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C4-101 A MODIFIED NODAL FORMULATION FOR POWER SYSTEMS PARAMETRIC

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

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 C4-101

A MODIFIED NODAL FORMULATION FOR POWER SYSTEMS PARAMETRIC

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

M. H. Shwehdi
Electrical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM)
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Summary

The paper presents the development of a Parametric Sensitivity approach based on the
Modified Nodal Formulation (MNF) for Power System Analysis. This technique is called
the Modified Nodal Formulation Sensitivity Analysis (MNFSA). This paper presents the
development of the mathematical formulations for the MNFSA that was built into a
computer program. The developed program offers a new tool to help in analyzing the
quality of power system design by studying the effect of adding, removing and changing
the characteristics of different power system equipment.

The MNFSA is applied to assist in identifying power quality issues related to harmonic
over voltages and resonance in power systems. This application includes identifying the
route cause of problems such as resonance phenomena and harmonic amplification and
assets in finding solutions to these problems. The case studies presented verified the
MNFSA capabilities in identifying system problems, the parameters that are causing these
problems, the interaction between the capacitive and reactive system parameters, and in
devising solutions and mitigation methods.

mshwehdi@kfupm.edu.sa
 C4-102

A New Power Definition in Harmonic Distorted Power Systems

Kamel N. Al-Tallaq∗ and E. A. Feilat

Electrical Power Engineering Department
Yarmouk University
Irbid, Jordan

Abstract:

This paper presents a Hilbert-transform based approach for power components definition
in non-sinusoidal power systems. Instantaneous current and voltage phasors, apparent
power, and power factor are also defined. The proposed Hilbert-transform based approach
is applicable to sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal single-phase systems, as well as balanced
and unbalanced three-phase systems. The properties and physical meanings of the new
definition of the power related quantities are discussed in details. The proposed method
gives formulas similar to those used in conventional RMS definitions. Study cases of
power systems at different loads are examined to test the validity and practicability of the
proposed approach.

Keywords: Non-sinusoidal Signal – Power Calculation – Harmonics - Hilbert Transform

 C4-103

A joint Power Quality project between

Swedish network utilities and industrial customers

Mats HÄGER* Åke CEDER Erik THUNBERG

STRI Vattenfall Sveanät Svenska Kraftnät
Sweden Sweden Sweden

In January 2003 a joint project with network utilities and pulp&paper industries was completed. In the
project, named Elvis [1], several studies were performed on how costs relating to power quality distur-
bances can be minimized. This paper gives a short summary of the project and a ‘follow-up’ of related
activities performed by the industries and the network utilities during 2003.

The Elvis project was jointly financed by the utility branch organisation Elforsk and SSG (Swedish
pulp&paper association). The project group was set up by members from STRI, Elforsk, Swedish na-
tional grid, SSG, several network utilities and pulp & paper industries, and one observer from the Swed-
ish Energy Agency (a total of 18 members). The mix of persons engaged in the project proved to be very
successful, and formed a natural forum for a wide and constructive dialogue.

The project was divided into two parts, the first dedicated to power quality audits and collecting fault
and disturbance statistics from three selected typical case studies. The second part focused on common
questions and general problems, as well as dedicated studies and solutions for each case.

The Elvis project formed a new kind of forum for a constructive dialogue between utilities, equipment
manufacturers and industries. Studies performed within the project identified several possible and cost
effective actions to be taken by utilities, manufacturers and industries.

One main outcome of the project is an increased understanding that power quality related problems often
are a concern for many parties involved, and that an efficient way to solve these problems is based on a
mutual dialogue.

mats.hager@stri.se 1
 C4-104
MONITORING OF POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
IN THE EGYPTIAN POWER NETWORK
USING WAVELET BASED NEURAL CLASSIFIER
ABLA S. ATTIA MOHAMED A. EL-HADIDY,
DALAL H. MOUSTAFA*
FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, AIN EGYPTIAN ELECTRICITY
SHAMS UNIVERSITY TRANSMISSION COMPANY (EETC)

(Egypt)
Summary

Modern power system loads include power electronic equipment, microcontrollers, non linear
elements and large industrial motors. These types of load introduce a lot of Power Quality (PQ)
problems into the power system. These power quality problems interrupt the sensitive
manufacturing devices and result in very expensive consequences. Fourier Transform (FT) has
been used for long time to analyze the waveform distortion. New technique for waveform
distortion analysis -Wavelet Transform (WT)- has been recently introduced. Feed Forward Neural
Network (FFNN) ability in pattern recognition and classification is well known. It could be
considered as a solution for automatic identification and classification of power quality
disturbances.

This paper introduces, a monitoring system based on WT and FFNN to detect and classify
different power quality disturbances. Actual power quality disturbances in the Egyptian Power
Network were recorded by Digital Fault Recorders (DFR’s) for different cases including: 1) the
impact of electric arc furnace operation without Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the quality of
supply, 2) the voltage sag associated with far faults on the utility distribution network, 3) voltage
distortion because of the inrush current that occurs during energization of power transformers, and
4) the electrical transients associated with capacitor banks switching during peak load hours.
These records were analyzed using both WT and FT techniques. A comparison is held showing
the superiority of the WT technique over the FT one in detecting and identifying the cause of the
power quality problem.

Daubechies D4 mother wavelet was used to analyze the voltage waveforms in this study. Using a
set of multiple detailed levels for WT as inputs to ANN, an automatic decision making logic for
the type of disturbance is obtained. FFNN is used for the decision making logic. The FFNN is
trained with the above patterns and tested with other recorded cases concerning the same type of
disturbances. The results of this work show that:
1. WT technique has the advantage of giving a consistent identification for the cause of
disturbance.
2. The amplitude and variation of detail D1 alone can easily discriminate between the
different cases.

Encouraging results show that the proposed technique could be developed for on-line monitoring
system for the power quality disturbances identification and classification within a power system.
*
E-mail: dalalhelmi@homail.com
 C4-105

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TNB SYSTEM-WIDE

POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM

Ahmad J. A. Hamid* Zaharuddin Tajul Arus

Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Malaysia

SUMMARY

This paper describes the main design philosophy and the requirement for the implementation of
the TNB System-Wide Power Quality Monitoring project. In summary, the paper describes the
need for continuous PQ monitoring in the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and how the
monitroing project is implemented.

The main objectives of developing the TNB system-wide PQ monitoring system are as
follows.

i. To provide TNB and its customers with the basic information about the quality of power
(PQ) delivered at selected nodes through application of advance PQ monitoring technology
and the INTERNET.

ii. To provide additional facility for fault investigation and rapid restoration processes with the
availability of early warning system which could trigger nearly instantaneous alarms when
selected PQ incidents occur

iii. To facilitates the preparation of monthly or annual system performance report to regulatory
body through automated and coordinated power quality reporting.

The system-wide power quality monitoring is also known as the pro-active approach. This method of
power quality monitoring entails collecting and analyzing data in such a way that one can spot
degrading trends within the electrical supply system and make changes before actual problem occurs.
The primary function of the pro-active approach power quality monitoring is to develop baseline data
describing existing power quality levels in a system. This data defines what end-users can expect of
power quality as a function of important system design parameters such as overhead versus
underground distribution systems, lightning flash density, and total exposure of the distribution system.

• Main Author Email at ajah@tnb.com.my

 C4-106

POWER QUALITY MONITORING OF ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY SYSTEM IN

MALAYSIA

LEONG WHYE HIN* MOHD HALMI MAD DIAH AMINUDDIN MUSA

TNB TNB TNB
(Malaysia) (Malaysia) (Malaysia)

TAI FONG NG STEPHANE DO

ACEI SYEMS SDN. BHD. LEM ELSIS
(Malaysia) (Belgium)

Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) as the sole railway operator in Malaysia is
embarking on a new railway electrification project that stretches from the town of
Rawang to Ipoh City. The railway system is powered by KTMB’s in-house 25kV two-
phase supply, which primary source of supply is derived from Tenaga Nasional Berhad’s
(TNB) 132kV three-phase electrical system. Four numbers of 132kV feeder substations
are being built by TNB at Rawang, Kalumpang, Sungkai and Pengkalan as the points of
common coupling (PCC) with KTMB’s 25kV system.

This recent development is foreseen to have a considerable impact on TNB’s power

quality. This has led TNB to undertake a systematic approach in investigating and
evaluating the issue such as conducting site surveys and power system study using
computer simulations. The results of the study revealed that the simulated power quality
disturbances were within the permissible limit except for the harmonic voltage distortion,
which value was found to be exceeding the permissible level at all feeder stations
aforementioned.

Based on the findings also, TNB has taken up the necessary measure to continuously
monitor the power quality and disturbances at the PCC. This has brought about the
application of integrated disturbance and power quality recorder (IDPQR), which has the
economic and technical advantages over the typical stand alone Power Quality Recorder.

In this paper, TNB shares its experience on the approaches undertaken to investigate,
evaluate and monitor the power quality problems arising from the electrified railway
project.

Keywords: Railway – Two-phase - Power Quality – Recorder – Voltage Transducer

 C4-107

VOLTAGE DIPS AND SHORT INTERRUPTIONS – DIFFERENT STRATEGIES IN

CONTRACT FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY

Grzegorz MATUSZ, Tomasz MAJ, Zbigniew HANZELKA1, Wladyslaw LOZIAK

AGH – University of Science and Technology

(Poland)

Keywords: power quality, voltage dips, indexes of dips, power quality contract

Summary: The measuring experiment, whose purpose was the monitoring of electric power quality at
the point coupling between transmission and distribution systems, has been carried out at one of Polish
distribution companies. The measurements have been carried out for seven months in three measuring
points at the coupling of the 220 kV transmission system and 110 kV distribution system. The effect of
these measurements is a database which contains recorded events in voltage - dips, swells and supply
interruptions. The data were used for analysis of the power supply conditions at the considered points of
electric power delivery. The following effects have been investigated:

- selection of various factors which describe a voltage dip: magnitude and duration,
integral factors based on the voltage variation, factors related to the ITIC tolerance
characteristics, energy based factors, factors applied by EPRI
- selection of the reference voltage to which the measurement thresholds are referred:
nominal voltage, declared voltage, the voltage determined over a sliding time-
window; selection of the threshold values defining the start and the end of a
disturbance – a constant or variable value of the reference voltage;
- selection of phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltages
- use of various methods of the measurement results aggregation: phase aggregation,
time aggregation, location aggregation.

Tables of disturbances were created for each case, according to the UNIPEDE recommendations, with
application of weighing coefficients, separately for the supplier and the customer (the criterion of
assignment were the values of currents during the disturbance).
On the basis of the obtained data the economic implications (fines or abatements) have been
simulated for various formulations of terms and provisions of contracts for the electric power
supply. It has been established which decisions, regarding voltage dips (as detailed above), are
advantageous for the supplier or the customer.

1
hanzel@uci.agh.edu.pl
 C4-108

POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION:

COMPREHENSIVE FIELD CAMPAIGN AND LABORATORY TESTS

Dalton O. C. BRASIL * Paulo F. RIBEIRO José C. OLIVEIRA

José R. MEDEIROS Mateus D. TEIXEIRA
ONS - Brazilian ISO Calvin College Federal University of Uberlândia
Brazil USA Brazil

Summary: From the very beginning of its activities, the Brazilian Transmission ISO (ONS) has
been working to establish performance standards in the Main Transmission Network, as well as
to create necessary measures to monitor their compliance. However, due to inherent differences
in the accuracy of measuring/monitoring instrumentation, the ONS decided to conduct a
comprehensive field campaign and laboratory tests. This allowed for evaluation of the accuracy
and measurement methodology for a large number of commercially available instruments.
This paper presents the field and laboratory test results for the performance of the different
instruments that measure harmonic distortion. At the field campaign no judgment related to
accuracy or measurement methodology was conducted. All of the instruments were
simultaneously fed the same voltage signal. Instruments were tested considering two non-linear
load characteristics. The first corresponds to an arc furnace load and the second to a rectifier
load.
Besides field tests related with the harmonic distortion, lab tests include the instruments
performance evaluation regarding power quality indices such as: steady state voltage, frequency
variation, unbalance voltage, voltage fluctuation and short duration voltage variation (sag).
 C4-109
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAG PERFORMANCE OF SOME
BRAZILIAN NETWORK BUSBARS

DELMO DE MACEDO CORREIA* AND DALTON DE OLIVEIRA CAMPONÊS

DO BRASIL
ONS – OPERADOR NACIONAL DO SISTEMA ELÉTRICO NACIONAL

(BRAZIL)

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian electric energy market can be characterized as a functionally unbundled

model, what implies that generation, transport – transmission and distribution – and
energy supply and trading activities are segregated. Considering the ample institutional
experience in Brazil, ONS – the exclusive Brazilian Independent System Operator (ISO)
– with the support of ANEEL – the Brazilian Electric Energy Regulating Agency – has
been stimulating a broad debate which market players that require access to the
transmission system, government organs, universities and research centres have been
taking part in.

Regarding voltage sags and swells, it has been clearly observed that the amount of
information readily available in Brazil was not sufficient as to permit conclusions to be
safely made. For that reason, a pilot project – a measurement survey – has been initiated.

The project has foreseen the selection of survey points spread over Brazil and the
installation of measurement instruments. This project has had as its prime aim the quality
of power at the end consumer and has strived to achieve the immediate objectives of
subsidizing the definition and characterization of the phenomenon and its indices.

Additionally, by the end of the pilot monitoring program, ONS intended to be able to
establish minimum monitoring requirements such as the statistical sampling criteria, as
well as to identify a proper methodology for bus performance analysis at the transmission
voltage level.

The main results of the project have made clear that the performance of an homogeneous
family of busbars follow a log-normal statistical distribution. The paper will present the
parameters of the log-normal distribution of a collection of families, represented by
voltage class.

KEYWORDS

Power quality, Voltage sags, Transmission system

 C4-110

POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN A REGULATED ENVIRONMENT:

THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE

Robert Koch2 Pravesh Balgobind Paul Johnson Innocent Sigwebela

Eskom Enterprises NER Eskom R&S Eskom Distribution
Richard McCurrach Dharmesh Bhana John Wilson
Eskom Transmission Eskom Transmission Eskom R&S

South Africa
Summary

A comprehensive regulatory power quality standard (NRS 048) was introduced by the South African
National Electricity Regulator (NER) in 1996. Adherence to the standard has since been specified as a
basic licence condition for all distribution and transmission companies by the NER. A new edition of the
standard was published in December 2003 [4]. Modifications to the standard were based on experience
gained since its introduction, and developments in IEC 61000-4-30, EN 50160, Cigré/CIRED JWG C4-07,
and SEMI.
The indices and objectives in the NRS 048-2:2003, are generally aligned with the recommendations of the above
international technical organisations. Based on South African experience, these indices and objectives proposed by
JWG C4-07 are appropriate. The NRS dip characterisation method has also evolved, based on extensive
experience since 1996 in the monitoring and reporting of dip performance data, and of monitoring impacts on
customer plant. This characterisation method balances the need for a limited number of indices (for internal and
regulatory performance reporting) that still provide a good representation of both system characteristic
performance and customer equipment immunity.
Performance reporting plays an important role in the Eskom power quality management program, and has
also contributed substantially to the development and implementation of an improved regulatory framework
for power quality. In particular, the Eskom Operational Sustainability Index (OSI) was introduced in 1996
to monitor the long-term health and performance of the system, thereby balancing the long and short-term
objectives of the business. It is based on a scoring system where progressive score-loss occurs when the
objectives for various system indices (including environmental, safety, and power quality indices) have
been exceeded.
Through extensive consultation, a revised power quality management framework has been developed by the
NER. Experience has shown that technical standards alone are not a suitable basis for managing dips and
interruptions, as these cannot be appropriately defined in a nationally to the satisfaction of all stakeholders. A
formal quality management system that clearly defines the roles all stakeholders (the regulator, the utility, the
customer, and the equipment supplier) has therefore been specified through customer and licensee
involvement with the NER. This provides an improved management framework from the point of view of all
stakeholders. A significant technical requirement for this framework, is need for development of improved
equipment dip immunity standards and methods of characterising equipment dip performance.

Keywords: Power Quality – Regulation – Standards – Voltage Dips – Harmonics – Unbalance – Flick

2
Email: robert.koch@eskom.co.za
 C4-201

CONSIDERATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD LEVELS IN DESIGNING

TRANSMISSION LINES AND SUBSTATIONS FOR
RESIDENTIALLY CROWDED AREAS IN EGYPT

FATMA MOUSTAFA* ENAYET MOUSTAFA AHMED HAL

MOHAMED ISMAIL MONA RAAFAT FOUAD TAHER
MINISTRY OF ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY
EGYPT

This paper includes measurements of the magnetic field carried out: (1) inside four extra high voltage
substations 500/220/66 kV, (2) at the vicinity of some extra high voltage transmission lines and (3) at
residential areas close to one substation. These sites were chosen in crowded inhabited areas in Cairo
the Capital of Egypt. The purpose of the measurements is to determine the suitability of the network
design to limit the magnetic field to values less than those recommended by the International Radiation
Protection Association (IRPA) guides for magnetic field levels.
Measurements were carried out around the hour of the load flow in the transmission lines to measure the
field at the maximum current. Results showed that in some areas that the magnetic field exceeded the
IRPA permissible limits, where mitigation measures or precautions have to be applied.
The paper includes example of the design of a 220 kV substation, and a 220 kV transmission line, which
are used in the Egyptian network. Also, the paper includes the measurements taken (only the values
which exceed the limit) and the comments and recommendation to manage the subject.
Results showed that:
1-Measurements of Magnetic field levels inside four High Voltage Substations (500 & 220 kV)
and at the Vicinity of three HV Transmission Lines (500 & 220 kV) in Cairo proved that the
design of these installations are suitable for this purpose and conform with the requirements of IRPA.
2-The Egyptian Law for Right of Way Width is quite sufficient to protect the citizens from the
magnetic field health hazards go through the surface of the ground.
3- High values of Magnetic field exist at the points of where underground cables. Instructions
were given to the substation managers to prevent the approach of any personnel to these points.

*Dr. Fatma Ahmad Moustafa

Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 11517- Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: fatmostafa@hotmail.com
 C4-202

Electric Field Induced Voltages on Metallic Storage Tanks Near HV

Transmission Lines

R.M.RADWAN* R.Y.AMER A.M.EMAM

Cairo University

(Egypt)

Metallic cylindrical and spherical tanks are largely used to reserve fuel (petrol and natural gas). In
many cases, these tanks are installed near high voltage power lines. Hence an induced voltage due to
their electric field appears on these tanks if they are insulated from the earth or when earth connectors
are disconnected or during installations. These voltages may cause hazards for personnel and
maintenance crews. In this paper it is intended to compute the electric field induced voltages on
spherical and cylindrical tanks near the 500kV and 220kV Egyptian transmission lines using the
charge simulation method. Models of charges are introduced to represent the induced surface charges
on these tanks due to the electric field. The effect of conductors’ height, tank radius, distance from the
center line, phase sequence of the double circuit transmission line and height of the tank above
ground on the induced voltages is investigated. A laboratory model is built to verify some of the
results. The charge simulation method is used to compute the electric field induced voltages on
metallic tanks near the 500 and 220 kV Egyptian T.L. The surface charge on each sub-conductor is
simulated by a discrete line charges located at the center of the sub-conductor. Each section is
assumed to have unknown uniform charge density. The surface charges on each ground wire are
simulated in the same way as the charge on phase conductors. In this work the cylindrical tank is
assumed to have a flat cover. The surface charges on the side wall of the tank are represented by
unknown point charges distributed along the circumferences of rings parallel to ground inside the
tank. These rings have the same radius and uniformly distributed along the height of the tank. The
surface charges on the bottom of the tank are represented by unknown point charges distributed along
circumferences of concentric rings parallel to ground inside the tank and have the same height from
the ground. The surface charges over the cover of the tank are represented by the same way as the
bottom but the rings in this case have another height from the ground. In order to determine the
simulating charges, a system of equations is formulated verifying the boundary conditions. The
number of simulating point charges and their locations are chosen such that the voltage variations
around the surface of the tank are very small, less than 0.7%. It is noticed from the results that the
computed tanks’ voltage decreases with increasing the distance between them and the transmission
line while it increases with increasing their height above ground level. It is also noticed that the
computed tank’s voltage does not change appreciably with conductors’ heights at large distances from
the transmission line. It is also seen that the tank’s voltage increases with increasing its radius for
spherical tanks, while it slightly decreases for cylindrical tanks. The maximum tank voltage for the
double circuit transmission line occurs when the two circuits of the transmission line have the same
sequence. The experimental model results show that the computed tank’s voltage due to electric effect
agrees with the measured values with a maximum error of 25%.

*Roshdy Radwan - Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University - Email:aemam55@hotmail.com

 C4-203

OVERHEAD POWER LINES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ADVANCED DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAMS
INCLUDING MAGNETIC FIELD ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL TOOLS

R. CONTI*, N. FANELLI R. CARLETTI, A. GIORGI, R.

RENDINA
CESI S.P.A. TERNA S.P.A.

(ITALY)

summary
After a brief description of the software suitably developed to assist the designer of power
lines in properly selecting line routes, tower types, span lengths etc., the paper illustrates
the main features of a new design tool specifically developed for the assessment of the
magnetic field generated by the overhead lines under consideration, as a function of the
selected design parameters and in the real geographical environment.
The relevant computer program is based on an accurate model (which takes into account
both the three-dimensional structures of the power lines and the land altimetry) and offers
interesting and useful graphical options for output representation. In particular, the results
of calculation, carried out by conventional numerical integration of the Biot-Savart law,
can be displayed as 2D planar representations or 3D projections of magnetic field
contours, superimposed to territory evidences (buildings, etc.).
Such a tool is particularly useful whenever constraints possibly deriving from
prescriptions on human exposure to magnetic fields must be taken into account. In fact
the designer can evaluate, in real time, the effects of his design options on the magnetic
field levels and, if necessary, take corrective measures. In addition, the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of new power lines may take advantage from a
thorough analysis of the associated magnetic fields.

Keywords: Magnetic fields, Overhead lines, Design, Power transmission, Environmental

Impact Assessment.

* Renato Conti, e-mail: rconti@cesi.it xviii

 C4-204

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF LOW FREQUENCY RADIATED

DISTURBANCES IN AIR-INSULATED SUBSTATIONS

M. COSTEA *, D. CRISTESCU
University Politehnica of Bucharest
(Romania)

In a substation, not only power frequency but also higher harmonic radiated fields occur because of
non-sinusoidal curves of currents or voltages. The interest in assessment of radiated disturbances at
higher frequencies is justified because induced voltages or currents are directly proportional with the
frequency. The monitored substation has three voltage levels (400/110/20 kV) and it’s an air-insulated
one for 400 kV and 110 kV. In the 400 kV substation, measurements have been performed mainly on
the access paths and also in some other locations as control room, a relay room, nearby manual actuator
of disconnectors, above cable trays. In the 110 kV substation, measurements were performed only on a
representative access path, crossed by the connexions from the power transformers to the 110 kV bus
bars and nearby the compensating coils. At power frequency both electric and magnetic field were
measured. At higher frequencies, up to 350 Hz, only magnetic field was measured. Measurements have
been performed using an EFA-300 type low frequency EM field analyzer, 5 Hz ... 32 kHz range.
Magnetic field measurements have been performed using a built-in probe (in the basic unit) and electric
field using the external probe connected via fiber optic cable at the basic unit. All the measurements
(except those on cable tray) were performed with the probes at 1 m above ground level. For power
frequency and harmonics the “pass band” option was used. The maximum r.m.s. 3-dimensional
(isotropic) values have been recorded. Because of present-day reduced energy demand, the measured
electric field strength was maximal (voltages were in the upper limit) and magnetic field strength was
minimal. In the entire substation maximum-recorded electric field strength at first harmonic was
8.7 kV/m while maximum magnetic field strength was 14.3 A/m. If rated currents will flow, the
magnetic field strength will multiply by 1.6 ... 3.3 because of ratio between these and actual currents. In
400 kV substation, the maximum values of 3-rd and 5-th harmonic magnetic fields, at existing flow
currents, were generally under 5 % of the first harmonic, but in certain areas of explored paths can
exceed 10 % . Absolute values of harmonic magnetic fields strength were greater in 110 kV substation
comparing with corresponding values recorded in 400 kV substation, for equal to or smaller than first
harmonic values. On the explored access path, the 5-th harmonic was greatest, because of insulated
neutral of 110/20 kV power transformer connected at bus bar and represent 6.38 % of the first
harmonic. Nearby the monophase compensating coils 3-rd harmonic was greatest (8.5 % of the first)
and odd harmonic values exceed even ones.
Keywords
Radiated Disturbance-Electromagnetic Environment-Substation-Harmonic- Electric Field-
Magnetic Field

*
costea@el.poweng.pub.ro

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-205

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN UTILITY SYSTEMS

A. XÉMARD1 P. Y. VALENTIN J. MAHSEREJIAN* G. JOÓS

B. BRESSAC A. COUTU**
Electricité de France RTE *Hydro-Québec IREQ CEA Technologies
R&D Gestionnaire du Réseau **Hydro-Québec Inc.
France de Transport TransÉnergie Canada
d’Electricité Canada
France

Summary

This paper proposes an advanced modeling tool for studying disturbed systems through
electromagnetic coupling. The proposed approach is based on applying the computational
engine of an EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) type tool. It is based on
splitting the coupled systems into sections. The sections are first transformed into
equivalent “PI-exact” section models obtained in EMTP from the wave equations. Then
the frequency domain computation option provides the steady-state solution for an
arbitrary number of coupling wires. Fundamental frequency currents and voltages can be
observed for arbitrary network topologies and can include detailed modeling of all
interfering components. The EMTP harmonic steady-state solution and ultimately the
time-domain simulation, can be also used to calculate non-fundamental frequency
waveforms.
The paper emphasizes the importance of detailed representation of the power system
under study for a correct accounting of the fault current return path. An example of
coupling between an underground cable and a telecommunication cable demonstrates a
significant increase in the induced voltage in relation to the fault location on the
disturbing system. Other aspects, such as the influence of the coating of disturbed
pipelines are emphasized through numerical examples.
The proposed approach allows automating study tasks, such as the determination of the
fault originating into the most severe stresses due to induced coupling. Different
grounding configurations can be automatically analyzed for minimizing the stress on a
disturbed system.
The proposed approach provides to design engineers with a structured and validated
framework for the computation of induced voltages and significantly enhances the
accuracy of the results and the nature of the studies that can be performed.

Keywords: Electromagnetic compatibility – Resistive, inductive and capacitive coupling

– Electromagnetic Transients Program

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-301

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TRANSFERRED SURGES IN MV

TRANSFORMERS FROM HV/LV

HERMOSO B.*, AGUADO M., SENOSIAIN V., MARTÍNEZ CID P.M.

UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DE NAVARRA IBERDROLA
(Spain)

SUMMARY

In MV lines the lightning produces overvoltages by direct action on line conductors or by

induced overvoltages. In both cases, if the surge voltage resultant is lower than the line
BIL, a surge wave is produced and travels by the line arriving, in many cases to the
MV/LV transformers. These transformers allow the path of the surge from the HV side to
the LV side by different coupling mechanisms (capacitive, oscillatory, and
electromagnetic) and finally the LV installations are the victims for this kind of
overvoltages.

For utilities and customers, the mathematical evaluation of these transformers transferred
overvoltages is difficult due to the nature of the couplings mechanisms and the internal
structures of transformers, different for every manufacturer. According with the standard
EN 60071-2, Annexe E is easier to obtain the value of the transferred overvoltage in
transformers, using a recurrent surge generator. Following these recommendations,
different distributions transformers have been tested, from 25 kVA to 1250 kVA, from
different manufacturers and structures, supplying with the generator in the HV side with a
1,2/50µs wave shape, and measuring the response in the LV side both, in p.u of the
entrance value, and the frequency response

From the results obtained in the tests describe above and considering the CIGRE model
for coupling mechanism transformer simulation it has been formulated a simple
transformer model that it allows knowing the transferred surge at low side.

Keywords: Lightning - Insulation Coordination-Overvoltages-Transformers

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-302

Lightning Studies of Transmission Lines Using the EMTP

J.A. Martinez-Velasco ∗, F. Castro-Aranda P. Martin-Muñoz

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Red Eléctrica de España
Spain

Insulation design of power equipment is based on the frequency of occurrence of a specific event,
the overvoltage probability distribution corresponding to this event, and the failure probability of
the insulation. The lightning performance of an overhead line can be measured by the flashover
rate, usually expressed as the number of flashovers per 100 km and year. Due to the random
nature of lightning, an accurate evaluation of the lightning performance must be based on a
statistical approach. A Monte Carlo simulation is the most usual method for this purpose.
Transmission lines are usually shielded by one or several wires; therefore, lightning overvoltages
can be caused by strokes to either a shield wire or a phase conductor. The first type of stroke can
produce a flashover if the backflash overvoltage exceeds the insulator strength. Overvoltages
caused by a shielding failure, that is, by a stroke to a phase conductor, are more dangerous, but
their frequency is usually very low due to the shielding provided by sky wires. Overvoltages
induced by strokes to ground are neglected.
The Flashover Rate of a transmission line can be therefore divided into the Backflashover Rate
(BFOR) and the Shielding Failure Flashover Rate (SFFOR). To obtain these two quantities it is
required a model to discriminate between strokes to shield wires from those to phase conductors
and those to ground, and a tool to calculate lightning overvoltages caused by strokes to any type
of conductor.
A Monte Carlo procedure to deduce the lightning performance of a transmission line consists of
the following steps: generation of random numbers to obtain those parameters of the lightning
stroke and the overhead line of random nature; application of a model to deduce the point of
impact of every lightning stroke; calculation of the overvoltage generated by each stroke;
calculation of the flashover rate.
This paper presents a procedure for determining the lightning flashover rate of an overhead
transmission line using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) capabilities.
The document presents also a parametric study aimed at determining the relationship between the
lightning flashover rate of a transmission line and some parameters of the return stroke and the
transmission line. A summary on modelling guidelines for representing transmission lines in
lightning overvoltage calculations and an introduction to lightning return-stroke parameters are
also included.

Keywords: Overvoltage – Lightning – Modelling – Monte Carlo Method – ATP/EMTP.

∗
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (martinez@ee.upc.es)

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-303
Lightning-Induced Voltages on Overhead Distribution Lines: Theoretical and
Experimental Investigation of related Problems and their Impact on Power Quality

C.A. Nucci*, A. Borghetti, M. Bernardi, S. Malgarotti, F. Rachidi

M. Paolone, P. Boselli I. Mastandrea
Swiss Federal Institute of
University of Bologna CESI Technology
(Italy) (Italy) (Switzerland)

As known voltage sags/dips are one of the major concerns in modern power distribution systems
equipped with an increasing number of sensitive power apparatus. Recent studies have been
focused on the source-identification of such kind of voltage disturbances, which can be originated
by several causes. There is some evidence, however, that in electrical systems located in regions
characterized by a high isokeraunic level, voltage dips are more frequent during thunderstorms. In
the case of indirect lightning, these voltage dips are due to the occurrence of short circuits and are
associated with the intervention of the protection devices of the power distribution systems
subsequent to the phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase flashovers generated by lightning-induced
voltages.
This paper proposes a methodology aimed at correlating indirect-lightning events with power
systems relay operations. The methodology is based on the coordinated use of data provided by
lightning location systems (able to detect lightning location and to estimate lightning current
amplitude), data provided by monitoring systems of relay operations, and results of advanced
simulation tool for accurate modelling of lightning–induced voltages on complex power networks.
The developed correlation procedure is applied to the case of a real Italian distribution system
making use of data coming from the Italian lightning location system CESI-SIRF, data from the
Italian monitoring system of relay operations CESI-SAM (installed on the distribution systems
under study) and results obtained using the LIOV-EMTP code, a computer code developed with
the framework of an international research cooperation (involving the University of Bologna, the
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Lausanne), the University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ and
CESI.
Possible inaccuracies of the proposed procedure are discussed and need for further research is
emphasized. In particular, uncertainties on lightning current amplitudes and on stroke locations,
together with possible inaccuracies in the estimation of the lightning-induced voltages, are the
factors which need the future largest research efforts.
The LIOV-EMTP code is also employed, along with a statistical procedure based on the Monte
Carlo method, to carry out a statistical analysis aimed at assessing the lightning performance of a
typical Italian distribution line. The analysis takes into account the presence of ground losses in
the calculation of the lightning electromagnetic field, as well as the presence of protection devices,
such as surge arresters. The ground resistivity is shown to produce a worsening of the lightning
performance of the distribution line. Significant improvements can be obtained using surge
arresters with a spacing of 150÷300 m from each other.

*
University of Bologna, Department of Electrical Engineering, via Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna,
Italy, carloalberto.nucci@unibo.it

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-304
Statistics of lightning occurrence and lightning current’s
parameters obtained through lightning location systems –
comparison with classical data
Ileana Baran1 , D. Cristescu1, C. Gary2, A. Voron3, G. Berger4
1
University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania,
2
Electricité de France, Paris, France
3
Météorage, France
4
Supelec, France

The paper presents some of the first results issued from the statistical analysis conducted
upon a large sample of lightning data collected by the French Lightning Detection and
Location Network during the entire year 1999. The parameters are discussed under two
main groupings: (a) parameters of incidence (proportion of cloud to ground flashes in the
total number of discharges, polarity, incidence and characteristics of multiple stroke
flashes), (b) the crest value of stroke current. Comparisons are made, with the
corresponding "classical" parameters related to the lightning ground flashes incidence and
current.
Among the main results we mention:
Number of CG-flashes in a storm, NCG. The fitted distribution is a bi-parametric Weibull with b-scale
parameter (387 CG flashes) and c-shape parameter (0.551). The mean value equals 657 CG-flashes/storm,
and with 1% probability a storm developing in the observed region can produce over 6184 CG-flashes
(about 10 times the scale parameter). The proportion of CG-flashes exhibits a great variability, which
cannot be explained only by a seasonal trend.
Polarity of CG-flashes. The overall mean value of the proportion is 6.9% positive
CG-flashes to be compared with 11.4%, the overall mean value for 3226 CG downward
flashes observed in different geographical regions.
Incidence of single stroke CG-flashes. For the data analyzed in the present paper, the
proportion of single CG-flashes the resulting overall mean value of the proportion is
56.3 %.
Distribution of the number of strokes per flash. The number of strokes per flash (NSF), can be considered
as a random variable of the discrete type following a geometric distribution. Empirical and theoretical CDF
are represented in figure 2 together with the “classical” distribution.
Crest value of stroke current The present analyze covers the following groups of data: single strokes, first
and subsequent strokes in multiple negative flashes. For the single strokes and the first stroke in multiple
negative flashes, empirical distributions are considered together with three theoretical representations: the
so-called CIGRE-and IEEE- approximations and a distribution resulting through mixing two elementary
log-normal distributions. Maximum likelihood and robust estimations were computed for all the empirical
distributions.
Keywords: lightning current, detection systems

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-305

LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF POLE-MOUNTED TRANSFORMER

ON JAPANESE MV LINES

M. Ishii* S. Yokoyama Y. Imai Y. Hongo

The University of Tokyo CRIEPI TEPCO Tohoku EPCO

H. Sugimoto Y. Morooka
Hokuriku EPCO Kyushu EPCO
(Japan)

In Japan, there are extensively developed networks of 6.6 kV overhead distribution lines with
covered conductors, and their neutrals are not grounded. The number of lightning failures on these MV
lines was remarkably reduced by the continuous efforts paid by Japanese electric power companies;
however, proportion of the failures of pole-mounted transformers increased in the middle of ’80s
among the total lightning failures. Although the absolute numbers of failures of pole-mounted
transformers are not so large, the impact of their failures on power quality is significant.
Since 1985, several Japanese electric power companies have adopted lightning protection measures
dedicated for the safeguarding of pole-mounted transformers on overhead power distribution lines, in
addition to the conventional method of installing surge arresters. Two methods are now employed
widely in Japan for the protection of pole-mounted transformers: (1) installation of zinc-oxide elements
inside of a pole-mounted transformer, (2) installation of metal-oxide surge arresters inside of a primary
cutout. Increase of such new-type surge protective devices has resulted in remarkable decrease of
lightning damages of pole-mounted transformers.
Installation of zinc-oxide elements inside of pole-mounted transformers has eliminated lightning
damages, though installation of surge arresters inside of primary cutouts has not eliminated lightning
damages of transformers completely. Tear-down analysis of damaged transformers revealed that most
of the failures occurred as punctures between coils or between turns at the ends of primary windings of
transformers protected by the new-type primary cutouts. The likely cause of this experience turned out
to be concentration of invading steep overvoltages on the end part of the primary winding of a pole-
mounted transformer.
Installation of primary cutouts with built-in surge arresters is quite effective in improving lightning
performance of pole-mounted transformers without modifying their design. It prevents flashovers at
transformer bushings; however, ends of the primary winding of transformers protected by the new-type
primary cutouts were occasionally damaged. A better lightning protective measure against the failures
on the primary winding may be installation of zinc-oxide elements inside of a pole-mounted
transformer. This measure also suppresses flashovers at bushings.

Keywords: pole-mounted transformer - MV lines - surge arrester - lightning protection

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-306
HIGH FREQUENCY GROUNDING PERFORMANCE OF METAL
SHEATHED DISTRIBUTION CABLES

L. GRCEV* A. P. J. VAN DEURSEN

ST. CYRIL AND METHODIUS EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY

(Macedonia) (The Netherlands)

Power systems often use coated and/or uncoated metallic sheathed cables for medium and low
voltage distribution. The metallic sheaths of such cables are connected to the grounding systems
and may have significant grounding effects. In case of uncoated metallic sheathed cables they act
as extended grounding electrodes while coated cables connect different grounding systems at
transformer stations and customer premises. This usually improves the grounding conditions at
the source transformer station but potentially dangerous voltages might be transferred to other
locations. Such effects are well understood for 50/60 Hz but high frequency analysis is also of
interest, for example in lightning protection, EMC, telecommunications, and power quality
studies. This paper presents simulation based parametric analysis that reveals trends in the
frequency dependent grounding performance of metal-sheathed distribution cables. A practical
case in a rural environment is also analyzed.
The following conclusions may be drawn:
Metallic sheathed cables bonded to grounding systems tend to carry away the most of the
lightning or fault current injected in the grounding system at low frequencies, while the most of
the current is discharged through the grounding system at high frequencies. The same conclusion
in time domain is that the most of the current is discharged through the grounding system in the
first moments of the pulse but later the cables carry the most of the current away.
Frequency dependent grounding performance of bare and coated metallic sheathed cables may be
considered in two parts: frequency independent part at low frequencies, characterized by
dominant grounding performance and frequency dependent part at high frequencies characterized
by decreasing performance with the frequency rise.
The key parameter is the switch frequency between the low and high frequency parts, so called
‘characteristic frequency’. It is higher for low conductive soil and shorter cables and it does not
depend on the coating.
While longer bare cables might perform the same as shorter ones, longer coated cables might
perform much worse than shorter ones, especially in high conductive soil.
Soil ionization effects related to high intensity lightning currents that are neglected in this study
might significantly improve performance of the grounding system alone, but will not change the
conclusion that the bonded cables will tend to carry away the most of the current at low
frequencies or in other words after the first moments of the lightning pulse.

* Elektrotehnicki fakultet, Karpos II bb, P.O. Box 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; E-mail: Leonid.Grcev@ieee.org
 C4-401

Pollution measurement based on DDG method for different types of insulator profile

M.R.Shariati*, A.R.Moradian, M.R.Ghaemi, M.Oskouee

A.Omidvarinia B.Masoudi

Niroo Research Institute (N.R.I)

Khuzestan D.E.C TAVANIR

IRAN

Insulator – Directional Dust Gauge – Site Pollution Severity

Leakage Current – ESDD –NSDD

Abstract

Iranian southern providences are one of the severe environmental conditions based on DIN
50019 and its large temperature fluctuations and condensation phenomenon, resulting in dew,
worsening the situation for T&D network. In order to overcome these condition and
determining insulator maintenance intervals, we measure site pollution severity by ESDD and
NSDD parameters at 3-monthly periods.
We put an online leakage current monitoring system for evaluating of leakage current
of polluted insulators in daily & monthly periods.
The other method for measuring of pollution in parallel of mentioned method was
DDG that help us develop a simple and passive method for measuring pollution in the
other areas.
The mentioned method conducts us to how we can measure the site severity and
develop our measurement for all of Iran.
Measuring of ESDD and NSDD on 5 types of insulators and comparing of the result
with LCM and DDG methods shows we can define a correction factor based on profile of
insulator for measuring of site severity on DDG method, so in this paper we introduce a
correction factor based on profile of insulator.
 C4-402

The Field Test and Computer Simulation on the Inrush Current and Circulating
Current of KEPCO's 765 kV Transformer

E. B. Shim* J. W. Woo G. J. Jung

KOREA ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Korea)

SUMMARY

This paper describes the digital simulation and field test result of inrush current for the
KEPCO's 765 kV transformer, which consists of 2 tanks in one phase, 666.7 MVA per
phase. The peak inrush current histogram shows that the most of the cases are between
200 and 250 amperes, when the transformer was switched on from the primary side(765
kV), and the peak current was decayed as an half after the 7 second approximately. When
the voltage was applied from the secondary side(345 kV), the peak current was between
250 and 350 amperes. During the tap changing operation, the circulation peak current
between left and right tank of transformer at tertiary winding was appeared up to 500
amperes, which forced to operate the current balancing relay. The field test result of
circulation current at each tap shows up to 700 amperes in worst case which is little bit
higher than that of simulation case. In the EMTP simulation, the circulating peak current
was less than 50 amperes after dividing the current limiting reactor by two circuits. For
the proper setting of relay protection schemes, the short circuit current between windings
also measured and calculated.

Key words

Transformer, Inrush Current, EMTP, Circulating Current, Current Limiting Reactor

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