and fighting can never be the long-term solution
to terrorism.
The long-term solution is to have awareness and create awareness in every
individual to
achieve the long-term solution. Let’s know the root cause and let’s root-out
terrorism from
The root's level. Otherwise if we will prune branches, the terrorism tree will
grow with
different branches.
Awareness:
Most of the brothers and sisters who are involved in terrorist activities are
misguided youths.
They are selling their life for 1.5 lakhs due to poverty. We are throwing
anger on each other
and labelling these misguided youths to be terrorists; if you know their true
story you may
Feel pity on them.

2. PEACE
Diversity. Indeed, peace and diversity are related. It is a good time to
look at ripple effects and connections. More than 1/3 of the people killed in
the World Trade Center on September 11 were not Americans. They were
citizens of 70-80 other countries. Hundreds were Muslims. More than 40%
of residents of New York City are foreign-born. The dead and missing and
6,000+ treated at hospitals in New York City, and several hundred more at
the Pentagon and in the Pennsylvania crash, have families and friends--if
each one has only 10 family and 10 friends, that's 250,000 people directly
connected to the injuries and deaths, in shock and mourning for their
personal loss and grief--but of course the number is much larger. If there
was a funeral every day, it would be 20 years of going to funerals.
Many Americans apparently do not know about the differences between
Muslim and Hindu, or Arab and Muslim, not to mention Sikh and Coptic
Christian, much less between terrorist and fellow-citizen. Many do not make
any distinctions; do not care about making distinctions. Americans are
notoriously bad at knowing geography and languages, cultures and religions.
Now, the situation cannot be understood without knowing about Kashmir,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Iraq, for starters, not to mention
the internal conflict in Afghanistan, the nuclear bomb tests by India and
Pakistan, and how the United States, the largest weapons dealer in the world,
provided missiles to the Mujaheddin in the Afghan war against the Soviet
Union that some people fear may be used against the U.S.
I was researching on the internet, and some sites say told me that more
than 20% of Americans are Jews. The correct figure is 2-3%. Many African-
Americans, part of a group that is 13% of the population, do not recognize
Jews as a minority group.

“I was called a terrorist yesterday, but when I came out of jail,

many people embraced me, including my enemies, and that is what
I normally tell other people who say those who are struggling for
liberation in their country are terrorists. I tell them that I was also a
terrorist yesterday, but, today, I am admired by the very people
who said I was one.”

NELSON MANDELA, Larry King Live, May 16, 2000