Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STUDY GUIDE
YEAR: 2018
Definitions ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Indices ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 - 9
Directed Numbers……………………………………………………………………………….. 24 - 30
Fractions ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 - 36
Decimals ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 - 48
Percentages ………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 - 56
References ………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
This is a study guide consists of self-taught notes and activities compiled to enhance the students’
competency level in numeracy whilst studying at the University of Goroka.
This study guide is written in a simple language (English) and it is user friendly which means the
students can use it to read and complete the activities in their own time. The answers to the activi-
ties are inserted at the back of this booklet so the students can always check their answers.
Students are required to complete the activities in this study guide before attempting their self-test 1
and 2 for submission for assessment. The self-test 1 & 2 should be collected from the students’
server and completed by the students.
3. Positive number –are all numbers whose value is greater than zero. Example; 5, 6, 7,
256 etc… they are come without a sign or with a positive sign.
4. Negative numbers are numbers that have value less than zero. Example; -2, -4, -23. -25etc…
They come with negative sign.
5. Integers –are whole numbers including the negative and positive numbers. Example; -3, -2, - 1,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc..
6. Directed numbers –are numbers that have negative or positive sign attached to them. Example;
-15, -105, +205, +305 .etc…
Different numbers are always combined with various Maths operations ,,, as well as the
symbols. When this happens, a definite sequence must be followed when doing your calculations.
If brackets are used in the sequence, the content of the bracket must be evaluate first be-
fore performing other operations
The operation involving the powers should be after the brackets.
Then Multiplication and Division should be performed.
Lastly, addition and subtraction.
B – Brackets
O – Of means multiplication (x)
D – Division
M –Multiplication
A – Addition
S - Subtraction
Example 1. 2 7 4 2 11 22
Example 2. 2 3 23 4 2 4
Example 1. 24 + 0 = 24
Example 1. 3 1 3
Example 1. 2 0 0
Example 2. 3400 0 0
Example 1. 0 24 0
Example 2. 0 2455 0
START
STOP
Activity 2. Write down the terms denoted by the question marks in the following sequences:
A) 0, 2, 4, ?, ?, 10,12,14 …
B) 3, 8, ?, 18, ?, 28, 33 ….
F) 2, 6, ? , 54, 162, ….
A) 7 43
B) 5 4 3 6 5
C) 3 6 3 2
D) 10 12 6 38 3
E) 3 12 4 15 3
F) 36 4 36 6
G) 4 2 8 12 3
I) 11 12 4 3 6 2
J) 15 4 1 9 3 74 3
K) 25 5 315 3 34 2 26
L) 11 12 4 3 6 2
M) 17 2 5 3
N) 5 4 12 3 7
O) 5 32 4 3 6 67 35
Rounding off numbers is a mathematical process that helps us to make estimation of our exact re-
sult.
1. 76 2. 34 3. 56 4. 96
5. 85
Activity 5. Round off the following numbers to the nearest number of hundred.
5. 349
It is important to realise what is meant by an answer given to so many decimal places. It is the
numbers after the decimal points that give the number of decimal places.
For example;
Take note the zero are necessary therefore, they must be kept
Activity 7. Round off the following numbers to the number of decimal places as required.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
2. Zero must be kept to show the position of the decimal point or to indicate that zero is signif-
icant figure.
A) The exchange rate at the overseas section of BSP was 0.445. If Peter wants to change
$ 2500 to Papua New Guinea Kina, what should be the amount he will get to the near-
est kina?
20
B) Convert the fraction into a decimal number correct to 3 significant figures.
24
DEFINITIONS
1. SUM OR TOTAL – is the result obtained by adding numbers. For example; 4+2+5 = 11. The
order of numbers placed with the addition sign is not important.
2. DIFFERENCE – is the result obtained by subtracting a smaller number from a bigger number.
Example; 15- 10 = 5. The order of number are very important because 10-15 = -5 is not the
same as 15-10 = 5.
3. PRODUCT – is the result obtained from multiplying two or more numbers. Example; 9 x 10 =
90 or 10 x 10 x1 = 100. The order of the numbers is not important.
5. SEQUENCES – is a set of numbers connected by some definite law. Each number in the se-
quence is called a term in the sequence.
INDICES
Index means power. In maths we can use power or indices to represent multiplication of certain
base.
23 8
3 is called the index or power (or exponent) because it indicates the power to which the
base 2 is raised.
a m a n a mn
33 3 4 35 33 4 5 312
a m a n a mn
24 22 22
b 3 4
b 34 b 12
5 2 2
5 22 5 4 625
1 1
2 2
22 4
5. To find the nth root of a quantity divide the index of the quantity by
n.
m
n
bm b n
2
5
a2 a 5
x0 1
12 0 1
3950 1
1 1 1
2 4
2 4
2 2 2 2 16
1
4
Example 2. What is the value of 81 ?
1 1 1 1
4
81 4 81 3 or 814 34
4 4 3 4
31 3
84 23 4
2 34 212
2 x 3 3 x 15
125 5 , 3
2 x 3 x 15 3
2 x 3 3 x 5
5 (5 ) then equate the power because of same base x 12
5 2 x 3 5 3 x 15 x 12
1 1
x 12
C) a 2
m7 3
A) C 2 C 5 B)
m4
3
a2 a4 a5 b2
D) E) 4 F) 5a bc
3 4 2
a3 a6 c
G) p 3 q 2 as fraction.
D) 1250 E) 5 3 F) 122 3 2
FACTORS
A number is a factor of another number if it divides that number exactly without any reminder.
For example; 45 is divisible by 9, therefore 9 is a factor of 45. Other factors of 45 are 1, 5, 9, and 45
since all these numbers divides 45 without leaving any reminders.
Prime numbers are numbers that have only two factors, 1 and the number itself.
2, 3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29, etc..
(You will notice that all the prime numbers are odd numbers
With the exception of 2 which is an even number)
It is important that one should learn all the prime numbers up to 100.
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 9
A factor which is a prime number is called a prime factor.
In a statement 63 3 21, 3 is a prime factor of 63 but 21 is not a prime factor of 63 since it equals
3 7
1. Tree diagram
54
2 x 27
3 x 9
3 x 3
3
Hence the prime factor of 54 = 2 3 3 3 2 3
2 420
2 210
3 105
5 35
7 7
1
2
Hence the prime factors of 420 = 2 2 3 5 7 2 3 5 7
A) 9 is the factor of some of the following numbers. Which of the following numbers are
divisable by 9.
(i) 27
(ii) 35
(iii) 36
(iv) 16
(v) 81
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
F) Using the table method wok out the prime Factors of 720.
G) Using the tree method find the prime factors of 60 and write them in product form.
MULTIPLES
Numbers which are divisible by a second number are said to be the multiples of this second num-
ber.
For example, 63 is said to be a multiple of 3, 7, 9 and 21 because each of these numbers can divide
63 exactly with leaving any reminders. In addition, 20, 28, 60, 64 and 100 are all multiple of 2
because 2 can divide these numbers exactly.
Highest common factor (HCF) is used when making comparison of factors of two or more numbers.
It must be the only factor that is highest and it must be common for both numbers.
The common factors for both numbers are 1 and 5. However, the highest factor is 5 for both num-
bers.
Example 2. Find the HCF of 42, 98 and 112. Work out the prime factors for each numbers
42 = 2 3 7
98 = 2 7 7 2 7 2
112 = 2 2 2 2 7 2 4 7
We see that only 2 and 7 are factors of all the three numbers. Hence HCF of 42, 98, 122 = 2 7 14
The lowest common multiple is used to compare the multiples of two or more numbers.
The LCM of two or more numbers is a common multiple and must be the lowest multiple.
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 12
Example 1. Find the LCM of 3 and 4 .
The multiples of 3 are; 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, etc…
The multiples of 4 are; 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, etc…
The common multiples are; 12, 24, and 36. However, the lowest number is 12. Hence, the
LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.
Example 2. Find the LCM of 4, 10 and 12.List down all the prime factors of the numbers
4 2 2 22
10 2 5
12 2 2 3 2 2 3
The LCM is the product of the highest power of each prime factor. Therefore; LCM
2 2 3 5 60
The LCM for 4, 10 and 12 is 60.
(i) 24 and 36
(ii) 8 and 12
(iii) 2, 8 and 10
(i) 8 and 12
(ii) 20 and 32
C) Write down all the factors of 35 and 60. Hence find the common factors and write down the
HCF of 35 and 60.
D) Write down all the multiples of 6 and 10 less than 61. Find the common multiples and hence
write down the LCM of 6 and 10.
E) Find the sum of the following by finding the LCM of the denominators.
1 2 2
4 5 8
NEGATIVE FACTORS
Negative factors are also considered when finding prime factors of a number. If we consider the
number 10. Since 10 = 2 × 5, 2 and 5 are the prime factors of 10. However, -2 and -5 are also
prime factor of 10 because when we multiply them we still have our product as 10.
For brevity we can write; the prime factors of 10 are ±2 and ±5.
36
2 18
2 9
3 3
2 2
Therefore the prime factors are 2 3
Q.1 Write down all the positive and negative prime factors.
A) -18 D) -124
B) 12
C) 64
Q.2 Two neon lights are turned on at the same time. One blinks every 4 seconds and the other blink
every 6 seconds, how many times will they blink at the same time?
Q.3 The table below shows the number of students in a school choir.
Students Number
Girls 48
Boys 64
The choir teacher plans to arrange the students in equal rows. Only girls or boys will be in each
row. What is the greatest number of students that could be in each row?
Q.4 Explain the difference between listing the factors of a number and listing the multiples of a
number?
Q.5 Boxes that are 12 metres tall are being stacked next to that are 18 metres tall. What is the
shortest height at which the two stacks will be the same height?
Q.6 Hot dogs come in packages of 8. Hot dog buns come in packages of 12. If Grace wants to have
enough to serve 24 people and have none left over, how many packages of hot dogs and hot dog
buns should she purchase?
Measurement
“Measurement” is the act of identifying or determining the size, length, mass, area, volume, ca-
pacity, time etc … of certain items.
When measuring the above quantities, standard units are used from the metric system. The table
indicate each quantity and the standard unit that used to measure it.
CONVERSION OF UNITS
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Area
4. Volume
6. Time
7. Temperature
To convert a smaller to a bigger unit, we move the decimal point to the left. In other words we
divide.
To convert a bigger unit to smaller unit, we move the decimal point to right. In other words we
multiply.
879
879cm 8.79m
100
E) 36.31 m to cm F) 318.84 to ml
3. How many doses of 5 millilitres can be obtained from a medicine bottle holding half a
litre?
4. How many packets of tea each containing 120g can be made up from a tea chest con-
taining 60kg of tea?
It is a good idea to understand some basic equivalents between the U.S customary system and the
metric system.
2. 1mile =1.6 km (so 1km =0.6 mile a little over half a mile.)
E) 6 inches to ___________ cm
1. Calculate the perimeters and area of a rectangle field with the length of 500m and a width of
250m. Express your answers in hectares?
2.
Calculate the total area of the shape shown. Round off your
answer in centimetres to 3 significant figures.
8m
4m
4.
5. The perimeter of a rectangular park is 2500m. If the length is 10 times more than the width;
6. Complete the table below by using the US measurement and metric system.
NUMBER LINE
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +3 +4 +5 +6
+2
The numbers towards the left of the The numbers towards the right of
number line are negative numbers the number are positive num-
ADDITION OF DIRECT NUMBERS bers.
RULE 1. To add two numbers with the same Direction add their numerical values and
give the answer the common sign.
Example1. a) +3 + +5 = +8 b) ˉ 4 + ˉ 2 = ˉ 6
RULE 2. To add two numbers with the opposite signs or directions, subtract the smaller
number from the larger number (ignoring the signs) and the answer the direction
or the sign of the larger number.
Activity 1.
Question 1. Using the concept of number line do the following additions (show your work us-
ing the number line.)
a) 3 + 4 = b) -2 + 7 =
c) 10 + -9 = d) -4 + -6 =
e) -4 + - 6 =
a) +4 + +3 = b) ˉ3 + ˉ7 =
c) ˉ5 + ˉ1 = d) + 6 + + 2 =
g) ˉ 10 + ˉ 22 h) + 54 + + 32 =
i) ˉ27 + ˉ67 = j) + 20 + + 34 =
Question 3 Use Rule 2, calculate the sum of the following Directed Numbers.
a) ˉ3 + +4 = b) ˉ8 + +5 =
c) 12 + ˉ19 d) +27 + ˉ 11 =
e) 12 + ˉ 19 = f) ˉ23 + 11.8 =
g) ˉ5 + 25 = h) +4.1 + ˉ18.64 =
STEPS:
a) ˉ6- +3 = b) +8 - 12 =
c) ˉ14 - 18 = d) ˉ 16 – 5 =
i) ˉ 29 - ˉ 14 = j) 33 – 18 =
RULE 4. The product of the Direct Numbers with the same sign of the same Direction is POS-
TIVE.
+ × + = + answer
- × - = + answer
The product of two Directed Numbers with opposite signs or Direction is NEGA-
TIVE.
- × + = - answer
+ × - = - answer
Example 1. a) +2 × +3 = +6 b) ˉ3 × ˉ6 = +18
c) ˉ2 × 3 = ˉ6 d) ˉ3 × +6 = -18
+ ÷ + = + answer
- ÷ - = + answer
The quotient of two Directed Numbers with the opposite signs or direction is NEGA-
TIVE
- ÷ + = - answer
+ ÷ - = - answer
Activity 3
a) +4 × +3 = b) ˉ5 × ˉ 4 =
c) ˉ24 × ˉ3 = d) +12 × + 2 =
e) ˉ16 × ˉ3 = f) + 20 × +6 =
g) ˉ30 × ˉ3 = h) + 15 ÷ +3 =
i) ˉ50 ÷ ˉ 10 = j) +24 ÷ + 3 =
Step 2 - Solve anything that contains an exponent (a power – 52 – the 2 is the exponent and it
means the base number is to be multiplied by itself that number of times, so
52 = 5 ×5 = 25
Step 3 – Solve any multiplication or division within the problem, moving from left to right
Step 4 – Solve any addition or subtraction within the problem, moving from left to right
-2(4) + -33 + 4 • -6
-2(4) + -27 + 4 • -6
-8 + -27 + -24
-35 + -24
-59
-3 + 4(-4)2 ÷ -2
-3 + 4(16) ÷ -2
-3 + 64 ÷ -2
-3 + -32
-35
If the operations to be performed are in fractional form, solve the numerator first, then the denom-
inator, then reduce.
7 4 2 28 2 26
Example 1. 2
8 5 13 13
Activity 4.
4 4 8 2
5. -6(12 - 15) + 23 = 11.
15 7 2
Question 3. Solve the following word problems using positive and negative numbers.
a) Steve has overdrawn his checking account by K27. His bank charged him K15 for an
overdraft fee. Then he quickly deposited K100. What is his current balance?
b) Joe played golf with Sam on a special par 3 course. They played nine holes. The ex-
pected number of strokes on each hole was 3. A birdie is 1 below par. An eagle is 2 be-
low par. A bogie is one above par. A double bogie is 2 above par. On nine holes
Frank made par on 1 hole, got 2 birdies, one eagle, four bogies, and one double bogie.
How many points above or below par was Franks score?
c) Find the difference in height between the top of a hill 973 feet high and a crack caused
by an earthquake 79 feet below sea level.
d) In Detroit the high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for five days in January were -
12°, -8°, -3°, 6°, and -15°. What was the average temperature for these five days?
f) To establish the location of a hole relative to a fixed zero point, a machinist must make
the following calculation:
FRACTION
Fraction is described as a part of a whole number. It is consist of two parts, the numerator and the
denominator.
a Numerator
b Denominator
Types of Fractions
1) EQUAVALIENT FRACTIONS
Two or more fractions are said to be equivalent if they have the same value after simplify-
ing.
1 5
Example: and
2 10
2) PROPER FRACTION
Proper fraction is fraction with the numerator is less than the denominator.
1
Example:
4
3) IMPROPER FRACTION
Improper fraction is a fraction with the numerator greater than the denominator.
20
Example:
9
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
When simplifying fractions it is important to find a number which will divide exactly into both the
numerator and the denominator.
21 21 7 3
Example1: Simplify to its lowest term. (7 is the number that can divide exactly
35 35 7 5
the numerator and the denominator)
20 20 5 4
Example 2: Reduce to its lowest term. (5 is the number that can divide exactly
25 25 5 5
the numerator and denominator)
Rules:
1. When adding or subtracting the fractions with the same Denominator, add or subtract the nu-
merators.
1 2 3
Example 1.
4 4 4
3 1 2
Example 2.
5 5 5
2. When adding or subtracting the fractions with two different denominators, express the fractions
with the same denominator, then go back to rule number 1.
1 1 2 1 3
Example 1. (Common denominator is 4)
2 4 4 4
3. To add or subtract the mixed numbers, change them to improper fractions and then go back to
rule 1 and 2.
1 1 4 9 16 27 43 7
Example 1. 1 2 3 . Do the same for subtraction…
3 4 3 4 12 12 12
Basic Rules:
1. To multiply fractions, multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the se-
cond fraction and denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of second fraction.
3 2 6
Example 1.
5 3 15
2. Where necessary, simplify the fractions and then go back to rule number one.
6 24 3 4 12
Example 1.
10 30 5 5 25
3. To divide two fractions take the reciprocal of the second fraction and change division to multi-
plication, then apply rule(s) number 2 and 1.
12 24 12 40 6 5 10
Example 1.
26 40 26 24 13 3 13
4. To multiply or divide mixed number, change it to improper fraction than follow rule number 1-
3.
1 1 5 16 1 8 8
Example 1. 2 3 8
2 5 2 5 1 1 1
1 1 7 11 7 5 35 13
Example 2. 3 2 1
2 5 2 5 2 11 22 22
1 2 3 1
1. 2.
2 3 4 2
3 2 4 2
3. 4.
6 5 13 13
2 1 1 3
5. 6.
3 5 4 8
5 1 1 2 3
7. 8.
8 9 2 3 4
3 2 1 2 1
9. 10.
8 5 3 3 4
5 1 3 2
11. 12.
8 3 4 5
2 3 3 3
1. 3 4 2. 3 2
3 5 4 8
3 2 3 7 1
3. 2 4 1 4. 5 3
8 7 4 16 3
1 2 3 3 1
5. 1 42 6.
3 3 8 4 2
2 1 8 2
E) 5 2 F) 9 3
2 2
G) 3 7
1 1 20 15
2 2 5 2
A) 5 3 B) 45 20
16 4 1 1
3 3 3 6
C) 24 20 D) 12 12
The sequence of operations when dealing with the fractions is the same as those used with whole
numbers.
3 1 7 2 2 4
1. 3 1 2. 3
14 49 10 3 3 5
1 1 2 2 3 9
3. 4. 1
4 8 5 3 5 10
2 1
2 1
7 2 2
5. 1 2 3 6. 3 5
8 5 3 5
4
5
3 1 2
5 3
5 2 3 2 2 1 1
7. 8.
1 5 3 4 2
2
3
1 2
1. I bought 2 grams of the paint but I only used grams of the paint. How much paint do I
2 4
left?
2 1
2. I need to drink 8 cups of water and 2 cups of milk every day. How much fluid do I
4 5
have to drink?
2 1
3. My recipe calls for cups of white flour and 2 cups of whole wheat flour. How
3 5
much flour do I need in total for my recipe?
4. Peter started saving at the bank. His saving was K2500 so the Bank said to pay a fraction of
1
as an interest to the amount. How much interest will the bank pay?
5
3
5. Lucy spends of her pocket money and K90.00 was left. How much money did she have to
4
start with?
2 1
6. A group of school children went to a Papindo kaibar. of them bought hamburger only ,
5 4
bought chips only, and the remainder bought drinks only. What is the fraction who bought
drinks only?
7. Three people A, B and C share a sum of money. A takes one sixth of it, B takes one-fifth of the
remainder and C takes what is left. If the amount of money to be divided is K1200. 00. How
much does each person receive?
8. A man sells his car for K20, 000 and, as a result, loses one-tenth of the price he paid for it. What
price did he pay for it?
1 3
9. Sue runs 100m in 1 min. Tim runs the 100m in 3 min. How fast did Sue run than Tim?10.
3 4
1
Three girls shared 2 L of milk equally. How much milk does each drink?
2
7 1
11. A weed spraying tank was full. To spray a lawn takes about of a tank. How much was in
8 3
the tank after spraying the lawn?
12. Next year Tracy will receive a rise amounting to one-eight of her weekly wage. Her weekly
wage will then be K180.00. What is her present weekly wage?
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 35
13. James, Thomas and Gideon started a business and in the first year the profit were K11, 500.00.
James received one-fifth of this profit Thomas received seventh-twentieths. How much money
did Gideon receive?
3
14. Jane takes 5 minutes to iron a blouse. How many blouses will she iron in 23 minute?
4
RATIO
Ratio is a quantitative relationship between two things or amount. It is the method of comparison of
how much of one amount compare against another amount.
For example;
or when mixing concrete we use the ratio 3:1 when mixing sand and cement and water. It means
three buckets of sand and one bucket of cement with water will form concrete.
SIMPLIFYING RATIOS.
When simplifying ratios the concept of highest common factor can be used to simplify ratios.
For example, the ratio 9:4 cannot be simplified further because there is no highest common we can
use to divide both numbers. Highest common factor is a whole number that can divide both num-
bers exactly without any reminders.
The ratio 8:6 can be simplified to the lowest terms because we have 2 as our highest common fac-
tor. Therefore if we divide both sides by 2 then our simplified ratio would be 4:3.
Rules
1. The number on the left-hand side of the ratio becomes the numerator of the fraction and the
number on the right hand side becomes your denominator.
To simplify fractional ratio, express each fraction with the same denominator and write the ratio
1 1
without the denominator. If you want to simplify 1 : , then change the mixed number to improper
4 3
fraction and then express fraction with the same denominator to simplify.
Sometimes a ratio can be a decimal number. For example, simplify the ratio 7.4 :1. The decimal
number can be converted to whole number before you simplify.
3 1 2 3
1. : 3. : 5. 9.4 : 1
4 3 5 10
3 1 1 1
2. 2 :1 4. 1 : 3 6. 18.6 :1
4 2 3 4
PROPORTION
The line AB is 15cm long and if you are ask to divide it into two parts in the ratio 2:3 then the line
has been divided into its proportional parts.
It can be seen that the line has been divided into 5 parts. Each part is;
Direct Proportion
Two quantities are said to be directly proportional if they increase or decrease at the same
time.
For example, petrol use by a car and the distance travel by the car.
Inverse Proportion
Two quantities are said to be inversely proportional if one increase and the other decrease or
one decrease and the other increase.
For example, number of men and time to do the job. More people will take less time, less
people will more time to complete the same job.
Example 2. Five men building a canoe took 10 days to complete the job. How long will it take 2
people to build the same canoe?
Measure of Rates
If a car travels 8km in 1 litre of petrol then its fuel consumption is 8km per litre (8km/litre) of pet-
rol. This is the rate at which has it consumes petrol as it travels along.
When a car has a speed of 40miles per hour (40miles/h) its rate of travel is 40miles in one hour.
Example 1. A car has a fuel consumption of 30km/litre. How much fuel will be needed for a jour-
ney of 150miles?
SOLUTION
150
Fuel needed = 5
30
SOLUTION
70
Time taken is = 3 .5
20
Activity 8.
A) How far will the train travel in 3 hours if this speed is maintained?
B) If he continues to travel at this speed, how long will it take him to walk further 350m?
3. A car travels 12km on a litre of petrol. How many whole litres will be needed to make sure
of completing journey of 100km?
4. A vending machine needs 20 litres of orangeade to fill 50 cups. How many litres needed to
fill 60cup?
5. In a school the ratio of the number of people pupils to the number of teachers is 18:2:1.
B) If the number of teachers and pupils together is 960, find the number of teachers in the
school.
6. If two men painted a fence in 6 hours, how long will it take three men to paint the same
fence?
8. If K2400.00 is the money made from a sale, how much will Peter, John and Charles receive
in the ratio 3:2:5 respectively?
9. The cost of purchasing a roofing iron is K50 for 20 metres. What will be the total cost of 20
sheet of roofing iron?
10. K979.00 is to be divided into three parts in the ratios 6:3:2. Calculate the amount of the big-
gest part?
DECIMAL
Decimal means 10. Decimal is a numbering system used by people which is based on 10 digits. A
decimal number can be negative (-) or positive (+)
The number to the left of the decimal point is a whole number. The numbers towards the right of
the decimal point are decimal numbers.
The decimal system is the extension of our ordinary number system. The number 561 can be ex-
pressed as 500 + 60 + 1.
2 3 4
However, if we have a decimal as 561.234, then it can be written as; 500 60 1 .
10 100 1000
Remember the numbers towards the left are greater than the numbers towards the right.
If we write six hundred and five, we write 605. The zero keeps the place of the missing ten. In the
same manner if we write .305 the zero keeps the place of the missing hundredths.
7 3 7
A) B)
10 10 100
9 2 9
C) D) 24
1000 100 10000
1 5 5 1
E) 1 F)
10 10000 1000 10000
Activity 2. Read off the following with denominators 10, 100, 1000..
G) 400.0259
SOLUTION
358.28
+ 20.25
378.53
SOLUTION
200.32
- 134.45
65.87
b) Add the number of decimal places in the first number to the second number.
c) And put your decimal point in your answer. (Number of decimals places refers to the num-
bers after the decimal points in your factors).
d) Place the decimal point in the product so that this has the same number of decimal places as
the sum found in (2).
a) Move the decimal point in the divisor until it become a whole number.
c) Divide.
0.7 0.12
A) B)
0.4 0.6
31.002 0.63
C) D)
9 100
0.0085 3.4
E) F)
0.044 10
M) 9 211.5
MULTIPLYING BY POWERS OF 10
n
When a number is multiplied by 10 all the figures are moved n places to the right.
1
Example 1. 953.21 10 9532.1
2
Example 2. 953.21 10 95321
1
Example 3. 953.21 10 953210
DIVISION BY POWER OF 10
n
When a number is divided by 10 all the figures are moved n places to the left.
1
Example 1. 18.2 10 1.82
2
Example 2. 18.2 10 0.182
3
Example 3. 18.2 10 0.0182
A) 0.25
B) 5.92
C) 38.173
D) 481.2
A) 278
B) 29.23
C) 638.42
D) 0.057
By;
Activity 7. Answer the following by rounding off your answers to 3 decimal places.
B) 27.6 5.23
C) 250.1 19
D) 33.12 24
A) An adult ticket for the day at the zoo is K9.95 while the child is K6.75. How much
will it cost for one adult and one child?
D) Jenny has K1560.00 in a saving account that pays 2.5% simple interest. How much
interest will she earned in each amount time?
A) 3years B) 6 months
E) A family charged K1, 345.00 in travel expenses. I no payment is done, how much
money will they owe after one month if the interest rate is 7.25%
Time Rate
6 months 2.4%
9 months 2.9%
12 months 3.0%
18 months 3.1
Country
Code Rate
Currency
Australian
AUD 0.3434
Dollar
Solomon Is
SBD 2.3452
Dollar
US
US 0.3186
Dollar
I) How much money will you get if you change K500.00 into Solomon Island dollars?
J) How much money will you get if you change AUD $ 50.00 into PNG kina.
a Numerator
b Denominator
30
For example, Or as 30%, take note the symbol % indicates percentages. It is used instead of
100
word.
Rule 1. Express the percentage with the denominator of 100 and simplify the fraction.
30 30 10 3
30% =
100 100 10 10
10%. Find the new selling price for the DVD player.
110 130
New Selling price = K 143.00
100
120 12 2 1
120% = 1 1
100 10 10 5
Rule 1: Express the percentage over 100, simplify and divide the numerator by the denominator.
40 20 2
40%
100 20 5
40
Or 0.4 move two places to the left.
100
120
12% 1.2 move two decimal places to the left
100
Rule 1. Express the denominator of the fraction as 100. Multiply the numerator with the same fac-
tor.
1
Example 1. Express this fraction as percentage.
2
1 1 50 50
50%
2 2 50 100
3
Example 2. Write this fraction as percentage.
5
3 3 100
0.6 100 60%
5 5 1
Activity 1. Express the following from percentage to fraction and then to decimals
A) 50% B) 90%
C) 25% D) 125%
E) 160% F) 10.5%
A) 0.2 B) 0.7
C) 0.04 D) 0.1
E) 0.155 F) 12.5
Rule1. To find a percentage of a quantity, convert the percentage to a fraction or a decimal and
multiply.
15 400
0.15 400 60kg
100 1
4.5 210
0.045 210 K 9.45
100 1
Activity 5. Find;
Every day we faced with problems involving money. Some of the situations involve percentages.
For example, we use the concept of percentages to describe profit, loss and discount.
The amount of profit is the difference between the selling price and the cost price.
Example 1. A Store keeper buys an article for K5.00 and sells it for K6.00. What is his profit per-
cent?
Example 2. A man buys a car for K1600 and sells it for K1200. Calculate his percentage loss.
400 100
Loss % = 25%
600
A) A bicycle costs K240.00 and is sold for K290.00. Calculate the profit as a per-
centage of the cost of cost price.
C) A greengrocer buy a box of 200 oranges for K5.00. He sells them for 3 toea each.
Calculate his percentage profit.
E) Robinson bought their house for K180, 000 and sold it 3 years later for K230, 000.
Find the percentage profit that they made on the sale.
G) A car is bought for K20, 000 and sold for K15, 000. What is the percentage loss?
H) Simon’s parents bought him a guitar for Christmas at K140.00. After a year he de-
cided to sell the guitar for K100.00 to his friend. Calculate his loss in percentage.
I) Clare bought an expensive car for K28, 000 and sold it 3 years later for K15,
000. Find the percentage loss she made on the sale.
DISCOUNT
Discount is sometimes given to customers if they pay in cash or during special time of the year
by the retailer. Discount is always given in percentage if the selling price. It is the amount the
retailer will deduct from the selling price.
Example 1. A discount of 10% was given on the speaker which cost K120.00. Find the amount
the customer will pay.
10 120 12
K12.00
100 1 1
PERCENTAGE CHANGE
The percentage change is either increase or decrease by certain percentage of an amount. An in-
crease in 10% in a number means increase by 100 + 10 = 110% of the number. A decrease would
be the opposite.
180 100
1.125 100 112.5
160
112.5 100 12.5%
Example 2. An article was sold for K30.00 which was a loss on cost of 10%. What was the cost
price?
If 100% represents the cost price thus 90% represents the selling price.
100 30
Cost price = K 33.33
90
Example 3. A DVD player which was on sale for K130.00 was increased by10%. Find the new
selling price for the DVD player.
110 130
New Selling price = K 143.00
100
1. A television was bought for K560.00 and sold for K600.00. Find the profit as a percentage
of the cost price.
2. The deposit of 40% for a concreting job costs K2400.00. How much will the remaining
60% cost?
1
3. A grocer offers a discount of 2 % to his customers provided their bills are paid within
2
one week. If a bill of K7.25 is paid within one week, how much discount will the grocer al-
low?
6. A shopkeeper decides to increase some prices by 10%. By how much would she increase
the price of;
7. Natasha invests K200.00 in a building society account. At the end of the year she receives
5% interest. How much interest does she receive?
8. When a sum of money is decreased by 10%, it becomes K18.00. What was the original
sum?
9. The duty on an article is 20% of its value. If the duty is 80 toea, find the value of the arti-
cle.
10. A man saves 20% of his K200.00 weekly wages for a year. How much will he save by the
end of the year?
Algebra
Algebra is a branch in Mathematics that is designed to help solve certain types of problems. Basic
Algebra involves unknown values called variables. The variables are always represented by sym-
bols, usually letters of alphabet. Problems are solved by expressing the relationship that holds for
given variables or all members of a set.
Important concept of equation is applied in Algebra. Equation is formed when two algebraic ex-
pressions are joined together with an equal sign. An Algebraic expression should contain the real
numbers and variables.
y 2x 4
Equal sign
Expressions
Multiply
* Multiply
/ or ÷ Divide
Basic word problems can be solved by using algebra concepts. By establishing an algebraic expres-
sion, we can solve the problem.
D) There are x students trying out for a solo in a chorus concert, only six will be chosen.
How many students will not be chosen?
E) There are y people who volunteered to pull weeds in the school garden. The Principal
said she wishes she had three times as many volunteers. How many volunteers would the
Principal like to have?
Rule 1. Like terms can be added or subtracted. Unlike terms cannot be added or subtract.
Like terms are terms with the same pronumerals. For example, x and 3 x are like terms because
they both have the same pronumeral which is x . Therefore, we can add or subtract both of them.
However, 3 x and 4 y are unlike terms therefore, they cannot be added or subtracted because
they have different pronumeral.
A) 2x 3x 5x
B) 5 x 3 y x 6 x 3 y
C) 5 x y 3 x 3 y 2 x 2 y
A) 5a 3a
B) xxxx
C) 3a 2a 5a
D) 3x 2 x 3 y y
E) 6x 11 25 2x
F) 2x 5 y 3y x
G) pq pq
H) 3x 2 y 3x 4 y
I) 2 xy 4ac 5 yx 4ac
A) 4 x 3
B) 2 3 4 y
C) 4 p 2 3 2 p 3
D) 2 3x 1 5 2 x 3
Rule 2. When simplify an Algebraic expression with multiplication and division operations, multi-
ply or divide the numerals with numerals and pronumerals by pronumerals.
A) 2 x 3 y 6 xy
B) 2a ab 2a 2b
2 xy
C) y
2x
4x
A)
2x
B) 4x 3x
C) 6 x 2 y 2 x
D) 5n3 n3
9 x7
E)
3x2
Algebraic expression involves the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
or powers or taking roots on any collection of variables and numbers.
An equation is a statement that indicates that two algebraic expressions are equal. The value of the
unknown in which when substituted into the equation, it makes the left hand side (LHS) equal to
the right hand side (RHS). Example of simple equation is; 2x 3 x 10
LHS should be equal to RHS, check by substituting into the equation the value of x to
proof.
Example 2. Solve 4x 8
3x 7 7 19 7
3x 12
3 x 12
4
3 3
Example 4. Solve 5x 20 3x 8 .
5 x 3 x 20 8
2 x 12
2 x 12
2 2
x6
Example 5. Solve 2 x 3 x 2 5 .
2x 6 x 2 5
x 8 5
x 58
x 13
A) x 3 8
x
B) 5
3
C) 5x 3 18
Algebraic expressions can be used to translate information into symbols to solve problems.
Activity 6: Review on writing algebraic expressions. Translate the given information into algebraic
expressions.
A) A girl is m years old now. How old was she 3 years age?
B) c articles cost a total of x kina. Find the cost of buying n articles at the same rate.
C) Express algebraically: Five times a number x minus three times a second number y .
D) If c and y represent two numbers write down the algebraic expressions to repre-
sent
E) If the plums cost x pence per kilogram find the weight of plums that can be bought
for y kina.
It is important to construct simple (or linear) equations to help you solve your problems.
Important points;
Example 1. A library buys 50 books. Some cost K5.00 and the others cost
K7.00. If the library spent K290.00 in all, how many books costing K5.00 did it buy?
1. 25 articles are bought. Some cost 8 toea each and others cost 7 toea each. If the to-
tal cost is K1.95, how many of each are bought?
2. I think if a number. If I subtract 9 from it and multiply this difference by 4 the re-
sult is 32. What is the number?
3. A rectangular room is 2 metres longer than its width. If the perimeter of the room is
24 metres, form an equation and hence find the dimensions of the room.
4. Find three consecutive whole numbers whose sum is 54.
5. 4 times a certain number plus 9 is equal to 3 times the number plus 20. Find the
number.
6. The three sides of a triangle are x cm, x 5 cm and x 3 cm long. If the perim-
eter is 25cm, find the length of the three sides.
1. Greer, A, (1992), A complete GCSE Mathematics, Stanley Thornes Ltd, Ellenborough House, Wellington
Street.