NAME: Khaleel Mohammed ID#: /806004854

CHEM 3168 Dr. Taylor.

5. e. A p-n junction is when a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are joined
together or placed in contact with each other. N-type semiconductors are created by adding
atoms or impurities that are pentavalent to the semiconductor material such as Silicon. Impurities
such as Antimony and arsenic may be added. This adds free electrons and increases conductivity
of the material. A p-type semiconductor occurs when a trivalent impurity such as boron, gallium
or aluminum is added to the intrinsic semiconductor. This creates deficiencies of valence
electrons or holes. When the two doped semiconductors are joined together, the electrons in the
n-type semiconductor migrate to the holes of the p-type semiconductor and thus create a region
known as the depletion region. This inhibits any electron transfer unless there is a forward bias
on the junction. Diodes allow electric current in one directions and are made of semiconductor
materials, p-n junction. A transistor amplifies and switches electronic signals and is made of
semiconductor materials. LEDs are light emitting diodes made of semiconductor materials. It
works similar to the p-n junction but, when the electrons move back down to the holes from the
excited state, they emit energy in the form of photons or light. The color of the light is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

5f. Thin films are materials less than one micron thick as a layer of material on a substrate. Thin
films may be formed by molecular beam epitaxy. Deposition of thin films may be chemical or
physical. Chemical deposition occurs where a fluid precursor undergoes a chemical change at a
solid surface, leaving a solid layer. It is further categorized by the phase of the precursor. Plating
relies on a liquid precursor. Electroplating is one of the processes used. Chemical solution
deposition uses a solution of organometallic powders dissolved in organic solvent forming a
crystalline phase. Chemical vapoer deposition uses gas phase precursor at low pressure of
precursor gas. Physical deposition uses mechanical or thermodynamic means to produce the thin
film of solid. Commercial systems require low pressure vapor environment to function.
Examples are, thermal evaporator, electron beam evaporator, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition
and cathodic arc deposition.

Nanocryatals are of the dimemsions of less than 100 nm thick and is single crystalline.
Nanocrystals can be produced by two methods, physical methods and Chemical methods. The
physical methods are, Inert gas condensation, Arc discharge, Ion Sputtering, Laser ablation,
pyrolysis and other methods. The chemical methods involves three basic steps, seeding, particle
growth and growth termination by capping. Growth of a colloid may involve an important step
called Ostwald ripening. Sols produced by chemical means can either be in aqueous media or
hydrosols or can be sterically or electrostatically stabilized which is done using polymers as the
stabilizing agents. The nanoparticle may be precipitated by various means, filtered and dissolved
in a solvent. Metal nanocrystals can also be produced by reduction. Examples of this are, Boron
hydride reduction, citrarte reduction and alcohol reduction.

1
NAME: Khaleel Mohammed ID#: /806004854

CHEM 3168 Dr. Taylor.

4.a. Compound 01 has a long core and short chains relative to the length of the entire molecule.
The short axial chains are not long enough for lateral interactions amongst molecules and thus,
do not have a lamellar structure and a lack of symmetry. The other two compounds have long
axial chains with small radial portions that allow for good lateral interactions. Hence, they are Sc
and N.

b. Compounds 2 and 3, it is noted that there is no significant difference between the Isotropic
temperatures of the two compounds. For compound two, it is also noted that the temperature
range at which the Sc-N to N-I transition occurs over a larger temperature difference for
compound 2 than compound 3, that compound two is more stable over a longer temperature
range than compound 3. Because of the long chain length, the compound is stabilized by lateral
interactions with chains and forms a lamellar structure.

Compound 1

Compound 3

2
NAME: Khaleel Mohammed ID#: /806004854

CHEM 3168 Dr. Taylor.