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Estimation Methods
Anish Kumar Yadav Sandeep Santosh
Research Scholar, Dept. of ECE Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE
NIT, Kurukshetra NIT, Kurukshetra
ani2709@gmail.com profsandeepkkr@gmail.com
a (t)*݁ ௧ denotes the baseband signal , a(t) is aamplitude and ݐ For each wideband signal, thee output of each filter bank
is phase behaves like as a narrowband model and combine all
narrowband signal. Similar process is done for Q wideband
ȕ=
ௗכ௦ఏ
(3) signal and can be represented as
ݕଵ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
d is the spacing between each sensor. ș is the DOA of sources
ݕଶ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
[ߠଵ ǡ ߠଶǡ ……….,ߠே ]. Now by providing the delay įt to a sensor ൦ ൪=ሾߙሺߠଵ ǡ ߱ ሻ ߙሺߠଶ ǡ ߱ ሻ ߙ ڮሺߠொ ߱ ሻሿ
ڭ
then approximate model for mth sensor is ݕெ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
ݑሺݐሻ = r (t) ݁ ିఠఋ௧ + ݁ሺݐሻ (4) ݎଵሺǡఠ
ఠೖ ሻ ݁ଵ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
Now taking the summation of all the sensor annd generalize the ݎଶሺǡఠ
ఠೖ ሻ ݁ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
כ൦ ڭ൪ +൦ ଶ ൪ (9)
model ڭ
ݑሺݐሻଵ ݁ሺݐሻሻଵ ݎொሺǡ௪
௪ೖ ሻ ݁ெ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ
݁ ିఠఋ௧భ
ڭ ڭ ڭ This can be represented as in short form f
൦ݑሺݐሻ ൪ ൌ ൦ ିఠఋ௧ ൪ ݎሺݐሻ ൦݁ሺݐሻ ൪ (5)
ெିଵ ݁ ಾషభ ெ
ெିଵ Y (߱ ) =A (߱ ) R (߱ ) +E (߱ ) (10)
ݑሺݐሻெ ݁ ିఠఋ௧ ಾ ݁ሺݐሻሻெ Where Y (߱ ) is Mൈ1 sensors outp put vector, A (߱ ) is a Mൈ ܳ
݁ ିఠఋ௧భ steering matrix, R (߱ ) is an Qൈ ͳ ͳ Narrowband signals and E
Where the steering vector ߙሺߠǡ ߱ሻ ൌ ൦ ିఠఋ௧ ڭ ൪ (߱ ) is an additive noise of Mൈ ͳǤ The power spectrum (S) has
݁ ಾషభభ
been measured at different grid poin ntsאଵ , אଶ , ǥ , אெ .
ିఠఋ௧ಾ
݁
(1) Incoherent method
B. Wideband model
In this method each narro owband spectrum estimate ܵ
The receive signal at the sensor is a widebannd signal which by processing each subband߱ ߱ . If spatial filter is used to
consists of several frequency components .The receive signal is acquire then subband spectra contains power of signal in a
sampled at the sampling frequency fs and will be decomposed in direction. The related algorith hm to this method is given as
K narrowband signal using fast Fourier transfform (FFT). The following.
expression of decomposition for kth frequenccy component is Input: Estimated data Y (߱ ), at ang gle gridߩଵ ,ߩଶ , ڮ ڮ, ߩெ , the
given in (6). subband is being selected ߴ.
݂ ൌ ሺ݇ െ ͳሻȀܰிி் (6) 1. for k ߴ אdo
Where k=1, 2……K and ܭൌ ܰிி் Ȁʹ (7). ଵ
2. Compute the covariance matrix ܴ = ܻ ܻ ு .
Since, it follows the conjugate symmetry that is why only half of
3. Estimate EVD of ܴ = ܷ(߱ ) ܸ (߱ ) ܷ
-1 (߱ ).
samples point have been taken in account for eaach of the frames.
Here, L number of consecutive frames are considered and each 4. Estimate number of sourrces using MUSIC algorithm
.
[3] denoted asܰ
has same length i.e. NFFT. And, each frame is proceeded by
performing DFT as in (8) 5. M-ܰ Eigen value corressponding Eigen vector
ݕ ሺ݈ǡ ߱ ሻ ൌ
ଵ
σே ಷಷ ିଵ
݄ሺ߬ሻݑ ሺሺ݈ െ ͳሻܰிிி் ߬ሻ݁ ିఠೖఛ (8) denoted asܦ ሺ߱ ).
ඥே
ಷಷ
ఛୀ
6. for m =1,2,3, ڮ,N do
And l varies as 1 to L. ଵ
ଶగ
గೖ 7. ܵ (ߩ ) = ಹ ሺఠ಼ ሻǤఈሺఘభ ǡఠ಼ ሻ
Where݄ሺ߬) is the rectangular window and ߱ = . Refer fig (1) ఈ ಹ ሺఘభ ǡఠ಼ ሻ
ሺఠ಼ ሻǤ
௦
8. end
9. end
10. for m = 1,2, ڮǡ N do
11. S(ߩ ) = σאణ ܵ ሺߩ ሻǤ
12. end
13. Output : S
(2) Coherent wideband method- P(߱ ) should be diagonal so that Guassian signal and noise
In this method it is considered that correlation between the calibration can be done perfectly .
ఓೖషమ
sources should be less than sampling period of the subband. And P (߱ ) = (17)
ඥఓೖ ఙ మ
Y (߱ ) behaved independently in time domain and frequency
This property of P (߱ ) has been exploited to furnish puedodata
domain. Hence covariance matrix. ܴ Can be represented as
matrix Z
ܴ =E[Y (߱ ) Y (߱ )]
Z=ۃσே ୀଵ ߴ [ ۄT (߱ଵ ) Es (߱ଵ ) P (߱ଵ ) ڮ ڮ ڮT (߱ே ) Es (߱ே ) P
= A (߱ ) ܴ (߱ ) ܣு (߱ ) + ߪ ଶ I (11)
(߱ே )] (18)
After Eigen value decomposition of ܴ has signal subspace
Condition is that ߴ ܰ and taking Eigen value decomposition
ܧௌ ሺ߱ ሻand noise subspaceܧே ሺ߱ ሻ. Signal subspace consists of
of Z and noise subspace of Z is Un replaced the En and finally
Eigen vector of N largest Eigen value of ߤଵ ߤଶ ڮ ڮ ڮ ڮ
DOA estimation has been improved.
ߤே and remaining M-N Eigen value corresponding Eigen
vector is noise space.
III. RESULTS
(a)CSSM
Here, it is considered that source is Gaussian source, sensor
The basic assumption of this method to focus all the
pass band is (50 to 150) Hz, focusing frequency ߱ is 100 Hz,
frequency components into a reference frequency ߱ with the
rectangular window of size 64-points and total number of snap
help of transformation matrix T (߱ ) is an M×M. [14]
shot is 80. By using Monte Carlo simulation with respect to 4
A (߱ ) = T (߱ ) A (߱ )
sensors at angles͵ ܽ݊݀͵͵ , we get following plots after the
= [b (߱ ,ߠଵ ),ǥ b (߱ ,ߠே )] (12) MATLAB code execution for SNR vs standard deviation of
The Rotational Signal Subspace (RSS) method is to calculate DOA. Refer figure (2) and (3).
transformation matrix and reduced focusing error.
T (߱ ) = V (߱ ) U (߱ ) (13).
Where V (߱ ) represents left singular value and U (߱ )
represents left singular value ܣሺ߱ǡ ߮ሻܣு ሺሺ߱ǡ ߮ሻǤ
߮߳൛ߠேǡ ߠே െ Ǥʹͷܾݓǡ ߠே Ǥʹͷܾݓൟ , bw denotes beamwidth.
ܴ is a USCM matrix [8] and calculated by taking mean of
focused ܴ (߱ ) and product of selected constant elements ߛ
ܴ =σே ு
ୀଵ ߛ T (߱ ) ܴ (߱ ) ܶ (߱ )
= A (߱ ) ۃσே ଶ
ୀଵ ߛ ܴ ሺ߱ ሻ ۄ+ߪ ܴ (14)
Rn is universal noise spatial covariance matrix and is obtained
from square root of model matrix Q.
ܴ = Q ܳு =σே ு
ୀଵ ߛ T (߱ ) ܶ (߱ ) (15)
Figure 2: SNR vs SD for Incoherent, WAVES & CSSM
ܣfter eigen value decomposition of (15) signal and noise
subspace Es and En respectively and the pseudo spectrum is
used to calculate DOA
ಹ ொ షభ ሺఠ ǡఏሻห
หா
ߠ = ఏǤ ൜
బ మ
ȁொషభ ሺఠబ ǡఏሻȁమ
ൠ (16)
This method improves the performance in term of standard
deviation at high SNR but suffers at lower SNR.To overcome
this problem WAVES method is used
(b)WAVES
In CSSM, Es as well as En both has been transformed but in
WAVES uses Es as after wideband decomposition all the
subband signal behaves as an independent narrowband signal.[1] Figure 3: WAVES DOA Estimation
2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, different methods of DOA are applied for
estimation of emitter location are Non Coherent, CSSM and
WAVES. And, graph between standard deviation of DOA vs
SNR has been plotted along with this graph between pseudo-
spectrum and DOA is analyzed only for WAVES. It is found
that SDs of DOA 370 at SNR value 16 dB for Incoherent, CSSM
and WAVES are 1.164, .73, and .44.
Hence, WAVES algorithm has better performance compare to
the Non coherent method and CSSM method.
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