Experiment Name: - Study on the basic lapping movement.

Introduction:
Lapping diagram is drawn around horizontal rows of points that represent needles in plain
view, generally assuming the pattern mechanism to be on the right. A chain notation is a list
in correct sequence of chain link numbers spaced in to knitting cycles for each guide bar
necessary to produce a particular structure. In this experiment we study about the warp
knitting design or structure with chain notation.

Objects:
1. To know the types of warp knitting design.
2. To know the lapping diagram.
3. To study the chain notation of various design.
4. To get an idea about over lap and under lap.

Basic lapping Movement:

1. Pillar or chain stitch
2. Tricot stitch or 1 over 1 lapping movement (1×1)
3. Cord stitch or 2 over 1 lapping movement (2×1)
4. Longer reciprocating lapping movements
A) Satin (3×1)
B) Velvet (4×1)
5. Atlas stitch or lapping movements
A) Tricot Atlas
B) Cord Atlas
C) Satin Atlas
D) Velvet Atlas
6. Two needle overlap

Experiment Name: - Study on the Tricot warp knitting

machine.

Introduction:

The warp knitting machine is a knitting m/c where the loops are formed in course wise
direction and the fabric produced is in open width form. In Tricot warp knitting m/c
compound needles are used. The warp yarns are feed to the needles through guide bars
using shogging and swinging motion.
 Objectives:

To identify with tricot Warp knitting machine.

To know the machine specification.
To learn the feature of this machine.
To know the different parts of this machine.
To know the machine mechanism.
To learn the knitting actions of this machine.

M/C specification:

Brand: LIBA
Origin: W. Germany
Manufacturing Company: MASCHINEN FABRIK, NAILA.
Manufacturing Year: 1991
Width: 84 inch/ 213 cm
Type: COP 2K
Gauge: 28

Features of tricot machine:

1) Tricot machines have a gauge expressed in needle per inch.

2) Chain link numbering 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …………etc.
3) Generally with three links per course.
4) Their sinker are joined to each other at the front and back, never move clear of the needles
as they combine the functions of holding down, knocking over, and supporting the fabric
loops.
5) The fabric is drawn-away towards the batching roller almost at right angles to the needle
bar.
6) The warp beams are accommodated in an inclined arc toward the back of the machine, with
the top beam supplying the front guide bar and the bottom beam supplying the back guide
bar.
7) The warp sheets pass over the top of the guide rocker shaft to their tension rails situated at
the front of the machine.
8) The machines have a simple construction and a short yarn path from the beams.
9) Mechanical attention to the knitting elements is carried out at the front of the machine as the
warp beams prevent access to the back.
10) The entire warp sheets are drawn over the rocker shaft to the front of the machine it is
easier to thread up the guide bars connecting with the back bar; otherwise the front warp
will obscure this operation.
11) The guide bars are therefore numbered from the back towards the front of the machine
because of this threading sequence.
12) The conventional tricot beam arrangement generally restricts the maximum number of
beam and guide bars to four, but this is not of major importance as the majority of tricot
machines employ only two guide bars.
13) The small angle of fabric take away and the type of knitting action produce a gentle and low
tension on the structure being knitted.
14) This is ideal for high speed production.
15) It is a simple, fine gauge (28-44), close knitted, p[lain and patterned structures, particularity
for lingerie and apparel, specially using two guide bar structures with both bar over lapping
and under lapping.
16) In the past, the two guide bar tricot or lock knit machine proved most particular in E28 and
E32 gauge, with knitting widths of 84 and 168 inches (213 and 426 cm) using 40 denier
nylon.
17) It is possible to knit from 10 denier nylon up to 1/20’s cotton count. Machine gauges can
range from E10 for coarse staple fiber yarn to E20-E24 for textured yarn fabrics and E36-
E44 gauge for fine fabrics, in knitting widths up to 260 inches (660 cm).
18) The needles, like the sinkers and guides, may be cast in leads or they may be individually
cranked to fit into the needle bar.

Fig: Tricot warp knitting machine.

Knitting Action:

1. The rest position: The needles have risen to 2/3 of their full height from knock-over and
have their hooks towards the back of the m/c. The latch bar is in downward position and the
guides are at the front of the m/c with the sinkers forward, holding the old overlaps in their
throats so that they are maintained in the correct height on the needle stems.

2. Needle rise and guide bar swing: With the sinkers forward holding down the fabric, the
hooks and tongues rise, with the hook rising faster, until the head of the latter is level with
the guide holes and is open. The guides then swing through to the back of the m/c.

3. The overlap and return swing: The guide’s shog for the overlap and swing to the front
of the m/c immediately. The hooks and the tongues start to descend with the tongues
descending more slowly, thus closing the hook.

4. Hook closing: The hooks and the tongues start to descend with the tongues descending
more slowly, thus closing the hook
5. Landing: The sinkers start to withdraw as the needles descend so that the old loop is
landed onto the closed hook. Thus the landing is occurred.

6. Knock-over and under lap: The sinkers start to withdraw as the needles descend so
that the old loop is landed onto the closed hook and then knocked over as it descends
below the sinker belly. At this point the under lap occurs before the needles begin their
upward rise and sinker move forward to hold down the fabric.

7. Go to rest position: The sinkers now move forward to hold down the fabric loops and
push them away from the ascending needles, which are rising to the rest position.

Conclusion:

The knitting action of the Tricot warp knitting m/c is done by the needles, its sliding latches
and the guide bars. The main work of feeding the thread around the needle is done by
guides with their shogging and swinging motions. By this experiment we learned about the
knitting action of a tricot warp knitting machine. This experience will help us in our future
career.

Experiment Name: - Study on Raschel Warp knitting

machine.
Introduction:

The warp knitting machine is a knitting m/c where the loops are formed in course wise
direction and the fabric produced is in open width form. In Tricot warp knitting m/c
compound needles are used. The warp yarns are feed to the needles through guide bars
using shogging and swinging motion.

Objectives:

To identify with Raschel Warp knitting machine.

To know the machine specification.
To learn the feature of this machine.
To know the different parts of this machine.
To know the machine mechanism.
To learn the knitting actions of this machine.

Main parts:

Guide
Needle bar
Sinker
Front of machine
Trick plate
Fabric
Machine description:

Their chain links are usually numbered in even numbers, 0, 2, 4, 6 etc., generally with two
links per course. Raschel sinkers perform only the function of holding down the loops whilst
the needles rise. They are not joined together by a lead across their ends nearest to the
needle bar so they can move away clear of the needles, towards the back of the machine,
for the rest of the knitting cycle. The needle trick plate verge acts as a fabric support ledge
and knock-over surface.
The fabric is drawn downwards from the needles, almost parallel to the needle bar, at an
angle of 120–160 degrees, by a series of take-down rollers. This creates a high take-up
tension, particularly suitable for open fabric structures such as laces and nets.

Fig. A. Knitting elements of a latch needle raschel machine

 Fig. B. Cross-section of a latch needle raschel machine.

The warp beams are arranged above the needle bar, centered over the rocker shaft, so that
warp sheets pass down to the guide bars on either side of it. The beams are placed above
the machine so that it is accessible at the front for fabric inspection and at the back for
mechanical attention to the knitting elements. The guide bars are threaded, commencing
with the middle bars and working outwards from either side of the rocker-shaft. They are
numbered from the front of the machine.

With the raschel arrangement, there is accommodation for at least four 32-inch diameter
beams or large numbers of small diameter pattern bars. The accessibility of the raschel
 machine, it’s simple knitting action, and its strong and efficient take-down tension make it
particularly suitable for the production of coarse gauge open-work structures employing
pillar stitch, inlay lapping variations and partly threaded guide bars. These are difficult to knit
and hold down with the tricot arrangement of sinkers. Additional warp threads may be
supplied at the selvedges to ensure that these needles knit fabric overlaps, otherwise a
progressive press-off of loops may occur.

Fig: A Raschel warp knitting machine

Features of raschel machine:

1. Raschel machines originally had a gauge expressed in needles per 2 inches (5 cm), so that,
for example a 36-gauge raschel would have eighteen needles per inch. Now, the standard
E gauge (needles per inch) is generally used.
2. There is a wide gauge range, from E1 to E32.
3. Their chain links are usually numbered in even numbers, 0, 2, 4, 6….etc.
4. Generally with two links per coarse.
5. Raschel sinkers are performing only the function of holding down the loops whilst the
needles rise.
6. Sinkers are not joined together by a lead across their ends nearest to the needle bar so they
can move away clear of the needles, towards the back of the machine, for the rest of the
knitting cycle.
7. The needle trick plate verge acts as a fabric support ledge and knock over surface.
8. The fabric is drawn downwards from the needles, almost parallel to the needle bar, at an
angle of 120-160 degrees, by a series of take down rollers. This creates s high take-up
tension, particularly suitable for open fabric structure such as laces and nets.
9. The warp beam is arranged above the needle bar, centered over the rocker shaft, so that
warp sheet pass down to the guide bar on either side of it.
10. The beam is placed above the machines so that it is accessible at the front for fabric
inspection and at the back for mechanical attention to the knitting elements.
11. The guide bars are threaded, commencing with the middle bars and working out wards from
either side of the rocker shaft. They are numbered from the front of the machine.
12. With the raschel arrangement, there is accommodation for at least four 32-inch diameter
beams or large numbers of small diameter pattern bars.
13. The accessibility of this machine, it’s simple knitting action, and its strong and efficient take-
down tension make it particularly suitable for the production of coarse gauge open work
structures employing pillar stitch , inlay lapping Variations and partly threaded guide bars,
these are difficult to knit and hold down with the tricot arrangement of sinkers.
14. Additional warp threads may be supplied at the selvedges to ensure that these needles knit
fabric overlaps, otherwise a progressive press off of loops may occur.

Conclusion:

From this experiment we know about the raschel warp knitting machine and its features.
Raschel knitting machine is one of the most important knitting machines to produce knitted
fabric. So we should learn about this mechanism very carefully, this experience will help us
in our future practical life.

Experiment Name: - Study on Raschel Warp knitting

machine.
Introduction:

The warp knitting machine is a knitting m/c where the loops are formed in course wise
direction and the fabric produced is in open width form. In Tricot warp knitting m/c
compound needles are used. The warp yarns are feed to the needles through guide bars
using shogging and swinging motion.

Objectives:

To identify with Raschel Warp knitting machine.

To know the machine specification.
To learn the feature of this machine.
To know the different parts of this machine.
To know the machine mechanism.
To learn the knitting actions of this machine.

Main parts:
Guide
Needle bar
Sinker
Front of machine
Trick plate
Fabric

Machine description:

Their chain links are usually numbered in even numbers, 0, 2, 4, 6 etc., generally with two
links per course. Raschel sinkers perform only the function of holding down the loops whilst
the needles rise. They are not joined together by a lead across their ends nearest to the
needle bar so they can move away clear of the needles, towards the back of the machine,
for the rest of the knitting cycle. The needle trick plate verge acts as a fabric support ledge
and knock-over surface.
The fabric is drawn downwards from the needles, almost parallel to the needle bar, at an
angle of 120–160 degrees, by a series of take-down rollers. This creates a high take-up
tension, particularly suitable for open fabric structures such as laces and nets.

Fig. A. Knitting elements of a latch needle raschel machine

 Fig. B. Cross-section of a latch needle raschel machine.

The warp beams are arranged above the needle bar, centered over the rocker shaft, so that
warp sheets pass down to the guide bars on either side of it. The beams are placed above
the machine so that it is accessible at the front for fabric inspection and at the back for
mechanical attention to the knitting elements. The guide bars are threaded, commencing
with the middle bars and working outwards from either side of the rocker-shaft. They are
numbered from the front of the machine.

With the raschel arrangement, there is accommodation for at least four 32-inch diameter
beams or large numbers of small diameter pattern bars. The accessibility of the raschel
 machine, it’s simple knitting action, and its strong and efficient take-down tension make it
particularly suitable for the production of coarse gauge open-work structures employing
pillar stitch, inlay lapping variations and partly threaded guide bars. These are difficult to knit
and hold down with the tricot arrangement of sinkers. Additional warp threads may be
supplied at the selvedges to ensure that these needles knit fabric overlaps, otherwise a
progressive press-off of loops may occur.

Fig: A Raschel warp knitting machine

Features of raschel machine:

1. Raschel machines originally had a gauge expressed in needles per 2 inches (5 cm), so that,
for example a 36-gauge raschel would have eighteen needles per inch. Now, the standard
E gauge (needles per inch) is generally used.
2. There is a wide gauge range, from E1 to E32.
3. Their chain links are usually numbered in even numbers, 0, 2, 4, 6….etc.
4. Generally with two links per coarse.
5. Raschel sinkers are performing only the function of holding down the loops whilst the
needles rise.
6. Sinkers are not joined together by a lead across their ends nearest to the needle bar so they
can move away clear of the needles, towards the back of the machine, for the rest of the
knitting cycle.
7. The needle trick plate verge acts as a fabric support ledge and knock over surface.
8. The fabric is drawn downwards from the needles, almost parallel to the needle bar, at an
angle of 120-160 degrees, by a series of take down rollers. This creates s high take-up
tension, particularly suitable for open fabric structure such as laces and nets.
9. The warp beam is arranged above the needle bar, centered over the rocker shaft, so that
warp sheet pass down to the guide bar on either side of it.
10. The beam is placed above the machines so that it is accessible at the front for fabric
inspection and at the back for mechanical attention to the knitting elements.
11. The guide bars are threaded, commencing with the middle bars and working out wards from
either side of the rocker shaft. They are numbered from the front of the machine.
12. With the raschel arrangement, there is accommodation for at least four 32-inch diameter
beams or large numbers of small diameter pattern bars.
13. The accessibility of this machine, it’s simple knitting action, and its strong and efficient take-
down tension make it particularly suitable for the production of coarse gauge open work
structures employing pillar stitch , inlay lapping Variations and partly threaded guide bars,
these are difficult to knit and hold down with the tricot arrangement of sinkers.
14. Additional warp threads may be supplied at the selvedges to ensure that these needles knit
fabric overlaps, otherwise a progressive press off of loops may occur.

Conclusion:

From this experiment we know about the raschel warp knitting machine and its features.
Raschel knitting machine is one of the most important knitting machines to produce knitted
fabric. So we should learn about this mechanism very carefully, this experience will help us
in our future practical life.